This document analyzes the operation of a wind turbine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under different loading conditions. It presents a model of a PMSG wind energy system in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The model includes a wind turbine model, drive train model, and PMSG model. Equations describing the behavior of each component are introduced. Simulation results show the PMSG can operate over a wide range of conditions with different load types and indicate the effect of different load types on operation. The PMSG is found to effectively operate in standalone mode when loaded with resistive, inductive, and nonlinear loads.
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
Β
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they donβt have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Β
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
Β
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are increasing
applied in several areas such as generation, traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace
technology. Basically PMSG topology has been beneficial for slow speed and variable speed
operation and steady state output power produced in operation. PMSG is a part of
synchronous machine family, so its construction features almost equivalent to synchronous
machine.
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and
armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load.
Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 1200
apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generatorβs rotor. To
operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at
slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces
current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor
magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields
synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system,
which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability
or efficient.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
Β
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
Β
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they donβt have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Β
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
Β
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are increasing
applied in several areas such as generation, traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace
technology. Basically PMSG topology has been beneficial for slow speed and variable speed
operation and steady state output power produced in operation. PMSG is a part of
synchronous machine family, so its construction features almost equivalent to synchronous
machine.
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and
armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load.
Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 1200
apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generatorβs rotor. To
operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at
slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces
current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor
magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields
synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system,
which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability
or efficient.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
Β
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
Improved reactive power capability with grid connected doubly fed induction g...Uday Wankar
Β
In the past, most national grid codes and standards did not require wind turbines to support the power system during a disturbance. For example during a grid fault or sudden drop in frequency wind turbines were tripped off the system. However, as the wind power penetration continues to increase, the interaction between the wind turbines and the power system has become more important. This is because, when all wind turbines would be disconnected in case of a grid failure, these renewable generators will, unlike conventional power plants, not be able to support the voltage and the frequency of the grid during and immediately following the grid failure. This would cause major problems for the systems stability.
Therefore, wind farms will have to continue to operate during system disturbances and support the network voltage and frequency. Network design codes are now being revised to reflect this new requirement. A special focus in this requirement is drawn to both the fault ride-through capability and the grid support capability. Fault ride-through capability addresses mainly the design of the wind turbine controller in such a way that the wind turbine is able to remain connected to the network during grid faults (e.g. short circuit faults). While grid support capability represents the wind turbine capability to assist the power system by supplying ancillary services, i.e. such as supplying reactive power, in order to help the grid voltage recovery during and just after the clearance of grid faults. Due to the partial-scale power converter, wind turbines based on the DFIG are very sensitive to grid disturbances, especially to voltage dips during grid faults.
Faults in the power system, even far away from the location of the turbine, can cause a voltage dip at the connection point of the wind turbine. The abrupt drop of the grid voltage will cause over-current in the rotor windings and over- voltage in the DC bus of the power converters. Without any protection, this will certainly lead to the destruction of the converters. In addition, it will also cause over-speeding of the wind turbine, which will threaten the safe operation of the turbine. Thus a lot of research works have been carried out on the LVRT ability of DFIG wind turbines under the grid fault. These LVRT strategies can be divided into two main types: the active method by improving control strategies, the passive scheme with additional hardware protective devices.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
Β
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
Independent Control Of Active And Reactive Powers From DFIG By Logic FuzzyIJRES Journal
Β
This paper presents the study and use by simulating the fuzzy logic control of asynchronous
generator dual fuel in the production of electrical energy that the .for I prepared a study of the wind system and
a model of the wind turbine was established by following the study and modeling of doubly fed asynchronous.
Two types of vector control have been the subject of study in this work for independent control of active and
reactive power: the direct and indirect control .la fuzzy PI control is introduced to increase the robustness of
markers vis-Γ -screw parametric variation of the machine in the simulation results obtained were compared to the
validated work articles cited in the bibliography.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper is an attempt to develop an Induction Motor Drive System with Multilevel Inverter topology for reduced torque ripple application. A Nine level-cascaded multilevel inverter is developed for the induction motor drive with SVPWM control powered by boost converter fed using solar PV supply. The SVPWM control based implementation of vector control using a multilevel inverter topology needs a multilevel SVPWM control technique, which is implemented in this paper. The Solar power supplied is applied with the MPPT technique and the supplied DC power is fed to the three phase cascaded 9 level multilevel inverter. The vector control of induction motor is carried out using the SVPWM technique on the multilevel topology. The torque ripple reduction in the output is observed and compared with the vector control of induction motor. Matlab based implementation is carried out and the results are tabulated and inferred.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Β
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Β
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Improved reactive power capability with grid connected doubly fed induction g...Uday Wankar
Β
In the past, most national grid codes and standards did not require wind turbines to support the power system during a disturbance. For example during a grid fault or sudden drop in frequency wind turbines were tripped off the system. However, as the wind power penetration continues to increase, the interaction between the wind turbines and the power system has become more important. This is because, when all wind turbines would be disconnected in case of a grid failure, these renewable generators will, unlike conventional power plants, not be able to support the voltage and the frequency of the grid during and immediately following the grid failure. This would cause major problems for the systems stability.
