This document compares three methods for regulating the voltage and frequency of a wind turbine-driven self-excited induction generator (SEIG).
System 1 connects the SEIG to the load through a voltage source inverter, allowing control of output voltage by adjusting the inverter's modulation index while frequency is fixed. System 2 directly connects the load to the SEIG, using the inverter to provide additional reactive power and control voltage via modulation index as load varies. System 3 involves a doubly fed induction generator configuration.
Simulation results are presented comparing the output voltage and frequency regulation performance of the three systems under varying wind speed and load conditions. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are highlighted, such as the need for pitch control
Design Calculation of Three Phase Self Excited Induction Generator Driven by ...ijtsrd
The three phase self excited induction generator is driven by prime mover such as a wind turbine for the clean alternative renewable energy in rural area. The dynamic voltage, current, power and frequency developed by the induction generator have been analyzed. The dq modeling approach for transient state analysis in time domain of the three phase self excited induction generator with squirrel cage rotor is presented along with its operating performance evaluations. And calculation of total impedance regulation, capacitance required to excitation, efficiency and torque required to drive the 3.6 kW SEIG are included. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Design Calculation of Three-Phase Self-Excited Induction Generator Driven by Wind Turbine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26728.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26728/design-calculation-of-three-phase-self-excited-induction-generator-driven-by-wind-turbine/theingi-htun
Performance Characteristics of SEIGUsed In Wind Energy Conversion SystemIJSRD
This paper shows the wind driven self-excited induction generator used in wind turbine for drive applications. The self-excited induction generator is mathematically modeled to perform efficiently as a real time performance. Here we used voltage source inverter which is a normal pulse width modulation inverter fed with resistive load. A voltage source inverter is used which forms a bridge between the self-excited induction generator and a load .The voltage source inverter are used to provide to make a system simple and cost effective. The simple arrangement is used such that the efficiency of the system becomes high with minimized losses. The PWM Inverters (VSI) is used to convert the variable magnitude and frequency voltage into reliable constant voltage and constant frequency supply to drive the isolated load. The self-excited induction generator and other power electronic converter components are modeled through coding and simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK 8.1.604 (R2013a).
Simulation of IEEE FIRST BANCHMARK Model for SSR Studiesijsrd.com
The benchmark model for the study of Subsynchronous resonance is presented by IEEE Subsynchronous Resonance task force. Here, the IEEE First Benchmark system for Subsynchronous resonance is simulated using MATLAB for comparison. The oscillations due to SSR are observed between turbine-generator and between various turbine shafts. This paper mainly focuses on the use of highly versatile software MATLAB for analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance in power systems.
Design Calculation of Three Phase Self Excited Induction Generator Driven by ...ijtsrd
The three phase self excited induction generator is driven by prime mover such as a wind turbine for the clean alternative renewable energy in rural area. The dynamic voltage, current, power and frequency developed by the induction generator have been analyzed. The dq modeling approach for transient state analysis in time domain of the three phase self excited induction generator with squirrel cage rotor is presented along with its operating performance evaluations. And calculation of total impedance regulation, capacitance required to excitation, efficiency and torque required to drive the 3.6 kW SEIG are included. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Design Calculation of Three-Phase Self-Excited Induction Generator Driven by Wind Turbine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26728.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26728/design-calculation-of-three-phase-self-excited-induction-generator-driven-by-wind-turbine/theingi-htun
Performance Characteristics of SEIGUsed In Wind Energy Conversion SystemIJSRD
This paper shows the wind driven self-excited induction generator used in wind turbine for drive applications. The self-excited induction generator is mathematically modeled to perform efficiently as a real time performance. Here we used voltage source inverter which is a normal pulse width modulation inverter fed with resistive load. A voltage source inverter is used which forms a bridge between the self-excited induction generator and a load .The voltage source inverter are used to provide to make a system simple and cost effective. The simple arrangement is used such that the efficiency of the system becomes high with minimized losses. The PWM Inverters (VSI) is used to convert the variable magnitude and frequency voltage into reliable constant voltage and constant frequency supply to drive the isolated load. The self-excited induction generator and other power electronic converter components are modeled through coding and simulation in MATLAB/SIMULINK 8.1.604 (R2013a).
Simulation of IEEE FIRST BANCHMARK Model for SSR Studiesijsrd.com
The benchmark model for the study of Subsynchronous resonance is presented by IEEE Subsynchronous Resonance task force. Here, the IEEE First Benchmark system for Subsynchronous resonance is simulated using MATLAB for comparison. The oscillations due to SSR are observed between turbine-generator and between various turbine shafts. This paper mainly focuses on the use of highly versatile software MATLAB for analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance in power systems.
