This document summarizes a journal article that models and analyzes the performance of a small-scale direct-driven wind energy conversion system using a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected directly to the grid through a power electronic interface. It presents the modeling of the system components, including the wind turbine, PMSG, and power conditioning system consisting of a rectifier, boost chopper, and inverter. The power flow is analyzed for different wind velocities and the effect of duty ratio and modulation index on maximum power extraction is studied through MATLAB/SIMULINK simulations.
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are increasing
applied in several areas such as generation, traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace
technology. Basically PMSG topology has been beneficial for slow speed and variable speed
operation and steady state output power produced in operation. PMSG is a part of
synchronous machine family, so its construction features almost equivalent to synchronous
machine.
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and
armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load.
Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 1200
apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To
operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at
slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces
current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor
magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields
synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system,
which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability
or efficient.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
Analysis of PMSG in Wind Integration using T Source Inverter with Simple Boos...IJTET Journal
The Analysis of PMSG in wind integration using a T-source Inverter with the Simple Boost Control technique for
improving voltage gain is proposed. The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers higher performance than other
generators because of its higher efficiency with less maintenance. Since they don’t have rotor current, can be used without a gearbox,
which also implies a reduction of the weight of the nacelle with a reduction of costs. T-Source Inverter has high frequency, low
leakage inductance transformer and one capacitance this is the main difference from the Z-source Inverter. It has low active
components in compare with conventional ZSI. The T source network has an ability to perform DC to AC power conversion. It
provides buck boost operation in a single stage, but the traditional Inverter cannot provide such feature. All the components of the
wind turbine and the grid-side converter are developed and implemented in MATLAB/Simulink.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are increasing
applied in several areas such as generation, traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace
technology. Basically PMSG topology has been beneficial for slow speed and variable speed
operation and steady state output power produced in operation. PMSG is a part of
synchronous machine family, so its construction features almost equivalent to synchronous
machine.
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and
armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load.
Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 1200
apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To
operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at
slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces
current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor
magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields
synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system,
which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability
or efficient.
This ppt shows the modelling and simulation of permanent magnet synchronous motor by using torque control method.
And this is the most advanced and soffestigated method to control the pmsm motors.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Improved reactive power capability with grid connected doubly fed induction g...Uday Wankar
In the past, most national grid codes and standards did not require wind turbines to support the power system during a disturbance. For example during a grid fault or sudden drop in frequency wind turbines were tripped off the system. However, as the wind power penetration continues to increase, the interaction between the wind turbines and the power system has become more important. This is because, when all wind turbines would be disconnected in case of a grid failure, these renewable generators will, unlike conventional power plants, not be able to support the voltage and the frequency of the grid during and immediately following the grid failure. This would cause major problems for the systems stability.
Therefore, wind farms will have to continue to operate during system disturbances and support the network voltage and frequency. Network design codes are now being revised to reflect this new requirement. A special focus in this requirement is drawn to both the fault ride-through capability and the grid support capability. Fault ride-through capability addresses mainly the design of the wind turbine controller in such a way that the wind turbine is able to remain connected to the network during grid faults (e.g. short circuit faults). While grid support capability represents the wind turbine capability to assist the power system by supplying ancillary services, i.e. such as supplying reactive power, in order to help the grid voltage recovery during and just after the clearance of grid faults. Due to the partial-scale power converter, wind turbines based on the DFIG are very sensitive to grid disturbances, especially to voltage dips during grid faults.