Therefore, wind farms will have to continue to operate during system disturbances and support the network voltage and frequency. Network design codes are now being revised to reflect this new requirement. A special focus in this requirement is drawn to both the fault ride-through capability and the grid support capability. Fault ride-through capability addresses mainly the design of the wind turbine controller in such a way that the wind turbine is able to remain connected to the network during grid faults (e.g. short circuit faults). While grid support capability represents the wind turbine capability to assist the power system by supplying ancillary services, i.e. such as supplying reactive power, in order to help the grid voltage recovery during and just after the clearance of grid faults. Due to the partial-scale power converter, wind turbines based on the DFIG are very sensitive to grid disturbances, especially to voltage dips during grid faults.
Faults in the power system, even far away from the location of the turbine, can cause a voltage dip at the connection point of the wind turbine. The abrupt drop of the grid voltage will cause over-current in the rotor windings and over- voltage in the DC bus of the power converters. Without any protection, this will certainly lead to the destruction of the converters. In addition, it will also cause over-speeding of the wind turbine, which will threaten the safe operation of the turbine. Thus a lot of research works have been carried out on the LVRT ability of DFIG wind turbines under the grid fault. These LVRT strategies can be divided into two main types: the active method by improving control strategies, the passive scheme with additional hardware protective devices.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
Β
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
Independent Control Of Active And Reactive Powers From DFIG By Logic FuzzyIJRES Journal
Β
This paper presents the study and use by simulating the fuzzy logic control of asynchronous
generator dual fuel in the production of electrical energy that the .for I prepared a study of the wind system and
a model of the wind turbine was established by following the study and modeling of doubly fed asynchronous.
Two types of vector control have been the subject of study in this work for independent control of active and
reactive power: the direct and indirect control .la fuzzy PI control is introduced to increase the robustness of
markers vis-Γ -screw parametric variation of the machine in the simulation results obtained were compared to the
validated work articles cited in the bibliography.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper is an attempt to develop an Induction Motor Drive System with Multilevel Inverter topology for reduced torque ripple application. A Nine level-cascaded multilevel inverter is developed for the induction motor drive with SVPWM control powered by boost converter fed using solar PV supply. The SVPWM control based implementation of vector control using a multilevel inverter topology needs a multilevel SVPWM control technique, which is implemented in this paper. The Solar power supplied is applied with the MPPT technique and the supplied DC power is fed to the three phase cascaded 9 level multilevel inverter. The vector control of induction motor is carried out using the SVPWM technique on the multilevel topology. The torque ripple reduction in the output is observed and compared with the vector control of induction motor. Matlab based implementation is carried out and the results are tabulated and inferred.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Β
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Β
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Economic Selection of Generators for a Wind Farmijeei-iaes
Β
The selection suitable generator for wind turbines will be done based on technical criteria and priorities of the project. In this paper, a method for determining the type of wind turbine generator with an example is explained. In the paper, for a 10kW wind turbine, two generators have been proposed. The first case is a squirrel-cage asynchronous generator coupled to the turbine through the gearbox and directly connected to three phase output. Other PM generators that are directly coupled to the turbine and it is connected to the grid using the inverter. The results show that according to wind conditions, a 10kW permanent magnet generator is more advantageous in terms of energy production.
Modeling of Wind Energy on Isolated AreaIJPEDS-IAES
Β
In this paper, a model of the wind turbine (WT) with permanent magnet generator (PMSG) and its associated controllers is presented. The increase of wind power penetration in power systems has meant that conventional power plants are gradually being replaced by wind farms. In fact, today wind farms are required to actively participate in power system operation in the same way as conventional power plants. In fact, power system operators have revised the grid connection requirements for wind turbines and wind farms and now demand that these installations be able to carry out more or less the same control tasks as conventional power plants. For dynamic power system simulations, the PMSG wind turbine model includes an aerodynamic rotor model, a lumped mass representation of the drive train system and generator model. In this paper we propose a model with an implementation in MATLAB / Simulink, each of the system components off-grid small wind turbines.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
Β
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
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Control Scheme for an IPM Synchronous Generator Based-Variable Speed Wind Tur...IJMTST Journal
Β
This paper proposes a control strategy for an IPM synchronous generator-based variable speed wind turbine this control technique is simple and has many advantages over indirect vector control technique as in this scheme, the requirement of the continuous rotor position is eliminated as all the calculations are done in the stator reference frame and can eliminate some of the drawbacks of traditional indirect vector control scheme. This scheme possesses advantages such as lesser parameter dependence and reduced number of controllers compared with the traditional indirect vector control scheme Furthermore, the system is unaffected to variation in parameters because stator resistance is the only required criteria. This control technique is implemented in MATLAB/Sim power systems and the simulation results shows that this suggested control technique works well and can operate under constant and varying wind speeds. Finally, a sensorless speed estimator is implemented, which enables the wind turbine to operate without the mechanical speed sensor.