Performance of FACTS Devices for Power System Stabilityijeei-iaes
When a power grid is connected to an induction type wind electric generator (WEG), when there is variation in load and wind speed, grid voltage also vary. In this paper, we study what is the impact when there is a variation of load and wind by variation of real power and reactive power consumed by WEG effect of load and wind speed variations on real power supplied and reactive power consumed by the WEG as well as voltage on the grid are studied. The voltage variation in the grid is controlled by reactive power compensation using shunt connected Static VAR Compensator (SVC) comprising Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Fixed Capacitor (FC). With the help of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), TCR is operated automatically.
simulation and implementation of a spwm inverter pulse for educational purposesEleftheriosSamiotis1
This paper aims to develop and implement an educational kit for a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) inverter pulse generator circuit, which can be used to educate Electronics Engineering undergraduate students the structure and behavior of a SPWM’s inverter pulse generator. The developed electronic circuit is simulated and implemented using low cost and reliable electronic parts. The concept is to offer under/postgraduate students the opportunity to deeply understand how a SPWM pulse generator works, by virtually and practically experimenting with the pulse generator itself creating the necessary models in the popular platform of MULTISIM (Simulation Tool of National Instruments) and designing/constructing the respective PCB circuits in the also popular platform of ULTIBOARD (Circuit Design Tool of National Instruments). This work is also useful for engineers who deal with operation and maintenance (O&M) of inverters, because it provides a deeper knowledge and understanding of all operational characteristics of every stage of the SPWM electronic pulse generator of an inverter
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Matlab Simulation And Comparison Of Single Phase To Three Phase Converter Fe...IJMER
This paper presents MATLAB simulation and comparison of three phase induction motor drive
supplied from single phase supply with one rectifier and two rectifiers systems. To meet the new
harmonic regulation produced by converters both system incorporates an active input current shaping
feature that results in sinusoidal input current at close to unity power factor. Even with the increase in
the number of switches, the total harmonic distortion in supply current of the parallel connected two
rectifier system is lower than that of a conventional one. The model of the system is developed in
MATLAB software. All simulation results and comparison are presented as well
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
The supply water in remote areas of windy region is one of most attractive application of wind energy conversion. This paper proposes an advanced controller suitable for wind-electric pump in isolated applications in order to have a desired debit from variation of reference speed of the pump also the control scheme of DC voltage of SIEG for feed the pump are presented under step change in wind speed. The simulation results showed a good performance of the global proposed control system.
Modelling of Virtual Synchronous Converter for Grid-Inverter Synchronization ...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, virtual synchronous converter (VSCon) is been developed
which mimic the behavior of synchronous generator as in order to have fast
synchronization between the inverter with the grid. This synchronization is
important before can sent the power among inverter-grid connection. This
technique can also been applied at the distributed generated sources when are
connected to the local microgrids. Here, the frequency and voltage
synchronization also can be controlled at the same time some improvement
on synchronous generator mathematical model that is suitable to be
implemented into the inverter control. The whole unit of VSCon is operated
and simulated in Matlab/Simulink in order to observe all consequences
during synchronizing the voltage, frequency and phase-angle. It has been
verified by the simulation circuit where, the power converter can be
synchronized with the microrids without using a PLL unit for self
synchronization. This VSCon technique has proven that, by applying the
concept of the synchronous generator model in inverter control, it can cause
the inverter to behave as generator system, which does not required any
phase information from the grid in order to be synchronized.
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
V/F Control of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives Without Flux or Torque Me...Waqas Tariq
Based on the popular constant volts per hertz principle, two improvement techniques are presented: keeping maximum torque constant or keeping magnetic flux constant. An open-loop inverter-three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor drive system that provides constant maximum torque or increased maximum torque and reduced slip speed at frequencies below the nominal frequency has been modeled, simulated and tested. Load performance analysis of the proposed system under different operation conditions was provided. These principles of operation are extended to the case of operation from variable frequency or variable voltage control method. Finally, the effects of the non-sinusoidal voltage and/or current wave shapes are covered. The results show that both suggested improvement techniques (constant torque or constant flux) improve the steady-state performance A.C. drive system with squirrel cage induction motors. The slip speed has been decreased and the starting torque and maximum torque have been increased, which means that the suggested control techniques can be used in drive systems with short time operating mode under light loads.