Faults in the power system, even far away from the location of the turbine, can cause a voltage dip at the connection point of the wind turbine. The abrupt drop of the grid voltage will cause over-current in the rotor windings and over- voltage in the DC bus of the power converters. Without any protection, this will certainly lead to the destruction of the converters. In addition, it will also cause over-speeding of the wind turbine, which will threaten the safe operation of the turbine. Thus a lot of research works have been carried out on the LVRT ability of DFIG wind turbines under the grid fault. These LVRT strategies can be divided into two main types: the active method by improving control strategies, the passive scheme with additional hardware protective devices.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
Independent Control Of Active And Reactive Powers From DFIG By Logic FuzzyIJRES Journal
This paper presents the study and use by simulating the fuzzy logic control of asynchronous
generator dual fuel in the production of electrical energy that the .for I prepared a study of the wind system and
a model of the wind turbine was established by following the study and modeling of doubly fed asynchronous.
Two types of vector control have been the subject of study in this work for independent control of active and
reactive power: the direct and indirect control .la fuzzy PI control is introduced to increase the robustness of
markers vis-à-screw parametric variation of the machine in the simulation results obtained were compared to the
validated work articles cited in the bibliography.
Excitation System & capability curve of synchronous generatorMANOJ KUMAR MAHARANA
Excitation systems perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory performance of the power system.
The amount of continuous reactive power a generator can supply is restricted by various limits. In the over-excitation region limits are imposed by rotor heating or amount of field current and second is the stator current. In the under excitation region the limits are imposed by load angle. So in steady state the generator should always operate within this region and the loci of the various limiters are called the capability curve of the generator.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR FOR RENEWAB...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with the simulation of dynamic model of permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) in D-Q axes of the rotor rotating reference frame. The iron core losses and stray load losses of the machine are taken into account. The iron core losses are represented by iron core resistance connected in parallel with magnetizing inductance and then reflected into the stator side as a voltage drop to prevent increasing the number of differential equations in the model. The modified equivalent circuit can deal with all machine parameters without losing the accuracy of generator performance calculations. The modified equivalent circuit can be used as an efficient tool for analysis, design, and vector control algorithm of this type of generator, especially in renewable energy utilization. The model is executed by Matlab Simulink and very good results are obtained and compared with the results of the experimental model to display the validity and accuracy of the proposed dynamic model.
The presentation includes the objective, operation, characteristics , simulation, results and waveforms of Doubly Fed Induction Generator connected to variable speed Wind Turbine. which is published and presented in IEEE international conference in Technological advancements of Power and Energy which was held in Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetam, Amritapuri, Kerala.
Improved reactive power capability with grid connected doubly fed induction g...Uday Wankar
In the past, most national grid codes and standards did not require wind turbines to support the power system during a disturbance. For example during a grid fault or sudden drop in frequency wind turbines were tripped off the system. However, as the wind power penetration continues to increase, the interaction between the wind turbines and the power system has become more important. This is because, when all wind turbines would be disconnected in case of a grid failure, these renewable generators will, unlike conventional power plants, not be able to support the voltage and the frequency of the grid during and immediately following the grid failure. This would cause major problems for the systems stability.
Therefore, wind farms will have to continue to operate during system disturbances and support the network voltage and frequency. Network design codes are now being revised to reflect this new requirement. A special focus in this requirement is drawn to both the fault ride-through capability and the grid support capability. Fault ride-through capability addresses mainly the design of the wind turbine controller in such a way that the wind turbine is able to remain connected to the network during grid faults (e.g. short circuit faults). While grid support capability represents the wind turbine capability to assist the power system by supplying ancillary services, i.e. such as supplying reactive power, in order to help the grid voltage recovery during and just after the clearance of grid faults. Due to the partial-scale power converter, wind turbines based on the DFIG are very sensitive to grid disturbances, especially to voltage dips during grid faults.
Faults in the power system, even far away from the location of the turbine, can cause a voltage dip at the connection point of the wind turbine. The abrupt drop of the grid voltage will cause over-current in the rotor windings and over- voltage in the DC bus of the power converters. Without any protection, this will certainly lead to the destruction of the converters. In addition, it will also cause over-speeding of the wind turbine, which will threaten the safe operation of the turbine. Thus a lot of research works have been carried out on the LVRT ability of DFIG wind turbines under the grid fault. These LVRT strategies can be divided into two main types: the active method by improving control strategies, the passive scheme with additional hardware protective devices.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
Torque Production & Control of Speed in Synchronous Motor.