This paper presents a study analysis of a complete wind energy conversion system, the system based on a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG); a vector control with stator flux orientation of the DFIG is also used to control independently the active and reactive powers. A comparative study have been performed between the conventional PI controller and fuzzy logic control to investigate its dynamic and static performances. This research work involves the study of a phase in advance, to provide effective assistance, to all those who have to make decisions regarding the planning and implementation of wind energy projects. The main objective is to model the wind chain and the use of two types of strategies for the control of this generator to ensure a good regulation we started with the modeling of the wind chain then the modeling of the DFIG and then the use of the two strategies for the regulation of the latter .The complete system is modeled and simulated in the MATLAB/ Simulink. The performance and robustness are analyzed and compared by Matlab / Simulink .Simulation results prove the excellent performance of fuzzy control unit as improving power quality and stability of wind turbine.
Torque estimator using MPPT method for wind turbines IJECEIAES
Β
In this work, we presents a control scheme of the interface of a grid connected Variable Speed Wind Energy Generation System based on Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). The vectorial strategy for oriented stator flux GADA has been developed To extract the maximum power MPPT from the wind turbine. It uses a second order sliding mode controller and Kalman observer, using the super twisting algorithm. The simulation describes the effectiveness of the control strategy adopted.For a step and random profiles of the wind speed, reveals better tracking and perfect convergence of electromagnetic torque and concellation of reactive power to the stator. This control limits the mechanical stress on the tansmission shaft, improves the quality of the currents generated on the grid and optimizes the efficiency of the conversion chain.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WIND TURBINE IN GRID-OFF SYSTEM Mellah Hacene
Β
Abstract
This paper deals with the construction of a mathematical model of a wind turbine, which is one of the sources in the Grid-Off
system.
Keywords: mathematical model, wind turbine, Grid-Off system, electric generator, wind conditions.
1 Introduction
As one of the power sources of the Grid-Off system is a wind turbine. It is advantageous to work with a
mathematical model for the need of experimental research. In Fig. 1 is a schematic connection of a wind turbine
to a container, which is a Grid-Off system. [1-4]
Dynamic responses improvement of grid connected wpgs using flc in high wind s...ijscmcj
Β
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
DYNAMIC RESPONSES IMPROVEMENT OF GRID CONNECTED WPGS USING FLC IN HIGH WIND S...ijscmcjournal
Β
Environmental and sustainability concerns are developing the significance of distributed generation (DG) based on renewable energy sources. In this paper, dynamic responses investigation of grid connected wind turbine using permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) under variable wind speeds and load circumstances is carried out. In order to control of turbine output power using Fuzzy Logic controller (FLC) in comparison with PI controller is proposed. Furthermore, the pitch angle based on FLC using wind speed and active power as inputs, can have faster responses, thereby leading to smoother power curves, enhancement of dynamic performance of wind turbine and prevention of mechanical damages to PMSG. Inverter adjusted the DC link voltage and active power is fed by d-axis and reactive power is fed by q-axis (using P-Q control mode). Simulation of wind power generation system (WPGS) is carried out in Matlab/Simulink, and the results verify the correctness and feasibility of control strategy.
Dynamic Modeling of Autonomous Windβdiesel system with Fixed-speed Wind TurbineIJAPEJOURNAL
Β
Wind turbines have often connected to small power systems, operating in parallel to diesel generators, as is typically the case in autonomous windβdiesel installations or small island systems with high wind potential. Hence, the modeling and analysis of the dynamic behavior of windβdiesel power systems in presence of wind power will be important. In this paper, the system under study is modeled by a set of dynamic and algebraic equations (DAE). Dynamic behavior of a wind-diesel system is investigated by the proposed dynamic model. Wind-diesel system consists of wind turbines that are connected to synchronous diesel generator via short transmission line with local load. Dynamic stability of autonomous windβdiesel systems are discussed with emphasis on the eigenvalue analysis and the effective parameters on system stability. In this regards, saddle node bifurcation and hopf bifurcation are also investigated.