Comparison of Multi-Machine Transient Stability Limit Using UPFCIJMTST Journal
The stability of an interconnected power system is compare to normal or stable operation after having been
subjected to some form of disturbance. With interconnected systems continually growing in size and extending
over vast geographical regions, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to maintain synchronism between
various parts of the power system. This paper investigates the comparison of transient stabil ity limit of a
multi-machine power system wi th the help of a UPFC operated in perpendicular vol tage control
mo d e an d t h e i r i t ’ s c omp ar i s o n .
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Fault Analysis of DFIG under Grid DisturbancesIJERA Editor
Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) are widely used in variable-speed variable-pitch wind energy
generation systems. These machines are controlled with the power converters connected to the rotor, where the
controlled power is only a fraction, approximately equal to the slip of the stator power. This characteristics of the
DFIG has increased the wind energy penetration, but it is more prone to the electrical grid disturbances. These
disturbances are classified as the voltage dips and the line faults. In the first section of this paper, PWM control
of the DFIG for maximum power extraction is presented. In the second section, the behaviour of the DFIG under
the various grid disturbances are modelled. In this paper, the behaviour of the wind turbines are studied through
various simulations done in the LABview environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance of FACTS Devices for Power System Stabilityijeei-iaes
When a power grid is connected to an induction type wind electric generator (WEG), when there is variation in load and wind speed, grid voltage also vary. In this paper, we study what is the impact when there is a variation of load and wind by variation of real power and reactive power consumed by WEG effect of load and wind speed variations on real power supplied and reactive power consumed by the WEG as well as voltage on the grid are studied. The voltage variation in the grid is controlled by reactive power compensation using shunt connected Static VAR Compensator (SVC) comprising Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) and Fixed Capacitor (FC). With the help of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), TCR is operated automatically.
simulation and implementation of a spwm inverter pulse for educational purposesEleftheriosSamiotis1
This paper aims to develop and implement an educational kit for a Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) inverter pulse generator circuit, which can be used to educate Electronics Engineering undergraduate students the structure and behavior of a SPWM’s inverter pulse generator. The developed electronic circuit is simulated and implemented using low cost and reliable electronic parts. The concept is to offer under/postgraduate students the opportunity to deeply understand how a SPWM pulse generator works, by virtually and practically experimenting with the pulse generator itself creating the necessary models in the popular platform of MULTISIM (Simulation Tool of National Instruments) and designing/constructing the respective PCB circuits in the also popular platform of ULTIBOARD (Circuit Design Tool of National Instruments). This work is also useful for engineers who deal with operation and maintenance (O&M) of inverters, because it provides a deeper knowledge and understanding of all operational characteristics of every stage of the SPWM electronic pulse generator of an inverter
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering(IOSR-JEEE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electrical and electronics engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electrical and electronics engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Matlab Simulation And Comparison Of Single Phase To Three Phase Converter Fe...IJMER
This paper presents MATLAB simulation and comparison of three phase induction motor drive
supplied from single phase supply with one rectifier and two rectifiers systems. To meet the new
harmonic regulation produced by converters both system incorporates an active input current shaping
feature that results in sinusoidal input current at close to unity power factor. Even with the increase in
the number of switches, the total harmonic distortion in supply current of the parallel connected two
rectifier system is lower than that of a conventional one. The model of the system is developed in
MATLAB software. All simulation results and comparison are presented as well
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
The supply water in remote areas of windy region is one of most attractive application of wind energy conversion. This paper proposes an advanced controller suitable for wind-electric pump in isolated applications in order to have a desired debit from variation of reference speed of the pump also the control scheme of DC voltage of SIEG for feed the pump are presented under step change in wind speed. The simulation results showed a good performance of the global proposed control system.
Modelling of Virtual Synchronous Converter for Grid-Inverter Synchronization ...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, virtual synchronous converter (VSCon) is been developed
which mimic the behavior of synchronous generator as in order to have fast
synchronization between the inverter with the grid. This synchronization is
important before can sent the power among inverter-grid connection. This
technique can also been applied at the distributed generated sources when are
connected to the local microgrids. Here, the frequency and voltage
synchronization also can be controlled at the same time some improvement
on synchronous generator mathematical model that is suitable to be
implemented into the inverter control. The whole unit of VSCon is operated
and simulated in Matlab/Simulink in order to observe all consequences
during synchronizing the voltage, frequency and phase-angle. It has been
verified by the simulation circuit where, the power converter can be
synchronized with the microrids without using a PLL unit for self
synchronization. This VSCon technique has proven that, by applying the
concept of the synchronous generator model in inverter control, it can cause
the inverter to behave as generator system, which does not required any
phase information from the grid in order to be synchronized.