Speed of synchronous motors can be controlled using two methods called open loop and close loop control.
Open loop contol is the simplest scalar control method where motor speed is controlled by independent frequency control of the converter.
In case of close loop self control mode, instead of controlling the inverter frequency independentaly, the frequency and the phase of the output waveform are controlled by an absolute position encoder mounted on the machine shaft giving an account of position of the rotor.
Independent Control Of Active And Reactive Powers From DFIG By Logic FuzzyIJRES Journal
This paper presents the study and use by simulating the fuzzy logic control of asynchronous
generator dual fuel in the production of electrical energy that the .for I prepared a study of the wind system and
a model of the wind turbine was established by following the study and modeling of doubly fed asynchronous.
Two types of vector control have been the subject of study in this work for independent control of active and
reactive power: the direct and indirect control .la fuzzy PI control is introduced to increase the robustness of
markers vis-à-screw parametric variation of the machine in the simulation results obtained were compared to the
validated work articles cited in the bibliography.
Excitation System & capability curve of synchronous generatorMANOJ KUMAR MAHARANA
Excitation systems perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory performance of the power system.
The amount of continuous reactive power a generator can supply is restricted by various limits. In the over-excitation region limits are imposed by rotor heating or amount of field current and second is the stator current. In the under excitation region the limits are imposed by load angle. So in steady state the generator should always operate within this region and the loci of the various limiters are called the capability curve of the generator.
This report gives an overview of patenting activity around Doubly-fed Induction Generators (DFIG) used in the horizontal axis wind turbines for efficient power generation. Patents were categorized as per key DFIG technologies and analyzed for generating different trends within PatSeer Project.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, i...IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Wind Turbine Generator Tied To Grid Using Inverter Techniques and Its DesignsIJSRD
This paper proposes a method of using small sizes WTG of 300W low capacity turbine in small grid channel with inverter techniques. Power can be fed directly to grid by improving durability and eliminating battery usage, using WTG inverter technique. The proposed wind tied with grid by PMG includes boost converter and three phase inverter. For tracking wind speed with variations of wind power MPPT method is used. Interleaving technique is adopted for different frequency variables to improve power capacity. Final result proves WTG helps in improving wind power application as shown in simulation result.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
A Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy for Doubly Fed Induction Generator for Improve...IAES-IJPEDS
In this paper, which is t

decouple PI control for output active and reactive powers
he common control technique for power converter of Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) is presented. But there are some disadvantages with this control method like uncertainty about the exact model, behavior of some parameters or unpredictable wind speed and tuning of PI parameters. To overcome the mentioned disadvantages a fuzzy logic control of DFIG wind turbine is presented and is compared with PI controller. To validate the proposed scheme, simulation results are presented, these results showed that the performance of fuzzy control of DFIG is excellent and it improves power quality and stability of wind turbine compared to PI controller. The Fuzzy logic controller is applied to rotor side converter for active power control and voltage regulation of wind turbine. The entire work is carried out in MATLab/Simulink. Different faulty operating conditions are considered to
prove the effective implementation of the proposed control scheme.
Similar to Modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct driven pmsg based wind energy conversion systems (20)
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Modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct driven pmsg based wind energy conversion systems
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
Modeling and performance analysis of a small scale direct
driven PMSG based wind energy conversion systems
C.Janani1* K.Rajambal2
1. Dept of electrical and electronics engineering, Pondicherry engg college, Pondicherry
2. Dept of electrical and electronics engineering, Pondicherry engg college, Pondicherry
*jchandramohan2@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper proposes a small scale wind energy conversion system comprising a direct driven PMSG
connected to the grid through a power electronic interface. The variable voltage variable frequency output
from the wind generator is rectified, boosted and converted in to a fixed voltage fixed frequency output.