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Analysis of wind turbine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator under different loading conditions
1. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Analysis of Wind Turbine Driven Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator under Different Loading Conditions
Gaber El Saady* , El-Nobi A.Ibrahim, Hamdy Ziedan and Mohammed M.Soliman
Electric Engineering Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
* E-mail of the corresponding author: gaber1@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper proposes the configuration of a Wind Turbine generating system equipped with Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator (PMSG). There are different types of synchronous generators, but the PMSG is chosen
which has better performance due to higher efficiency and less maintenance. Since it can be used without a gearbox
also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle and a reduction of costs. The model includes a wind turbine
model, drive train model and PMSG model. The equations that explain their behavior have been introduced. The
generator model is established in the d-q synchronous rotating reference frame. The proposed Wind Turbine
Generator System (WTGS) has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The PMSG is operating in
stand-alone which is loaded with different types of loads. The simulation results indicate the ability of wind driven
PMSG to operate over wide range of operating conditions at different loading conditions and show effect of different
load types in operation.
Keywords: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG), Wind Turbine, Wind Energy and WTGS
MATLAB/SIMULINK.
1. Introduction
During the last few decades, wind energy became the most competitive form of clean, non-polluting and renewable
energy to provide a sustainable supply to the world development (Chen et al. 2012) which worldwide wind capacity
doubled approximately every three years. Currently, five countries (Germany, USA, Denmark, India and Spain)
concentrate more than 83% of worldwide wind energy capacity in their countries. The need for increased power
production from the wind and economic reasons, when the rated power of todayβs wind turbines is still relatively
small (2MW units are now typical), makes it necessary to group wind turbines into so-called wind farms( Rolan' et al.
2009).Wind farms are built on land, but in recent years there has been(and will be in the future) a strong trend
towards locating them offshore this due to the lack of suitable wind turbine sites on land and the highest wind
speeds located near the sea(and consequently higher energy can be extracted from the wind).
Both induction and synchronous generators can be used for wind turbine systems (Slootweg et al. 2003). Mainly,
three types of induction generators are used in wind power conversion systems: cage rotor, wound rotor with slip
control and doubly fed induction rotors .The last one is the most utilized in wind speed generation because it
provides a wide range of speed variation. However, the variable speed directly driven multi-pole permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) wind architecture is chosen for this purpose and it is going to be modelled: it offers
better performance due to higher efficiency, simple structure, reliable operation, low noise and less maintenance
because it does not have rotor current. What is more, PMSG can be used without a gearbox, which implies a
reduction of the weight of the nacelle and reduction of costs and so on ( Rolan' et al. 2009).This investigation
presents the model of a PMSG WT able to work under low and fast wind speed conditions and during wind gusts
( LΓ³pez-Ortiz et al. 2012).
The general goal of this paper is to model the electromechanical energy conversion system of Standalone wind
turbine driven with PMSG. Optimum wind energy extraction is achieved by running the Wind Turbine Generator
(WTG) invariable speed because of the higher energy gain and the reduced stresses with using the (PMSG) the
design can be even more simplified.
Simulations have been implemented with the software MATLAB/ SIMULINK to validate the model.
2. System structure and analysis
A typical structure of wind energy conversion system with PMSG consists of a wind turbine, drive train and PMSG.
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2. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
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Vol.4, No.14, 2013
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2.1. Wind Energy Conversation
The kinetic energy of the wind is given by the following equation (S.VIJAYALAKSHMI et al. 2011):
Ec =
1
(1)
2mv2
m = ΟvAβt
(2)
Where: m is the air mass, v is the wind speed, A is the covered surface of the turbine and π is the air density.
The wind power Pw has the following expression:
π
ππ€ =
πΈπ =
ππ‘
1
ππ΄π£ 3
2
(3)
The power coefficient of the turbine Cp can be defined by following equation:
Cp =
Pm
;
Pw
CP < 1
(4)
So the extracted power is given by:
1
Pm = Cp ΟΟR2 v 3
2
(5)
2
Where: A is area swept by the rotor (A = ΟR ), R is radius of the turbine rotor and Pm is the mechanical power that
extracts from the wind.
The power coefficient Cp (betz coefficient) reaches maximum value =0.593. In practice, values of obtainable power
coefficientβs are in the range of 45 percent which depends of the tip speed ratio Κ of the wind turbine and angle of the
blades Γ.