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boo...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper deals with a solar PV array connected with grid system. This system consists of PV cells with 30 KW system, Boost converter, three phase inverter with suitable control system and three phase load. This paper gives analysis of each components of the system. The output voltage from the solar PV cells are variable according to radiation intensity and temperature so in order to connect with grid the output voltage should be fixed and converted to AC voltage and this job will be done by an inverter. A very effective control system has been developed for the inverter based on pulse width modulation. This paper presents an intensive performance and dynamic behavior of a grid related PV energy conversion system. The PV system is developed and simulated with the help of MATLAB Simulink software environment. Abhishek Verma | Dr. Anup Mishra | Brahma Nand Thakur "Analysis and Simulation of Solar PV Connected with Grid Accomplished with Boost Converter and PWM Based Inverter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40056.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/40056/analysis-and-simulation-of-solar-pv-connected-with-grid-accomplished-with-boost-converter-and-pwm-based-inverter/abhishek-verma
V/F Control of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Drives Without Flux or Torque Me...Waqas Tariq
Based on the popular constant volts per hertz principle, two improvement techniques are presented: keeping maximum torque constant or keeping magnetic flux constant. An open-loop inverter-three-phase squirrel-cage induction motor drive system that provides constant maximum torque or increased maximum torque and reduced slip speed at frequencies below the nominal frequency has been modeled, simulated and tested. Load performance analysis of the proposed system under different operation conditions was provided. These principles of operation are extended to the case of operation from variable frequency or variable voltage control method. Finally, the effects of the non-sinusoidal voltage and/or current wave shapes are covered. The results show that both suggested improvement techniques (constant torque or constant flux) improve the steady-state performance A.C. drive system with squirrel cage induction motors. The slip speed has been decreased and the starting torque and maximum torque have been increased, which means that the suggested control techniques can be used in drive systems with short time operating mode under light loads.
Comparison of Multi-Machine Transient Stability Limit Using UPFCIJMTST Journal
The stability of an interconnected power system is compare to normal or stable operation after having been
subjected to some form of disturbance. With interconnected systems continually growing in size and extending
over vast geographical regions, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to maintain synchronism between
various parts of the power system. This paper investigates the comparison of transient stabil ity limit of a
multi-machine power system wi th the help of a UPFC operated in perpendicular vol tage control
mo d e an d t h e i r i t ’ s c omp ar i s o n .
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Fault Analysis of DFIG under Grid DisturbancesIJERA Editor
Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) are widely used in variable-speed variable-pitch wind energy
generation systems. These machines are controlled with the power converters connected to the rotor, where the
controlled power is only a fraction, approximately equal to the slip of the stator power. This characteristics of the
DFIG has increased the wind energy penetration, but it is more prone to the electrical grid disturbances. These
disturbances are classified as the voltage dips and the line faults. In the first section of this paper, PWM control
of the DFIG for maximum power extraction is presented. In the second section, the behaviour of the DFIG under
the various grid disturbances are modelled. In this paper, the behaviour of the wind turbines are studied through
various simulations done in the LABview environment.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
In this paper, a new approach is proposed for keeping the RMS voltage output constant, the system is supplying by a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a controlled DC motor with variable speed and load. The scheme used in this paper is based on a classical Proportional-Integral regulator wich controls a SPWM switching. A MATLAB Simulink model of the system is developed to maintain the AC voltage at the desired value. Then a comparison is examined between simulation and experimental results using dSPACE board. The results are provided to verify the effectiveness of this approach and it gives very high performance.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON INDUCTION GENERATORS AND CONTROLLERS FOR PICO HYDRO A...ijiert bestjournal
Operation of Induction motors as induction generato rs in grid connected and self excitation mode is well known. In many countries induction gen erators are used for electrical power generation by wind energy. Low cost,robustness and ease of maintenance are attractive features of induction generators. Even though these generators are used at some places for micro hydro power generation,very small scale gene ration known as pico hydro generation offers excellent opportunity for them. S lip ring induction motors are used for micro power generation and squirrel cage induction motors are used for pico power generation. These generators have an inherent probl em of terminal voltage variation with increase in load. Several different types of contro llers are developed and tested. This paper presents a review of literature related to the pres ent status of research work on self excited induction generators (SEIG),their terminal voltage control strategies and their applications.
