Wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici = Pgt play an important role in wheat production throughout the world with rusts disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
1. The study evaluated the reaction of wheat genotypes including differential varieties to yellow rust populations in Egypt from 2013-2017 to identify virulence patterns and determine resistance gene effectiveness.
2. Races virulent to Yr27, Yr32, and other genes were identified beginning in 2010. A new "Warrior" race virulent to additional genes was found in 2015.
3. Field surveys showed that Egyptian varieties had intermediate to high susceptibility, while differential lines identified genes still effective including Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15.
Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia...Atef Shahin
The objective of the study was to evaluate reaction of the differential set, isogenic line and Egyptian genotypes to identify the virulence of strpe rust pathogen and determine the effectiveness of resistance genes. Title: "Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt" Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 8(2):1-10 (2017).
1) The study evaluated 14 wheat lines with known stripe rust resistance genes (Yr's) and 13 Egyptian and CIMMYT wheat genotypes for resistance to stripe rust at seedling and adult stages.
2) At seedling stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr32 and YrSP genes showed high resistance while Egyptian and CIMMYT genotypes were susceptible.
3) At adult stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr32 genes were completely resistant, while Yr17, YrSP and YrSk lines and some Egyptian/CIM
This document summarizes research on wheat yellow (stripe) rust resistance genes and virulence patterns of the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt from 2013-2017. Key findings include:
- The Yr27 virulence was first detected in Egypt in 2010 and has since spread. New races with additional virulence on genes like Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr32, YrSP were observed starting in 2015.
- Field surveys identified high susceptibility of Egyptian varieties to the new races. Differential varieties with genes like Yr1, Yr5,
This document summarizes research on achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat. It discusses the importance of leaf rust, major resistance genes that have been identified and overcome by evolving rust races, and efforts to develop slow rusting resistance through gene pyramiding. Key findings include identification of multiple major genes conferring resistance, the breakdown of these genes over time, efforts to combine minor genes to provide more durable slow rusting resistance, and the need to continue broadening genetic resistance.
Nils Poulicard - Relations entre histoire évolutive et capacité d'adaptation ...Seminaire MEE
The document discusses how ancient host adaptation of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) to different rice species modulated its current ability to break plant resistance. RYMV adapted to infect Oryza glaberrima rice around 500,000 years ago. This is evidenced by a threonine residue at codon 49 of the viral genome that enhances infection of O. glaberrima but limits resistance breaking in O. sativa rice. Directed mutations showed codon 49 influences the virus's ability to overcome two major resistance genes in its hosts. Ancient adaptation to a rice species continues to impact RYMV's resistance-breaking potential today.
- Race analysis identified four races infecting wheat cultivar Cooring carrying resistance gene Sr27 in Egypt. Race QQQCM was the most virulent, causing high infection (type 4) on Sr27. The other races were avirulent to Sr27.
- Race QQQCM was also virulent to nine other stem rust resistance genes. Race KKBBB was less aggressive, overcoming six resistance genes but being avirulent to Sr27.
- Sr31 and Sr38 were completely effective against all four races, while Sr9g, Sr36 and SrTMP were the least effective. The identification of races virulent to Sr27 is concerning for stem rust resistance in wheat.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE 2013/14 SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) OUTBREAK IN...EuFMD
The document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in isolates from a 2013-2014 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in South Africa using next-generation sequencing. Key findings include:
1) The most variable genomic regions coded for immune response repression and antigenicity, while the most conserved regions involved capsid stability and replication efficiency.
2) Phylogenetic analysis showed that outbreak isolates clustered within a single genotype of topotype I and were grouped by collection location, indicating two possible transmission pathways.
3) Twenty-two amino acid sites underwent negative selection, while one underwent positive selection and should be further examined for vaccine impact.
The study identified genetic variation during the outbreak and implications for regularly updating SAT2
1. The study evaluated the reaction of wheat genotypes including differential varieties to yellow rust populations in Egypt from 2013-2017 to identify virulence patterns and determine resistance gene effectiveness.
2. Races virulent to Yr27, Yr32, and other genes were identified beginning in 2010. A new "Warrior" race virulent to additional genes was found in 2015.