Cp = Cp(Κ, Γ)
(6)
The amount of aerodynamic torque is obtained from the power:
ππ =
Substitute from Κ =
Pm
w
=
1
Cp ΟΟR2
2
v3
(7)
π€
Rw
(8)
v
ππ =
Often the torque coefficient CT =
1
ΟΟR3 v 2
2
Cp
(9)
Κ
CP
(10)
Κ
1
Tm = CT ΟΟR3 v 2
So,
(11)
2
2.2 The power coefficient of the turbine
The power coefficient can be utilized in the form of look-up tables or in form of a function. The second approach is
presented below (Slootweg et al. 2003), where the power coefficient is defining as a function of the tip-speed ratio
Κ and the blade pitch angle Γ as
πΆ π (Κ, Γ) = 0.5 (
116
π
β 0.4Γ β 5) π
21
π
β
(12)
Where Q is represented as
Q=
1
1
0.035
β
Κ+0.08Γ 1+Γ3
(13)
2.3 The variation of Cp
The simulation model is shown in Figure 1 which the variation of Cp with tip speed ratio Κ at different values of
pitch angle Γ, also the variation of Cp with pitch angle Γ at different values of Κ are obtained.
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Figure 1. Power Coefficient cp
2.3.1 The variation of CP with the tip speed ratio Κ for various values of the pitch angle Ξ²
The variation of CP with the tip speed ratio Κ for various values of the pitch angle Ξ² is depicted in Figure 2. Thus, by
varying the pitch angle Γ, the power coefficient can be changed and the power captured by the turbine can be
controlled.
power coefficent Cp & tip speed ratio curves
power coefficent Cp
0.5
Γ
=0
Γ
=5
Γ
10
Γ
=15
Γ
=20
Γ
=25
Γ
=30
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
tip speed ratio(lambda)
Figure 2. Analytical Approximation of Cp (Κ, Γ) Curves
2.3.2
The variation of CP with pitch angle Γ at different values of Κ
The variation of CP with the pitch angle Ξ² for various values of the tip speed ratio Κ is depicted in Figure 3. Thus, by
varying the tip speed ratio Κ, the power coefficient can be changed and the power captured by the turbine can be
controlled.
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power coefficent CP & pitch angle B curves
power coefficient CP
0.4
lambda=8
lambda=10
0.3
lambda=6
0.2
lambda=4
0.1
lambda=2
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
pitch angle B [degree]
Figure 3. Power Coefficient of Cp (Κ, Γ) with Pitch Angle Γ Curves
30
3. Drive Train Model
The rotational speed is expressed by the following equation (Slootweg et al. 2003):
dwg
dt
=
(TeβTwg βBm.wg)
(14)
Jeq
Where Sub-index g represents the parameters of the generator side, wg is the mechanical angular speed [rad/s]
of the generator, Bm is the damping coefficient [N.m/s], Te is the electromagnetic torque[N.m], Twg is the
aerodynamic torque that has been transferred to the generator side which ( Twg=Tw/ng )[N.m], Jeq is the equivalent
rotational inertia of the generator [Kg.m2 ].The equivalent rotational inertia of the generator is calculated from this
equation:
Jeq = Jg+
Jw
(15)
n2 g
Where Jg and Jw are the generator and rotor rotational inertia respectively , ng is the gear ratio ( ng=1 , no gear
box).
The parameters used in simulation models are shown in the table (1) :
Table 1: Drive Train Parameters
Parameter
Gear Ratio
Rotational Damping Coefficient
Symbol
Ng
Bm
Value
1
0
Equivalent Inertia
Jeq
0.3kg.m2
The block diagram of drive train model is shown in Figure 4.
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5. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
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Figure 4.
Drive Train Model
4. Generator Model
The PMSG is used to produce electricity from the mechanical energy obtained from the wind Turbine. In the PMSG,
the rotor magnetic flux is generated by permanent magnets which are placed on the rotor surface ( a non-salient-pole
PMSG)( Wu et al. 2011; Yin et al. 2007).
The main purpose of this case study is to modelling of PMSG from its equations. To simplify the analysis, The
PMSG is normally modeled in the rotor field (dq-axis) synchronous reference Frame, which the q-axis is 90o ahead
of the d-axis with respect to the direction of rotation. The rotor has two axes which the axis that is aligned with the
rotor and flux is called d-axis and the perpendicular axis to d-axis called q-axis ( Abedini 2008).
The flux caused by PM is in the direction of d-axis, the angle between stator axis and d-axis is called Ο΄e as shown in
Figure 5.
Figure 5. The Configuration of The Winding and PM in The PMSG
The synchronization between the d-q rotating reference frame and the abc-three phase frame is maintained by
utilizing a phase locked loop .To simplify the SG model of Figure 5, the following mathematical manipulations can
be performed.