This paper presents a study analysis of a complete wind energy conversion system, the system based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); a vector control with stator flux orientation of the DFIG is also used to control independently the active and reactive powers. A comparative study have been performed between the conventional PI controller and fuzzy logic control to investigate its dynamic and static performances. This research work involves the study of a phase in advance, to provide effective assistance, to all those who have to make decisions regarding the planning and implementation of wind energy projects. The main objective is to model the wind chain and the use of two types of strategies for the control of this generator to ensure a good regulation we started with the modeling of the wind chain then the modeling of the DFIG and then the use of the two strategies for the regulation of the latter .The complete system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB/ Simulink. The performance and robustness are analyzed and compared by Matlab / Simulink .Simulation results prove the excellent performance of fuzzy control unit as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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1. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 38
Wind-Driven SEIG Systems: A Comparison Study
Mohamed Zaid A. Karim mdzakarim6@yahoo.com
Faculty of Engineering/ Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Aden
Aden/ Yemen
A. Hakim Saeed Noman ahakim201@yahoo.com
Faculty of Engineering/ Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Aden
Aden/ Yemen
Abstract
Wind energy is one of the fastest growing renewable energies in the world. This is because it
has a much lower environmental impact than conventional energy. In addition, it is one of the
lowest-priced renewable energy technologies.
Due to wind speed variation, induction generators are the best choice for such applications.
However, they have poor voltage and frequency regulation against wind speed or load
variations.
For its operation, the induction generator needs a reasonable amount of reactive power. In
stand-alone applications, the reactive power could be supplied to the induction generator by a
bank of capacitors as implemented here.
In this paper, simulation of wind turbine driven self excited induction generator (SEIG) has
been carried out. Three methods of voltage and frequency regulation have been presented,
simulated and analyzed.
The aim of this paper is to compare the three methods from many aspects highlighting the
advantages and disadvantages of each one.
Keywords: Wind Energy, Induction Generators, Self Excitation, Voltage Regulation,
Frequency Regulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of energy that have a much lower
environmental impact than conventional energy technologies such as coal, oil, nuclear and
natural gas. In addition, renewable energy resources will never run out while conventional
sources of energy are finite and will someday be used up.
Wind turbines are the main components of wind farms. They are usually mounted on towers
to capture the most kinetic energy. Turbines catch the wind's energy with their blades. These
blades, usually three, are mounted on a shaft to form a rotor. Wind turbines could be of
vertical axis [1] or horizontal axis wind turbines.
Use of induction generators is becoming very popular for utilizing renewable energy sources
and converting it into electrical energy [2]. Self-excited induction generators have been widely
used during the last decades in wind energy conversion systems in remote isolated areas.
Despite the well known favorable features of induction generators, they, however, have
unsatisfactory voltage and frequency regulation with variation in load and speed [3].
In standalone applications, bank of capacitors are required to provide the reactive power for
the induction generator. The voltage build-up is initiated either by the generator residual flux
or by the pre-charged excitation capacitors. The steady state voltage and frequency depends
2. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 39
on the value of the excitation capacitors, the load, the magnetization characteristics and the
prime mover speed. The electrical load is continuously changing by nature as well as the
prim-mover speed. Thus, it is not an easy task to regulate the voltage and frequency of self
excited induction generators [4, 5].
Many researchers have determined the minimum capacitor for self-excited induction
generator. A simple and accurate method of calculating the minimum values of the excitation
capacitors is proposed in [6, 7].
Reactive power consumption and poor voltage and frequency regulation are the main
drawbacks of SEIGs. Many researches proposed many methods of voltage and frequency
regulations [5, 8-13].
In the present work, three systems of wind turbines-driven self excited induction generator
have been studied, simulated and analyzed using Matlab software. The three systems are
compared and their merits and demerits are highlighted.
2. SELF EXCITATION AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE SEIG
As mentioned above, the main drawback of induction generator in wind energy conversion
system applications is its need for a reactive power to build up the terminal voltage and to
generate electric power. Using capacitors across generator terminals can provide this reactive
power.
For the generator under consideration, the minimum values of the 3-φ, Y-connected,
excitation capacitors values are found to be 169 µF each. These values are selected so that
the SEIG produces the rated voltage at full-load condition.
If the value of the capacitor is so high, the corresponding excitation current may, by far,
exceed the rated current of the machine. This may damage the machine [7]. Thus, the
maximum value of the capacitor is taken corresponding to the rated current of the induction
generator.
