This document discusses three types of wheat rust: stem rust, stripe rust, and leaf rust. It provides information on the causal fungi, symptoms, life cycles, importance, and management strategies. The three rusts are among the most important fungal diseases of wheat worldwide due to their wide distribution and ability to develop new races that can overcome resistance. Effective management requires sustained investment in surveillance, capacity building, and developing resistant wheat varieties.

1. ‫الرحیم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬
Wheat Rusts
6/1/2017

2. Wheat Rusts
Stem rust
Puccinia graminis
Stripe rust
Puccinia striiformis
Leaf rust
Puccinia triticina
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/Stem rust/Stripe rust/Leaf Rust

3. “Rust never sleeps”
Father of Green Revolution
Dr Norman Borlaug.

4. Occurrence and importance
● Rusts are among the most important fungal diseases of wheat worldwide.
● This is due to their wide distribution, capacity to form new races that can
attack previously resistant cultivars, ability to move long distances and
potential to develop rapidly under optimal environmental conditions.
Stripe, Stem and Leaf rust comprise the three rust diseases of wheat.
Source : University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications website for more
publications. Index: Plant Diseases Wheat Issued November 2012 Rust Diseases of
Wheat.

5. Rust is a social issue
Dr, Robart Mcintosh
University of Sydney
Plant Breeding Institute

6. Yellow Rust:
● Yellow Rust (also called stripe rust) is caused by the fungus Puccinia
striiformis is a very important disease of wheat, particularly in Central and
West Asia and North Africa.
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af Epidemics of stem rust source
University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications website for more publications.
Index: Plant Diseases Wheat Issued November 2012 Rust Diseases of Wheat.

7. What is Fungus ?
● Eukaryotic
● Multi-cellular (with an exception )
● Heterotrophic ( Feed by absorption )
● Have Cell Walls
● Reproduce and disperse by Spores
● Diversity 80,000 known species probably 1 million species unknown
www.youtube.com What is Fungus video

8. Life Cycle of Yellow Rust :
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/ Life Cycle of Yellow Rust

9. Life Cycle of Rust

10. Yellow Rust Scoring Methods:
Figure Source : CIMMYT-Afghanistan Rust Scoring Guide

11. Epidemics of stripe Rust
● The good news is that major variety replacement programs are now finally
under way in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Syria and Uzbekistan.
In Egypt, for example, the faster release and accelerated seed multiplication
of new resistant varieties - in just three years - has led to a seed production
program that can cover 30% of the country’s wheat growing area. The new
varieties being used have new resistance genes and mostly offer better
grain quality and higher yields - real inducements for enthusiastic farmer
adoption of them. Other countries need to follow suit.
Source :Synthesis of a dialog between policy makers and scientists from 31 countries at:
International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium, Aleppo, Syria, April 2011 (ICARDA)

12. Stem Rust :
● Stem Rust (also called black rust), is caused by Puccinia graminis. It is
also referred to as summer rust due to the abundant production of shiny
black spores, which form at the end of the crop growing season.
● An apparently healthy crop three or four weeks before harvest can be
reduced to a black tangle of broken stems and shriveled grain. Harvest
losses of 100 percent can occur in susceptible crop varieties.
https://www.google com.af/ Stem Rust of wheat
Jin, Y., Szabo, L., Pretorius, Z.A., Singh, R.P. & Fetch, T. 2008a. Detection of virulence to
Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Disease 92: 923-926.

13. Life Cycle of Stem Rust :
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/ Stem Rust Life Cycle

14. Stem Rust Scoring Methods:
Figure Source : CIMMYT-Afghanistan Rust Scoring Guide

15. Stem rust of wheat around the world map
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/ Stem rust of wheat around the world map

16. Leaf Rust :
● Leaf Rust (Brown Rust) chiefly caused by Puccinia triticina and occurs to
some extent wherever wheat is grown. Leaf rust losses in grain yield are
primarily attributed to reduced flower set and to grain shriveling. In highly
susceptible wheat varieties, the crop can be killed by early epidemics. Crop
losses due to leaf rust are usually small (less than 10 percent), but have been
known to cause up to 30% crop losses.
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/ Brown/Leaf Rust

17. Leaf Rust Life Cycle :
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/ Brown/Leaf Rust Life Cycle

18. Leaf Rust Scoring Methods:
Figure Source : CIMMYT-Afghanistan Rust Scoring Guide

19. comparison of the three wheat rusts
comparison of the three wheat rusts.
Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe rust
Pustule location Leaf, mainly on the upper
surface
Stem and leaf, upper and lower
surfaces of leaf; occasionally on
head and seeds
Leaf, upper surface;
occasionally on head and seeds
Pustule color Orange-brown Orange-red to dark-red Orange-yellow
Pustule arrangement Single and random Single and random Stripes
Pustule shape and size Round or slightly elongated;
small to medium
Oval shaped or elongated; small
to large
Round, blister-like; small
Alternate hosts Meadow rue (Thalictrum sp.) Barberry (Berberis sp.) Barberry (Berberis sp.)
Source : University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications website for more
publications. Index: Plant Diseases Wheat Issued November 2012 Rust Diseases of
Wheat.

20. comparison of the three wheat rusts
Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe rust
Figure Source https://www.google.com.af/Leaf Rust/Stripe Stem rust/rust

21. Management of Wheat Rusts
● We can control the rust by tree ways.
1. Resistant Cultivars :
2. Using of fungicide:
3. Avoid excessive moisture :
Source : University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications website for more
publications. Index: Plant Diseases Wheat Issued November 2012 Rust Diseases of
Wheat. And Synthesis of a dialog between policy makers and scientists from 31 countries
at: International Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium, Aleppo, Syria, April 2011 (ICARDA)
Ghanizada-ARIA

22. Fungicides
Table II. Fungicides registered for use on wheat to control foliar diseases USA
Fungicide trade
name2 Active ingredient Fungicide class Rate (per acre)
Re-entry interval
(REI) (hours)
Pre-harvest interval
(PHI) (days)
Absolute tebuconazole +
trifloxystrobin
triazole +
strobilurin
5.0 fl oz 24 35
Alto cyproconazole triazole 3.0-5.5 fl oz 12 30
Bumper propiconazole triazole 4.0 fl oz 24 40
Caramba metconazole triazole 10.0-14.0 fl oz 12 30
Nativo Trifloxystrobin
+
Tebuconazole
triazole
+
strobilurin
10 fl oz 21 Apply no later than
Feekes 10.5 (full
heading)
Folicur tebuconazole triazole 4.0 fl oz 12 30
Headline pyraclostrobin strobilurin 6.0 fl oz 12 Apply no later than
Feekes 10.5
Muscle tebuconazole triazole 4.0 fl oz 12 30
Orius tebuconazole triazole 4.0 fl oz 12 30
University of Nebraska–Lincoln Extension Publications website for more publications.
Index: Plant Diseases Wheat Issued November 2012 Rust Diseases of Wheat.
And (CIMMYT-Afghanistan) documents
Nativo and Folicur are introduced by ARIA-CIMMYT in
Afghanistan 2013 .The Estimated cost per Hectare 30$

23. In summary
1. what is needed to reduce the threat of wheat rust to our harvests and
people's livelihoods, is a sustained investment in strengthening
Surveillance and (information exchange between countries).
2. New capacity and skills development in ministries, extension services and
at the farm level to develop effective strategies for managing rust diseases.
3. Crop research for a continued, long-tern effort for developing of new
varieties that are resistant to the emerging races of wheat rusts.