The voltage equations for the synchronous generator are given by (16) and (17):
vds = βR s ids β wr Κqs + pΚds
(16)
vqs = βR s iqs + wr Κds + pΚqs
(17)
Where
Κds = βLd ids + Κr
(18)
Κqs = βLq iqs
(19)
Where Κr is the rotor flux which is constant in the PMSG so,
inductances .
Substitute from equations (18) and (19) in (16) and (17) yield
dΚr
dt
vds = βR s ids + wr Lq iqs β Ld pids
101
= 0 ; Ld and Lq are the stator dq-axis self-
(20)
6. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
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vqs = βR s iqs β wr Ld ids + wr Κr β Lq piqs
(21)
A simplified dq-axis model of the PMSG in the rotor-field synchronous reference frame is shown in figure 6.
Figure 6. Equivalent Circuit of The PMSG in The Synchronous Frame.
The electromagnetic torque produced by the PMSG can be calculated from the following equations:
3P
Te = (iqs Κds β ids Κqs )
(22)
2
3P
= ([iqs Κr β (Ld β Lq )ids iqs ]
2
The rotor speed wr is governed by motion equation given by:
P
wr = (Te β Tm )
(23)
(24)
JS
To derive the PMSG model for dynamic simulation of synchronous generators equations are rearranged as:
1
ids = (βvds β R s ids + wr Lq iqs )/Ld
(25)
S
1
iqs = (βvqs β R s iqs β wr Ld ids + wr Κr )/Lq
(26)
S
The active power delivered to the load is given by:
wr
Ps = Pm β Pcus = Tm β wm = Te β β 3Is 2 Rs
(27)
P
Where vds , vqs are the dq-axis stator voltages, R s is the stator resistance , Κr is the rotor flux linkage, Tm is the
mechanical torque , ids , iqs are the dq-axis stator currents , wr is the rotor mechanical speed and Te is the
electromagnetic torque (Krause 2002 ; Boldea 2006) .
5. Simulation results
The main purpose of this case study is to investigate the operation of a stand-alone PMSG wind energy system
feeding different types of loads .The generator used in the study is a 2.45MW, 4000V, 53.33 HZ,400 rpm non salient
pole PMSG. The parameters of the PMSG used in this paper are shown in table 2.
Table2: The Parameters of The PMSG used in This Paper are listed below:
2.45 MW,4000V,53.33HZ, non-salient pole PMSG Parameters
Parameter
Values and units
Values in Pu
Rated power
2.4487MW
1.0 pu
Rated Apparent power
Rated Line voltage
Rated stator current
Rated rotor speed
Rated Stator Frequency
Number of pole pairs (p)
3.419 MVA
4000 V (rms)
490 A (rms)
400 rpm
53.33 Hz
8
1.0 pu
1.0 pu
1.0 pu
1.0 pu
1.0 pu
Rated mechanical torque
58.4585 KN.m
Rated Rotor Flux Linkage (Κ )
Stator resistance(Rs)
Stator d-axis inductance(Ld)
Stator q-axis inductance(Lq)
4.971Wb (rms)
24.21 mβ¦
9.816mH
9.816mH
0.7213 pu
0.00517 pu
0.7029 pu
0.7029 pu
102
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5. 1
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Loading of PMSG with Resistive Load
5.1.1 Loading PMSG with Fixed Resistive Load
The PMSG is loading with a three-phase resistive load R L= 5.5β¦, the block diagram and matlab simulation for the
model is shown in Figures. 7and 8 respectively.
Figure 7. Block Diagram for Simulation
Figure 8. Matlab Simulink Model
The dq-axis stator currents, ids and iqs in the synchronous frame rotating at the synchronous speed of wr are
calculated by the SG model. They are then transformed into the abc -axis stator currents ias, ibs, and ics in the
stationary frame through the dq/abc transformation. The calculated load voltages vas, vbs and vcs which are also
the stator voltages are transformed to the dq-axis voltages vds and vqs in the synchronous frame .These voltages
are then fed back to the SG model.
First , the PMSG is loaded with a three phase balanced resistive load Rl and operates at 320 rpm(.8 pu)at a given
wind speed ( the rotor speed is kept constant at 320 rpm due to assumption that the combined moments of inertia is
very large) .