These capacitors are included in the generator dynamic equation. The d-q model of the self-
excited induction generator, in the stationary stator reference frame, is given as [14]:
+
=
+
+
++
++
dr
qr
cd0
cq0
dr
qr
ds
qs
rrrrmmr
rrrrmrm
mss
mss
K
K-
V
V
i
i
i
i
pLRLωpLLω
Lω-pLRLω-pL
pL
pC
1
pLR
pL
pC
1
pLR
00
00
0
0
0
0
where,
Rs and Rr are the stator and rotor resistances respectively
Ls = Lls + Lm and Lr = Llr + Lm
Lls and Llr are the stator and rotor leakage inductances respectively
Lm is the magnetizing inductance
C is the excitation capacitance
p is the differential operator (d/dt)
ωr is the equivalent electrical rotor speed in radians per second
Iqs, Ids, Iqr and Idr are stator and rotor quadrature and direct axis current components
Vcq0 and Vcd0 are the initial capacitors voltages along the q-axis and d-axis respectively
Kqr = ωr λdr0 and Kdr = ωr λqr0, are constants which represent the initial induced voltages along
the q-axis and d-axis, respectively. These constants are due to the residual magnetic flux in
the core
λqr0 and λdr0 are the residual rotor flux linkages along the q-axis and d-axis, respectively
3. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 40
3. SIMULATION OF THE WIND-DRIVEN SEIG
The self excited induction generator can produce rated voltage and frequency if the value of
the reactive power required by the generator is properly adjusted. However, this voltage
fluctuates with wind speed and load variation.
In this paper, three systems are considered to regulate the voltage and frequency. They are
designated, here, as System 1, System 2 and System 3.
Specifications of the test turbine and induction machine used in this simulation are [15]:
Turbine: 3600 W, diameter is 5.5 m, base wind speed is 8 m/s, air density is 1.23 kg/m
3
and power coefficient is 0.48
Induction machine: 3-φ, 3 kVA, 380 V, 50 Hz, 4-Poles, Squirrel cage, Y-connected.
Rs= 2.03 Ohm, R´r = 2.3 Ohm, Xls = 4.15 Ohm, X´lr = 4.2 Ohm, Xm = 79 Ohm
Load: 2050 W, 800 VAR
With no control, the schematic diagram for SEIG, as constructed in Matlab software, is
presented in Figure 1. It consists of three phase, star connected squirrel cage induction
machine working as self-excited induction generator and suitable values of excitation
capacitances across its stator terminals.
FIGURE 1: Self excited induction generator with wind turbine.
With 8 m/s (base speed) and 0
o
pitch angle, the simulated output voltage and its frequency so
obtained are shown in Figure 2 (a) and (b) respectively at full-load.
FIGURE 2 (a): Variation of Output Voltage.
Wind Turbine
Time (s)
Phasevoltage(V)
4. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 41
FIGURE 2 (b): Variation of Output Frequency.
To illustrate the effect of wind speed variation, the speed is assumed variable in the manner
shown in Figure 3. The variation is made every 3 seconds. The corresponding output voltage
is shown in Figure 4. The load is kept fixed at its full-load level. As seen, the generator
voltage varies with the wind speed. The frequency, however, remains almost unchanged [16].
FIGURE 3: Variation of Wind Speed.
FIGURE 4: Variation of Output Phase Voltage.
The generated voltage and its frequency are also affected due to load variation. By varying
the load in steps, the corresponding output voltages and frequencies are tabulated in Table 1.
Time (s)
Time (s)
Time (s)
Windspeed(m/s)Phasevoltage(V)Frequency(Hz)
5. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 42
Frequency (Hz)RMS Phase voltage (volt)Reactive load (VAR)Active load (watt)
502208002050
49.44230.57001800
48.852416001600
48.27251.735001400
47.7264.454001200
47.15282.8423001000
46.6293.45200800
46312.5100600
TABLE 1: Effect of load variation on output voltage and frequency.
As expected, the above table reveals that the output voltage increases as the load is
decreased. It is seen that the frequency decreases as the load is decreased. However, the
change in frequency is small as compared to the voltage change.
4. VOLTAGE REGULATION AGAINST WIND SPEED VARIATION
Variation of wind speed could be below or above the base wind speed. At low wind speed, the
output voltage decreases. According to the results given in Table 1, the load has to be
appropriately disconnected to bring back the output voltage to its rated value.
At higher values of wind speed, the output voltage increases. In such cases, pitch angle
control is used to control the generator output voltage. As wind speed increases, pitch angle
has to be suitably increased
5. VOLTAGE AND FREQUENCY REGULATION AGAINST LOAD
VARIATION
For voltage and frequency regulation against load variation, three systems are considered in
the present work.
System 1:
The system is presented in Figure 5. It consists of SEIG connected to the load through a
dc-link PWM voltage source inverter (VSI).
FIGURE 5: System 1.
