This document is a project report on windows submitted by Yasmeen. S for her Bachelor of Science in Interior Design. It includes an acknowledgement thanking her mentors and college for the opportunity. The main body defines windows and discusses their construction, selection based on room size and climate considerations, and classification based on material and operation. It provides details on fixed, pivoted, double hung, sliding, casement, sash/glazed, louvered, metal, and other specialty window types. The report concludes with advantages of steel windows and a bibliography citing reference materials.

1. Project Report
On
Windows
At
Dezyne E’cloe College
Submitted
To
Dezyne E’cloe College
For the
The Partial Fulfilment
Of The
Bachelor of Science
Interior Design
By
Mrs. Yasmeen. S
Dezyne E’cole College 106/10
CIVIL LINES, AJMER
Tel: 0145-2624679
www.dezyneelcole.com
Session-2013-14

2. Acknowledgement
The project Windows has enlightened me about the various aspects of
construction of windows and the different types of windows used in building
construction.
I give my sincere thanks to Dezyne E’cole College, to my mentors who gave me
the opportunity to learn about the various aspects of construction of windows
and the different types of windows used in building construction. Hereby I am
preparing this project

3. Windows
Windows Introduction:
A window may be defined as an opening made in wall for the purpose of providing Day light, vision
& ventilation. The construction of windows is similar to that of a door. Window consists of a window
Frame and shutter. The frame consists of two vertical members called jambs, one flat member
connecting the jambs at the top, known as head and another flat member connecting the jamb at the
feet known as sill. The shutter can be fully glazed, panelled and glazed or panelled type. Windows are
normally provided with two leaves.
The Selection of window depends on: size, shape, location and the number of windows to be provided
in a room Depends upon the following considerations. Size of the room to be lighted, location of the
room, and its utility, Architectural treatment to be given to the building. Direction of wind and its
speed, Climatic considerations-humidity, temperature, and variation etc.
Area requirements: total area of window opening should normally vary from 10-20% of the floor area
of the room. In hot and arid regions it varies from 10-15% of the floor area. In hot and humid regions
area of the window varies from 10-20% of the floor area. In case of public buildings-schools,
hospitals, offices, factories, the minimum area of the window should be 20% of the floor area. For
adequate natural light, the total area of the glass pane in windows should be at least 8% of the floor
area. Design of windows.
The points to be kept in mind while making provisions for the windows in a
room:
The size and number of windows should be sufficient to provide adequate light and ventilation in the
room. Windows should be located opposite to each other, wherever possible. Windows provided on
northern side gives us maximum day light without glare. The sill height for the window should be at
least 75-100cm above the floor level, so that the inmates could have convenient look outside. In case
of WC or any other private zone, the sill height should be 1.75m above the floor level. The top of the
doors and windows should be however at the same height. The area of the window opening in the
humid region should be maximum to permit maximum ventilation. The shutter of the window to the
external walls should open outside for the checking of the rain water entering inside. Windows should
be provided with mild steel round or square bars or steel grills to safeguard against theft. Windows in
the external walls should be provided with chajja to prevent the entry of rain water.
Classification of Windows:
Depending upon the material, operation, location windows are broadly classified into
1. Fixed windows
2. Pivoted windows
3. Double hung windows
4. Sliding windows
5. Casement windows
6. Sash or glazed windows
7. Louvered or Venetian windows
8. Metal windows

4. 9. Bay windows
10. Clerestory windows
11. Corner windows
12. Dormer windows
13. Gable windows
14. Sky lights
15. Fan lights
16. Ventilators
Fixed window:
In this type of window the glass pane or the glazed shutter is permanently fixed in the wall. This type
of window is used in situations where light alone is needed as no ventilation is possible.
Pivoted windows:
In this type of windows the shutter is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window frame. The
window frame has no rebate. The shutter can rotate horizontally or vertically depending upon the
position of the pivot.

5. Double hung windows:
This type of windows consists of a pair of shutters arranged one above the other which can slide
vertically within the grooves provided in the frame. A pair of metal weights connected by cord or
chain passing over pulleys is provided for each shutter. By this arrangement the window can be
opened at the top or bottom as desired .This type of window it is possible to have controlled
ventilation.
Sliding windows:
In this type of window the shutters move on roller bearing and can slide either horizontally or
vertically.

6. Casement Window:
Windows where shutters open like doors are called casement windows. Similar to doors, this type of
window has frame and shutter composed of stiles, top rails, bottom rails, vertical and horizontal sash
bars with glass panes. Depending upon the design, the frames of a casement window can also have
additional vertical and horizontal members known as mullion and Tran some respectively.
Sash or glazed windows:
In this type the window shutter consists of two vertical stiles, top rail and bottom rail. The panel space
between the stiles and the rails is suitably divided by small timber members or bars placed both
horizontally or vertically or only horizontally as per the design requirements. These bars are known as
sash bars or Glazing bars. Thus the sash bars divide the total panel space of the window shutter into
panels of small size. The sash bars have rebates for fixing the glass panels.
Louvered windows:
In this type of window the stiles of shutter are grooved to receive a series of louvers which may be of
glass or wood. The louvers are set within the grooves in inclined position so that they slope downward
to the outside in order to run off the rain water and obstruct the horizontal vision at the same time. The
angle of inclination of the louvers is 45degree. These types of windows provide ventilation and light
even when opening is closed. Commonly recommended for bathrooms, WCS, workshops and other

7. areas where privacy is maintained. In this type of windows dust easily gets deposited on the louvers.
Louvers are pivoted to the frame on both the ends and every blade is connected by a small hinge to a
vertical batten. When the batten is pulled up the gaps between the blades are opened. When the batten
is pulled down the gaps between the blades are closed.
Metal windows:
Use of metal windows is getting increasingly popular Now a days. Windows made of mild steel,
aluminium, bronze, stainless steel etc are recommended especially for public buildings like offices,
hospitals, schools etc. These windows are considered to be the best as they posses’ high degree of
elegance, finishing, durability, and are rust proof. However bronze and stainless steel being very
costly, they are restricted to posh buildings where cost is of not prime consideration. Aluminium
windows are less expensive, rust proof, durable and require no maintenance Steel windows are most
economical, hence used extensively. Steel windows can be fixed Direct in the masonry opening in the
wall or it may be fitted in the wooden frame fixed in the window opening in the wall. It has to be
ensured that no structural loads, stresses or Movements in the structure are transmitted to the window.
The size of the window opening is kept slightly more than the size of the window unit So as to allow
some clearance between frame and the sides of the window openings. The window is fixed into
prepared opening, only after the items of masonry work are complete.

8. Advantages of steel windows:
1. Steel windows are stronger, more durable as compared with wooden windows.
2. Weather does not have adverse effect on steel windows; they are not subjected to expansion
and contraction of joints.
3. They are rot proof, and remain free from hazards of termites, fungus and white ants.
4. They are highly fire resistant, and gives elegant appearance as they are made of narrow and
thin sections, provides more area of light and ventilation.
5. They provide greater facilities for providing different types of open able parts.
6. The cost of maintenance is almost negligible.

9. Bibliography
The project would not have been successful without the guidance of my mentors
and reference books:
1. Text book of Building Construction By Sushil Kumar
2. Building Construction By Dr. B.C. Punmia

10. Thank you
Yasmeen. S
B-Sc I.D IIst Sem.