The following Figure 9. Shows the currents and voltages at PMSG terminals.
ids,iqs,is (pu)
ids,iqs,is (pu)
0.5
0.4
iqs
0.3
is
ids
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
time(sec)
(a)
103
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
8. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
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ias,ibs,ics (pu)
ias,ibs,ics (pu)
0.5
ics
ibs
ias
0
-0.5
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
(b)
vds,vqs,vs (pu)
0.6
vds,vqs,vs (pu)
vs
0.5
vqs
0.4
vds
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
time(sec)
0.03
(c)
vas,vbs,vcs (pu)
1
vas,vbs,vcs (pu)
vas
vbs vcs
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
time(sec)
(d)
Te,Ps (pu)
0.5
Te
Te,Ps (pu)
0.4
0.3
Ps
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
time(sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
(e)
Figure 9. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d) abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in case of
Resistive Load
From figure 9, the dq-axis stator currents, ids and iqs in the synchronous frame are DC variables, whereas the abcaxis stator currents, ias, ibs, and ics in the stationary frame are sinusoids in steady state. The magnitude of the stator
current ( is) represents the peak value of ias, ibs, and ics is given by equation (28):
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is = β(iqs 2 + ids 2 )
A similar phenomenon can be observed for the stator voltages.
5.1.2
(28)
Decreasing The Load by Half
The generator initially operates in steady state with a resistive load of R l . The load resistance is reduced to R l /2 by
closing switch S at t = 0.0234 sec as shown in figure 10.
Figure 10. SG with a Three-Phase Resistive Load
After a short transient period, the system reaches a new steady-state operating point as shown in Figure 11. From
figures, a decrease in the load resistance results in an increase in the stator currents, but the stator voltages are
reduced mainly due to the voltage drop across the stator inductances. The electromagnetic torque Te and stator active
power Ps are increased accordingly when the system operates at the new operating point.
ids,iqs,is(pu)
0.8
0.7
is
iqs
ids,iqs,is(pu)
0.6
decrease load by half
0.5
ids
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
Time (sec)
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
(a)
ias,ibs,ics,is(pu)
ias,ibs,ics,is(pu)
1
ias
ibs
is
ics
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
time(sec)
(b)
105
0.03
10. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
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vds,vqs,vs (pu)
0.6
vds,vqs,vs (pu)
vs
0.5
0.4
vqs
0.3
vds
0.2
0.1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(c)
vas,vbs,vcs,vs (pu)
vas,vbs,vcs,vs (pu)
1
vcs
vbs
vas
vs
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(d)
Te,Ps (pu)
0.6
Te
Te,Ps (pu)
0.5
Ps
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(e)
Figure 11. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d)abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in Case of
Decreasing to the Half of The Resistive Load
5.2 PMSG Loaded with (R-L) Load:
The steady-state performance of a stand-alone salient-pole PMSG with an inductive load is analyzed using the dqaxis steady-state equivalent circuit (Wu et al. 2011 ; Krause 2002).The generator operates at the rotor speed of
320 rpm and supplies a three-phase RL load of π πΏ = 4.6797β¦ and L = 13.966 mH, Since the q-axis leads the daxis by 90Β°, The generator dq-axis stator voltages which are also the load voltages can be calculated by following
equations:
vds + jvqs = (ids + jiqs )( R l + jwr Ll )
= (R l ids β wr Ll iqs ) + j(R l iqs + wr Ll ids )
Where wr is the rotor electrical speed which is also the speed of the dq synchronous reference frame.
Equation (29) can be arranged as
vds = R l ids β wr Ll iqs = R l ids β XL iqs
106
(29)
(30)
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vqs = R l iqs + wr Ll ids = R l iqs + Xl ids
(31)
Where XL iqs = wr Ll iqs , Xl ids = wr Ll ids are referred to speed voltages due to the transformation of the load
inductance from abc-stationary frame to the dq-synchronous frame. A model for RL load is simulating which dq-axis
equivalent circuits of inductive load are shown in Figures. 12 and .The results are shown in Figure 13.
Figure 12. dq-axis Equivalent Circuits
Te,Ps (pu)
0.6
Te
Te,Ps (pu)
0.5
Ps
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
ias,ibs,ics (pu)
0.4
0.2
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(a)
ias,ibs,ics (pu)
ias
ibs
ics
0
-0.2
-0.4
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
time(sec)
(b)
vds,vqs,vs(pu)
vds,vqs,vs(pu)
0.6
vs
vqs
0.4
0.2
vds
0
-0.2
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
time(sec)
(c)
107
0.03
12. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
vas,vbs,vcs(pu)
vas,vbs,vcs(pu)
0.5
vcs
vbs
vas
0
-0.5
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(d)
Te,Ps(pu)
0.3
Te
Te,Ps(pu)
Ps
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(e)
Figure 13. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d)abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in Case of
the Inductive Load
5.3 PMSG Loaded with RC Load
The steady state performance of a stand-alone salient-pole PMSG with a capacitive (RC) load is developed
as inductive (RL) load which is analyzed using the dq-axis steady-state equivalent circuit .The generator
operates at the rotor speed of 320 rpm and supplies a three-phase RC load of π π = 5.5 β¦ and C =
637.72 ΞΌF. Since the q-axis leads the d-axis by 90Β° so the generator dq-axis stator voltages which are also
the load voltages can be calculated by following equations:
π£ ππ + ππ£ ππ = (π ππ + ππ ππ )( π π β π/π€ πΆ π )
= (π π π ππ +
So,
π£ ππ = π π π ππ β
π£ ππ = π π π ππ β
π ππ
π€ π πΆπ
π ππ
π€ π πΆπ
π ππ
π€ π πΆπ
) + π(π π π ππ β π ππ /π€ πΆ π )
= π π π ππ + π π π ππ
= π π π ππ β π π π ππ
(32)
(33)
(34)
Whereπ π π ππ = π ππ /π€ πΆ π , π π π ππ = π ππ /π€ πΆ π are referred to speed voltages due to the transformation of the load
inductance from abc-stationary frame to the dq-synchronous frame.The simulation results are shown in Figure 14.