The boost chopper maintains a constant DC at the inverter terminals. The modulation index of the inverter
is adjusted to extract maximum power from the wind. The system components such as wind turbine,
PMSG, power electronic interface are modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK .The power flow analysis of the
entire system is carried out for various wind velocities and the effect of duty ratio and modulation index is
studied and optimum duty ratio for maximum power extraction at different wind speeds is found out and
the simulation results are presented
Keywords: wind energy conversion systems, permanent magnet synchronous generator, direct drive.
1. Introduction
In the recent years, Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) have become a focal point in the
research of renewable energy sources. This is due to the rapid advances in the size of wind generators as
well as the development of power electronics and their applicability in wind energy extraction. The high
installed capacity of today’s wind turbines and decreasing plant costs have shown that wind power can be
competitive with conventional, more heavily polluting fossil fuels in the long term. The higher target is to
achieve 12% of the world’s electricity from wind power by 2020[1].
. The induction generators are commonly used for low and medium power generations; in such
generation schemes it is found that 25% of overall turbine downtime is due to gear box failures; further the
gearbox requires frequent maintenance and it also increases the weight of the nacelle which in turn
increases the cost [2].The above drawbacks can be overcome in the direct driven wind energy conversion
systems (WECS) by replacing mechanical gearbox systems with power electronic converters[3].By
eliminating the need for a gearbox between the turbine and generator, these systems are less expensive and
also require less maintenance.
Nowadays Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG’s) are more attractive for direct
driven wind energy schemes [5], [7] because of its improved performance and decreasing cost. Further the
PMSG has several advantages such as
• Higher efficiency and energy yield.
• Additional power supply is not needed for the magnet field excitation.
• Improvement in the thermal characteristics of the PM machine due to the absence of the field
losses.
• Higher reliability due to the absence of mechanical components such as slip rings.
The voltage of the direct driven PMSG is variable due to the intermittent nature of the wind
energy. Fluctuating voltage and power is of major concern in converter based grid connected wind
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2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
generation systems. These variable speed generators necessitate AC-DC-AC conversion systems [4].
In this paper, a study of small-scale direct driven PMSG suitable for household and community level power
generation is considered. A dynamic model of the wind energy conversion scheme is developed in
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The effect of variation in the duty ratio of the chopper and the modulation index of
the inverter on the power output of the generator are analyzed for different wind speeds. The grid
integration of the Wind Generator and the study of Active power export and RKVAR requirement under
various wind velocities are carried out. A reactive VAR compensator for the improvement of reactive
power is designed and incorporated in the system
2. Modeling of system components
In the scheme shown in fig 1, the output of the generator varies with wind velocity and the
maximum power occurs at a particular rotational speed for a given wind velocity. The optimum speed is
achieved by varying the duty ratio of the chopper and the maximum power is fed to the grid at required
voltage and frequency using an inverter.
2.1 Wind turbine model
The power, pwind in the air flow is expressed as [8]
Pwind = 1/2ρ av3 (1)
Where,
A = area swept by the blades [m2]
Ρ = air density [kg/m2]
V = wind velocity [m/s]
The mechanical power captured by the wind turbine is
Written as
Pt = 0.5ρ a cp (λ, β) v3 (2)
The tip speed ratio is defined as
Λ = ωr*r/v (3)
Where,
R=rotor radius[m]
ωr = angular velocity [rad/s]
Cp=coefficient of power conversion
The power coefficient is a nonlinear function of the tip speed ratio λ and the blade pitch angle β (in
degrees). If the swept area of the blade and the air density are constant, the value of cp is a function of λ
and it is maximum at the particular λopt. Hence, to fully utilize the wind energy, λ should be maintained at
λopt , which is determined from the blade design. Then
Pturbine = 0.5ρ A cpmaxv3 (4)
2.2 PMSG model
Dynamic modeling of PMSG can be described in d-q reference system as follows [9], [10],[11]:
Vg q = - (R g + p Lq) iq – ωe Ld id + ωe ѱf (5)
Vg d = -(R g + p Ld) id – ωe Lq iq (6)
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Where, R g is the stator resistance, Lq and Ld are the inductances of the generator on the d and q axis, ѱf is
the permanent magnetic flux and ωe is the electrical rotating speed of the generator, defined by ωr ωr = pn
ωm (7)
Where, pn is the number of pole pairs of the generator and ωm is the mechanical angular speed. In order to
complete the mathematical model of the PMSG, the expression for the electromagnetic torque can be
described as [10]
Te = 3/2 Pn[(Ld – Lq) id iq - ѱf iq] (8)
If id = 0, the electromagnetic torque is expressed as:
Te = - 3/2 pn ѱf iq (9)
2.3 Power conditioning system
The overall function of the power conditioning system (PCS) is to convert the variable amplitude and
variable frequency three-phase output voltage from the generator to a fixed amplitude and fixed
frequency single-phase ac voltage. The power conditioning system used for connecting the individual WTG
to the distribution grid requires the flexible, efficient and reliable generation of high quality electric power.
