this file for topic 8 in construction technology 2 for student diploma in quantity surveyors semester 2..

1. TOPIC 8 : WINDOW
A window must be aesthetically acceptable in the context of building
design and surrounding environment.

2. PURPOSE OF WINDOW
• to provide for occasional rapid
ventilation and sunlight entry.
• to provide a vision out with the world
outside the building
• window should be selected or designed
to resist wind loadings, be easy to clean
and provide for safety and security.

3. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT
OF WINDOW.
1. Strength
2. Weather Resistance
3. Sound insulation
4. Heat insulation
5. Fire Resistance

4. TYPES OF WINDOW
b)HINGED WINDOW/CASEMENT WINDOW
c) PIVOT WINDOW
d)SLIDING WINDOW
e)SWINGS WINDOW
f) LOUVRE WINDOW
g)FIXED WINDOW

5. a) HINGED WINDOW
i. Hinged at the side
- this window open from the side.
ii. Hinged at the top
- this window open from the bottom.
ii. Hinged at the bottom
- this window open from the top.

6. b) PIVOT WINDOW
ii. Horizontal pivot
iii.Vertical pivot
- this window sash hung on
centre pivots

7. c) SLIDING WINDOW
ii. Horizontal Sliding
- Horizontal sliders from side to side to open.
ii. Vertical sliding
- Vertical sliders move up and down to open
- Gives good controlled ventilation without any forward
or backward projection of sash
x.Folding sliding

8. d) SWINGS WINDOW
i. Side swing
ii. Top swing
- swing window open to 90 degrees and
fitted with a multi-point locking system for
handle and restrictor

9. e) LOUVRE WINDOW
- Good ventilation with only small projections of
louvers.
- Louvres hung on centre pivots.

10. f) FIXED WINDOW
- usually used in conjunction with other types

11. COMPONENTS OF WINDOW
b)CASEMENT WINDOW
HEAD
• Head
• Jamb TOP RAIL
• Mullion JAMB
• Bottom rail
• Top rail TRANSOM
• Transom
• Sill
BUTTOM
RAIL
SILL
MULLION

12. b) LOUVRE WINDOW
• Headrail
• Louvre insert/hanger
• Louvre glass HEAD
• Head
• Sill LOUVRE GLASS
HEADRAIL
LOUVRE HANGER
SILL

13. WINDOW MATERIALS
• Windows are made from wood, aluminum, PVC,
fiberglass, or from a combination of these materials.
i. WOOD WINDOWS
• Wood windows are warm, traditional and
aesthetically pleasing.
• Because it is a good insulator, wood does not
become cold like metal and glass.
• Wood is treated with preservatives to prevent rotting.
• Wood windows can be painted on the exterior, or
clad with aluminum or PVC profiles for better
weathering and reduced maintenance.

14. ii. ALUMINUM WINDOWS
• Aluminum windows are more durable than wood, and
are thinner, lighter, and easier to handle.
• But aluminum is a poor insulator and in cold weather,
• Most recent aluminum windows are manufactured
with a thermal break, a vinyl or rubber strip that
separates the exterior and interior aluminum parts of
the window.
• The thermal break reduces the movement of cold
from the outside to the inside of the building.
• Most commercial applications still specify aluminum
windows.

15. iii. PVC WINDOWS
• PVC windows are relatively new, having only
been introduced during the last 25 years.
• These windows are extruded from highimpact
resistant polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
• PVC windows have excellent weathering
characteristics, are almost maintenance-free
and have excellent resistance to heat loss.
• PVC is available in several extruded colours.

16. iv. FIBERGLASS WINDOWS
• Fiberglass windows are the latest window products
to be developed.
• Fiberglass and PVC lineals look similar at first
glance, however, fiberglass is much more rigid than
PVC

17. WOOD WINDOW PVC WINDOW
ALUMINUM WINDOW FIBREGLASS
WINDOW

18. WINDOW LOCATION
iii.LIVING ROOM
• between 675 mm to 900mm from floor level
v. BEDROOM
• between 700mm - 900mm from floor level
vi.BATHROOM
• more than 1050 mm from floor level

19. IRONMONGERY FOR WINDOW
• ironmongery usually supplied with and
factory fitted to the windows.
• Ironmongery divided into three categories:
i. ironmongery for hanging
ii. Ironmongery for operating
iii. Ironmongery for safety

20. TYPE OF IRONMONGERY FOR WINDOW
iii.Ironmongery for hanging
• Stainless steel door hinge

21. PIN STAY
ii.Ironmongery for operating
• Casement stay
QUADRANT STAY FOLDING STAY

22. ii.Ironmongery for safety
• Casement fastener