In System 1, the generator is supplied with constant reactive power. The output voltage can
be controlled by adjusting the inverter modulation index (MI). The output frequency is fixed by
the frequency of the reference voltage of the inverter control circuit. Thus, the voltage and
frequency at the load side can be maintained at the required rated values i.e. 220 V (rms) and
50 Hz.
Wind Turbine
LC
filter
6. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 43
For the system under consideration, the frequency is set in the control circuit as 50 Hz and
the modulation index is set as 0.7 at full-load condition. With base wind speed (8 m/s), the
output voltage thus obtained is the rated value as shown in Figure 6.
FIGURE 6: Variation of output phase voltage (System 1).
For other settings of load level, the (MI) has to be adjusted to obtain rated load voltage. The
frequency remains fixed at 50 Hz. For other load levels, the modulation index is worked out
and presented in Table 2.
Active load (watt)
Reactive load
(VAR)
Modulation index
(MI)
1600 600 0.443
1400 500 0.425
1200 400 0.415
1000 300 0.405
800 200 0.403
600 100 0.400
TABLE 2: Modulation index at different load levels (System 1).
As the load is reduced, the generated voltage gets increased to a value which may, by far,
exceed the rated value. This is because the reactive power supplied by the capacitor is fixed
corresponding to full-load condition and not controlled by the inverter. The load voltage can
be maintained constant through modulation index control. However, increase of generator
voltage beyond the rated value is not allowed. Thus, this type of control should be
accompanied with pitch angle control to prevent the generator voltage from exceeding the
rated value.
The disadvantage of this system is that, at reduced wind speed, the generated voltage
decreases. Since the reactive power is fixed, load shedding is implemented to bring the
generator voltage back to its rated value. In addition, since the load current passes through
the semiconductor devices, their rating is high, depending upon the load current.
System 2:
The schematic diagram of System 2 is shown in Figure 7. In this system, the load is directly
connected to the generator terminals. The value of the excitation capacitor is selected to
generate the rated voltage of SEIG corresponding to no-load condition. Under increasing
loads, the additional demand of reactive power is provided by the VSI system [17]. Thus the
generator voltage will not exceed the rated value. Hence pitch angle control is not required.
The value of the constant dc voltage, input to the inverter, must be greater than twice the
phase voltage [18].
As the load is varied, the output generated voltage is adjusted by controlling the reactive
power via modulation index control.
Time (s)
Phasevoltage(V)
7. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 44
FIGURE 7: System 2.
The output voltage obtained from the inverter is not sinusoidal. For that an LC filter is used to
improve the output voltage wave shape. In this syetem, MI = 0.69 for full-load condition. The
load voltage is found to be the rated one as shown in Figure 8. This, itself, is the generated
voltage.
FIGURE 8: Variation of load or generator Phase voltage (System 2).
Table 3 illustrates the relationship between the modulation index and the load, maintaining
rated output phase voltage. The frequency is fixed at 50 Hz by the inverter control circuit.
Here, wind speed is considered fixed at its base value.
Active load (watt) Reactive load (VAR) Modulation index
1600 600 0.645
1400 500 0.625
1200 400 0.615
100 300 0.605
800 200 0.59
600 100 0.576
TABLE 3: Modulation index at different load levels (System 2).
Unlike system 1, the load and generated voltages are maintained at their rated values at all
load levels in this system. Thus, pitch control is not required.
LC
filter
Wind Turbine
Time (s)
Phasevoltage(V)
8. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 45
The presence of the batteries is the main disadvantage of this system. Their presence
increases the cost of the system and limits the turbine power rating. They also require
periodic maintenance and replacement. However, these batteries are utilized to help the
generator in supplying the load when the wind speed decreases below the base speed.
Since the load current does not flow through the semiconductor devices, their rating is low.
System 3:
The schematic diagram of System 3 is shown in Figure 9. Again, here, the load is directly
connected to the generator terminals and the excitation capacitors are selected so that the
SEIG produces the rated voltage at no-load condition. At other load levels, the additional
demand of reactive power is provided by the VSI. Here also, the generator voltage will not
exceed the rated value. Therefore, pitch angle control is not required.
FIGURE 9: System 3.
The dc source used in System 2 is replaced by a 3-phase uncontrolled bridge rectifier in
System 3 [19]. The rectifier is fed from the generator output itself. The output of the inverter is
connected to the SEIG terminals through an LC filter.
The dc voltage input to the inverter will be disturbed if the load is changed. However, the
modulation index MI of the inverter will be adjusted to control the reactive power, bringing the
generator voltage and hence the rectifier output dc voltage back to its rated value.