The PCS consists of a diode bridge rectifier, a boost chopper and a single phase inverter. Figure 2 shows
the circuit diagram of the power conditioning system
. The output from the PMSG is rectified using a three-phase rectifier whose output voltage Vrec is given by
Vrec =1.65Vm (10)
If ignore the losses of diodes, diode rectifier does not change the power. It only uses to convert AC to DC.
The output from the diode bridge rectifier is fed to the boost chopper. Figure 3 shows the circuit diagram of
the boost converter used in the PCS. The standard unidirectional topologies of the DC-DC boost converter
or chopper in Figure. 3.a consist of a switching-mode power device containing basically two
semiconductor switches (a rectifier diode and a power transistor with its corresponding anti-parallel
diode) and two energy storage devices (an inductor and a smoothing capacitor) for producing an
output DC voltage at a level greater than its input DC voltage. This converter acts as an interface
between the full-wave rectifier bridge and the Voltage Source Inverter, by employing pulse-width
modulation (PWM) control techniques. Figure 3.b shows control diagram of the boost chopper.
The input to the boost converter is the variable DC voltage output from the PMSG / rectifier circuit. The
boost converter controls its output voltage to a fixed dc voltage range as required by the inverter stage.
Note that the input voltage used is dictated by the voltage range expected from the generator /
rectifier circuit..The power generated by a wind turbine typically varies in Proportion to the cube of its
rotational speed. Both the voltage vs. Speed characteristic of the Generator and power vs. Speed
characteristic of the turbine are considered when specifying the component values in the boost converter
circuit. The boost converter is widely used and has been designed to operate in continuous
conduction mode, which results in a simple relationship between the input and output
Voltage:
Vout = Vin/(1-duty ratio) (11)
This equation neglects the resistance of the inductor, and the small voltage drop across the diode
and switch, but demonstrates the relationship between the duty ratio and output voltage as the input
voltage varies.
The boost converter is also used to implement another important function ,the ability to track the
maximum power operating point of the turbine in given wind conditions [12],[13]. This is achieved by
adjusting the duty ratio of the boost converter using a perturbation .the effect of duty cycle for various input
voltages is shown in the figure 4. From the figure the optimum duty ratio for various input voltages can be
found out. The method is based on the observed system power output only with no external
measurement of wind speed necessary. If the duty ratio adjustment leads to an increase in output
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4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.1, No.1, 2011
power, then the duty ratio is again adjusted in the same direction (provided the output voltage
remains within a pre-specified range). If it leads to a decrease in output power, the duty ratio is adjusted
in the opposite direction. Stand alone systems will normally have the fixed dc bus rigidly fixed by the
presence of batteries. However, grid connected systems will generally have no battery storage, thus the
“fixed” dc bus can vary as the duty cycle is altered. The inverter circuit must compensate for this
variation to ensure that the ac voltage output remains at a fixed amplitude and frequency.