108
14. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
ISSN 2222-1727 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2871 (Online)
Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
vas,vbs,vcs(pu)
vas
vcs
vbs
vas,vbs,vcs(pu)
0.5
0
-0.5
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
time(sec)
(e)
Figure 14. (a) dq-axis currents, (b)abc-currents,(c)dq-axis voltages,(d) abc voltages, (e)Torque and Power in case of
capacitive load
6. Conclusion
ο·
ο·
This paper presents the model of stand-alone wind turbine driven permanent magnet synchronous generator
(PMSG) which the model has been implemented in MATLAB / SIMULINK.
The power coefficient ( Cp) curves have been developed and drawn with both tip speed ratio Κ and pitch
angle Γ. These curves show that with varying of the pitch angle Γ or tip speed ratio Κ, the power
coefficient can be changed and the power captured by the turbine also can be controlled.
ο·
The PMSG has been modeled in the d-q synchronous rotating reference frame.
ο·
The wind driven PMSG is operating stand alone at resistive load firstly where The values of
currents, voltages, torque and Power are obtained. The dq-axis stator currents, ids and iqs in the
synchronous frame are DC variables, whereas the abc-axis stator currents, ias, ibs, and ics in the
stationary frame are sinusoids in steady state.
Then decreasing the load by half, the values of currents, voltages, torque and Power obtained. Due
to a decrease in the load resistance results in an increase in the stator currents, but the stator
voltages are reduced mainly due to the voltage drop across the stator inductances. The
electromagnetic torque Te and stator active power Ps are increased accordingly when the system
operates at the new operating point.
ο·
ο·
ο·
Moreover, wind driven PMSG is loaded with inductive and capacitive loads also.
The results show that the ability of wind driven PMSG to operate over wide range of operating conditions
and at different load changing. Show effect of load type in operation.
References
Junfei Chen, Hongbin Wu, Ming Sun, Weinan Jiang, Liang Cai and Caiyun Guo ,( 2012), "Modeling and Simulation
of Directly Driven Wind Turbine with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator," IEEE conference , Innovative
Smart Grid Technologies βAisa.
Alejandro Rolan', Alvaro Luna, Gerardo Vazquez, Daniel Aguilar and Gustavo Azevedo, (2009)," Modeling of a
Variable Speed Wind Turbine with
Magnet Synchronous Generator," IEEE conference Industrial Electronics,
pp.734 β 739.
J. G. Slootweg, S. W. H. de Haan, H. Polinder and W. L. Kling,( 2003),"General Model for Representing Variable
Speed Wind Turbines in Power System Dynamics Simulations", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 18, no.
1,pp. 144 - 151.
E. N. LΓ³pez-Ortiz, D. Campos-Gaona, E.L. Moreno-Goytia,( 2012)," Modelling of a Wind Turbine with Permanent
Magnet Synchronous Generator,"North American Power Symposium,2012,IEEE conference ,pp. 1 - 6,9-11 Sept..
S.VIJAYALAKSHMI,SAIKUMAR.S,SARAVANAN.S,R.V.SANDIP and VIJAY SRIDHAR,( 2011)," Modeling and
control of a Wind Turbine using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, " International Journal of Engineering
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15. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering
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Vol.4, No.14, 2013
www.iiste.org
Science and Technology ,Vol. 3 ,No. 3 ,pp. 2377 - 2384,March.
Bin Wu, Yongqiang Lang, Navid Zargan, and Samir Kouro,( 2011),βPower Conversion and Control of Wind Energy
Systemsβ, pp.73.
Ming Yin, Gengyin Li, Ming Zhou and Chengyong Zhao,( 2007)," Modeling of the Wind Turbine with Permanent
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111
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