For full-load condition, MI is set at 0.83. The output voltage is found to be at its rated value as
shown in Figure 10.
FIGURE 10: Variation of load phase voltage (System 3).
LC
filter
Wind Turbine
Time (s)
Phasevoltage(V)
9. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 46
Table 4 shows the relationship between modulation index and the load level so that the load
voltage is maintained at its rated value.
Active load (watt) Reactive load (VAR) Modulation index
1600 600 0.43
1400 500 0.409
1200 400 0.403
1000 300 0.40005
800 200 0.4
600 100 0.39
TABLE 4: Modulation index at different load levels (System 3).
Again, system 3, maintains rated generated voltages at all load levels. This is done by
adjusting the modulation index of the VSI.
At reduced wind speed, the generated voltage decreases. As there are no batteries,
compensation of the required reactive power is not possible. Thus, load shedding is
necessary to bring the generator voltage back to its rated value. This is the disadvantage of
this system.
In this system also, the load current does not flow through the semiconductor devices,
therefore, low rating devices may be used.
6. COMPARISON BETWEEN SYSTEM 1, SYSTEM 2 AND SYSTEM 3
The above three systems are now compared and there features are presented in Table 5.
Point of
Comparison
System 1 System 2 System 3
Capacitor
requirement
Capacitors are selected to
obtain rated voltage at full-
load condition
Capacitors are selected to
obtain rated voltage at no-
load condition
Capacitors are selected to
obtain rated voltage at no-
load condition
Decrease of
wind speed
Requires load shedding
Load shedding is not
required
Requires load shedding
Reduction of
load level
Load voltage remains
constant, while generator
voltage increases beyond
rated voltage. Pitch angle
control is necessary
Load voltage as well as
generator voltage remain
constant. Pitch angle
control is not required
Load voltage as well as
generator voltage remain
constant. Pitch angle
control is not required
Battery
requirement
No batteries are required Batteries are essential No batteries are required
Turbine and
generator
power rating
Rating of the rectifier-
inverter devices should be
considered
Number and capacity of
the of batteries should be
considered
No restrictions on power
rating
Cost Medium High Low
Rating of power
electronics
devices
High Low Low
TABLE 5: Comparison of the Three Systems.
The above discussion and Table 5 reveal that System 3 is better than System 1 and 2 from
cost and power rating points of view. Compared with System 1, System 3 does not require
pitch angle control at reduced load and compared with System 2, System 3 eliminates the dc
source (batteries) from its structure.
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Wind energy is a clean source of energy that does not pollute the environment. In addition,
wind energy is free and sustainable. It is one of the fastest growing renewable energies in the
world.
10. Mohamed Zaid A. Karim & A. Hakim Saeed Noman
International Journal of Engineering (IJE), Volume (8) : Issue (4) : 2014 47
Self excited induction generator can produce rated voltage and frequency if the values of the
excitation capacitors are properly chosen. These rated voltage and frequency get affected by
wind speed and load level disturbances.
Matlab software is used in this paper to simulate the wind driven SEIG considering the effects
of wind speed and load variation. Variation of generator voltage and frequency as a
consequence of wind speed or load level variation is presented and discussed.
Voltage and frequency regulation can be achieved using rectifier-inverter systems. In this
paper, three systems have been presented and discussed.
The three systems have been simulated and the corresponding results are presented, and
discussed.
In the three systems, the frequency is maintained constant, at 50 Hz, by fixing the frequency
of the reference wave in the control circuit of the inverter.
All the three systems, exhibit capability of regulating the load voltage through modulation
index control of the inverter.
The three systems are compared from many aspects highlighting the advantages and
disadvantages of each one.
From many aspects, System 3 is found to be better than the other two systems.
For future work, it is suggested that, for the same output power, comparison of the three
systems be made from points of view of efficiency, control complexity and cost.
8. REFERENCES
[1] Gerald M. Angle II, Franz A. Pertl, Mary Ann Clarke and James E. Smith. “Lift
Augmentation for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines”. International Journal of Engineering,
(IJE), Vol, 4, Issue 5, pp. 430-442, 2010.
[2] R. Bansal, T. Bhatti, and D. Kothari. “A bibliographical survey on induction generators
for application of nonconventional energy systems”. IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion,
vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 433-439, Sep. 2003.
[3] R. Bansal. “Three-phase self-excited induction generators: an overview”. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 20, no.2, pp. 292-299, Jun. 2005.
[4] E. Marra, and J. Pomilio. “Induction-generator-based system providing regulated voltage
with constant frequency”. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47 no.4,
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