Therefore the input to the inverter must be maintained constant irrespective of changes in the input voltage
of the boost chopper. So a PI controller is incorporated with this boost chopper circuit to maintain its output
constant by tuning it[6]. The values of proportional gain (kp) and integral gain (ki) used in the pi controller
are:
Kp=0.01
Ki=1.
The constant output of the boost chopper is fed to a single phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). In a VSI
the input source is a voltage which is stored in DC link capacitor. This inverter chops the input DC voltage
and generates an AC voltage with desired magnitude and frequency with respect to pulse patterns and
modulation techniques different current and voltage control techniques have been proposed to generate a
high voltage high current rectangular waveform based on reference waveforms characteristics[15]
3. Simulation results and discussions
The performance of the proposed method was firstly evaluated by MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation. The
wind turbine power characteristics are drawn for various wind velocities and it is found that at the wind
velocity of 8 m/s maximum power is extracted by the wind turbine which is shown in figure 5.
Under rated conditions the output voltage , current and torque of the generator are recorded and shown in
the figures 7 and 8. It is found that at the rated speed of 400rpm, the out put phase voltage of the generator
is 99V , the output current is 15A.
3.1 Dynamic results
The dynamic results of the PCS at different output voltages of the generator are recorded and shown in
figures 9, 10, 11. It is found that with the varying wind velocity the output voltage of the generator varies
which in turn varies the output voltage of the rectifier,chopper and inverter. But the input voltage of the
inverter must be maintained constant so as to send constant voltage to the grid, hence to maintain constant
voltage at the input of the inverter a PI controller is incorporated in the boost chopper which maintains
constant chopper output voltage irrespective of changes in wind velocity. The dynamic results of the PCS
without PI controller and with PI controller are shown in figure 12 and figure 13, it is inferred from the
waveform that the PI controller maintains constant chopper output tvoltage even if the wind velocity varies
and hence ensures constant power flow to the grid irrespective of variations in wind velocity
3.2 Power flow analysis
The power flow analysis for the entire system is carried out and a switched capacitor compensator is
designed for reactive power compensation, since most loads are inductive and consumes lagging reactive
power, the compensation required is usually supplied by leading reactive power. The most common form of
leading reactive power compensation is by connecting shunt capacitors to the line. The active and reactive
power transport at various wind velocities is carried out and the results are presented in the figures 14 and
figure 15.
1
2 4. Conclusion
In this paper the dynamic model of a grid connected direct driven PMSG based wind electric generator is
presented. A power electronic interface comprising an AC-DC-AC converter is used to maintain the DC
bus voltage constant for different wind velocities and to extract maximum power from the wind. The
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simulation results are presented for various wind velocities and the effect of variations in duty ratio of the
chopper is investigated. The optimum duty ratio for various wind velocities is identified and the results are
discussed. The power flow analysis for the entire system is carried out and a switched capacitor
compensator is designed for the improvement of reactive power.
APPENDIX
Parameters of the turbine
PARAMETERS RATINGS
Rated power 2KW
Rated wind speed 8m/s
Air density 1.2kg/m3
No of blades 3
Blade diameter 2m
Gear ratio 1
3
4 Parameters of the generator:
PARAMETERS RATINGS
Rated power 2KW
Rated speed 400rpm
No of poles 18
Rated voltage 99V
Rated current 15A
5
References
6 Kajogbola R. Ajao & Modupe R. Mahamood Wind Energy Conversion System: The Past, The Present
And The Prospect Journal of American Science 2009;5(6):17-22
7 Rajveer Mittal, K.S.Sandu, D.K.Jain ,Isolated Operation of Variable Speed Driven PMSG for Wind
Energy Conversion System IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology Vol. 1, No.3,
August, 2009 ISSN: 1793-8236
J. Darbyshire and C. V. Nayar, “Modelling, simulation, and testing of grid connected small scale wind
systems,” in Proc. Australasian Univ. Power Eng. Conf. (AUPEC), Dec. 2007, pp. 1–6
Haining Wang, Chem Nayar, Control and Interfacing of a Grid-Connected Small-Scale Wind Turbine
Generator Senior Member, IEEE, Jianhui Su, and Ming Ding IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY
CONVERSION, VOL. 26, NO. 2, JUNE 2011
Ming Y., Gengyin L., Ming Z., Chengyong Z., Modeling of the Wind Turbine with a Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator for Integration, Proc. of IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, June
2007.
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A. Macready and C. Coates, “Low cost wind turbine controller,” in Proc. Australasian Univ. Power
Eng. Conf.(AUPEC), Dec. 2007, pp. 1–5.
H. Sharma, S. Islam, T. Pryor, and C. V. Nayar, “Power quality issues in a wind turbine driven induction
generator and diesel hybrid autonomous grid,” J. Elect. Electron. Eng., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 19–25, 2001.
Gautam Poddar, Aby Joseph, and A.K.Unnikrishnan ,“Sensorless Variable-Speed Wind Power Generator
With Unity-Power-Factor Operation,” IEEE Trans.Ind. Electron, vol. 50, pp. 1007-1015 , Oct 2003.
Ming Yin, Gengyin Li, Ming Zhou and Chengyong Zhao, “Modelling of the Wind Turbine with a
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for Integrat,” Power Engineering Society Genera Meeting,
2007. IEEE, pp. 1-6, June 2007.
Yao Weizheng, Kinglon Woo, Zhao Ruijie, Guo Wei, and Wang Yue, “Analyze of current control strategy
based on vector Control for Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generator in Wind Power System,” Power
Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2009. IPEMC '09.IEEE 6th International, pp. 2209-2212, May
2009.
De Broe, S. Drouilhet, and V. Gevorgian, “A Peak Power Tracker for Small Wind Turbines in Battery
Charing Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 14, pp, 1630-1635, 1999.
Barote, L.; Marinescu, C.; Georgescu, M.: VRB modeling for storage in stand-alone wind energy systems,
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Power electronics circuits, devices and applications by Muhammad Rashid , third edition.
Table 1
Supply voltage in Optimum duty ratio Output voltage of chopper with PI controller
volts
70 0.6 300
80 0.45 300.7
90 0.35 300.4
100 0.3 300.8
110 0.25 300
120 0.2 300
Figure.1. Wind turbine generator with grid
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Figure.2.Circuit diagram of the power conditioning system
Figure.3.a. Switching-mode power device
Figure3.b Control diagram of the boost chopper.
Voltage (V)
Duty ratio
Figure.4.Effect of duty ratio and optimum duty ratio
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Power (W)
Speeed in rpm
Figure.5.Power characteristics of the wind turbine
Power (W)
Torque
(N.m)
Time in sec
Figure.6. speed and torque of the generator at 400 rpm
(Rad/sec)
Speed
Torque (N.m)
Time in sec
Figure.7. speed and torque of the generator at 400 rpm
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Voltage (V)
Current (A)
Time in sec
Figure.8. Output voltage and current of the generator at 400 rpm
Voltage (V)
Time in sec
Figure.9. Output voltage of the rectifier for various generator voltages
Voltage (V)
Time in sec
Figure.10. Output voltage of the chopper for various generator voltages
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Voltage (V)
Time in
sec
Figure.11. Output voltage of the inverter for various generator
voltages
Time in sec
Figure 12.Output voltage of the rectifier; boost chopper and inverter for variations in the output
voltage of the generator without PI controller
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Time in sec
Figure 13.Output voltage of the rectifier, boost chopper and inverter and output current of the
inverter for variations in the output voltage of the generator with PI controller
Voltage (V)
Current (A)
Time in
sec
Figure 14.output voltage and current of the grid
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Real power
(W)
power (w)
Reactive
Time in sec
Figure 15. real and reative power of the grid with switched capacitor compensator
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