3. Field surveys showed that Egyptian varieties had intermediate to high susceptibility, while differential lines identified genes still effective including Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15.
Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia...Atef Shahin
The objective of the study was to evaluate reaction of the differential set, isogenic line and Egyptian genotypes to identify the virulence of strpe rust pathogen and determine the effectiveness of resistance genes. Title: "Effective genes for resistance to wheat yellow rust and virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt" Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 8(2):1-10 (2017).
1) The study evaluated 14 wheat lines with known stripe rust resistance genes (Yr's) and 13 Egyptian and CIMMYT wheat genotypes for resistance to stripe rust at seedling and adult stages.
2) At seedling stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr17, Yr32 and YrSP genes showed high resistance while Egyptian and CIMMYT genotypes were susceptible.
3) At adult stage, lines with Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr32 genes were completely resistant, while Yr17, YrSP and YrSk lines and some Egyptian/CIM
This document summarizes research on wheat yellow (stripe) rust resistance genes and virulence patterns of the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt from 2013-2017. Key findings include:
- The Yr27 virulence was first detected in Egypt in 2010 and has since spread. New races with additional virulence on genes like Yr1, Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr17, Yr32, YrSP were observed starting in 2015.
- Field surveys identified high susceptibility of Egyptian varieties to the new races. Differential varieties with genes like Yr1, Yr5,
This document summarizes research on achieving sustainable leaf rust control in durum wheat. It discusses the importance of leaf rust, major resistance genes that have been identified and overcome by evolving rust races, and efforts to develop slow rusting resistance through gene pyramiding. Key findings include identification of multiple major genes conferring resistance, the breakdown of these genes over time, efforts to combine minor genes to provide more durable slow rusting resistance, and the need to continue broadening genetic resistance.
Nils Poulicard - Relations entre histoire évolutive et capacité d'adaptation ...Seminaire MEE
The document discusses how ancient host adaptation of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) to different rice species modulated its current ability to break plant resistance. RYMV adapted to infect Oryza glaberrima rice around 500,000 years ago. This is evidenced by a threonine residue at codon 49 of the viral genome that enhances infection of O. glaberrima but limits resistance breaking in O. sativa rice. Directed mutations showed codon 49 influences the virus's ability to overcome two major resistance genes in its hosts. Ancient adaptation to a rice species continues to impact RYMV's resistance-breaking potential today.
- Race analysis identified four races infecting wheat cultivar Cooring carrying resistance gene Sr27 in Egypt. Race QQQCM was the most virulent, causing high infection (type 4) on Sr27. The other races were avirulent to Sr27.
- Race QQQCM was also virulent to nine other stem rust resistance genes. Race KKBBB was less aggressive, overcoming six resistance genes but being avirulent to Sr27.
- Sr31 and Sr38 were completely effective against all four races, while Sr9g, Sr36 and SrTMP were the least effective. The identification of races virulent to Sr27 is concerning for stem rust resistance in wheat.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE 2013/14 SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE (FMD) OUTBREAK IN...EuFMD
The document summarizes a study that analyzed genetic variation in isolates from a 2013-2014 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in South Africa using next-generation sequencing. Key findings include:
1) The most variable genomic regions coded for immune response repression and antigenicity, while the most conserved regions involved capsid stability and replication efficiency.
2) Phylogenetic analysis showed that outbreak isolates clustered within a single genotype of topotype I and were grouped by collection location, indicating two possible transmission pathways.
3) Twenty-two amino acid sites underwent negative selection, while one underwent positive selection and should be further examined for vaccine impact.
The study identified genetic variation during the outbreak and implications for regularly updating SAT2
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW EXPERT-CURATED FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS NUCLEOTIDE S...EuFMD
The document describes the development of a new expert-curated foot-and-mouth disease virus nucleotide sequence database. It summarizes that the database contains over 17,000 sequences, including over 2,000 complete or near-complete genomes from GenBank, unpublished sequences from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD, and VP1 sequences. The database provides curated metadata to address issues of limited, incorrect or non-existent metadata in public repositories. The database is expected to be publicly accessible by the end of 2020 and will allow different access levels to public and private data.
This document discusses breeding strategies for developing rice varieties with resistance to bacterial blight and blast diseases. It describes the pathogens that cause these diseases and their genetic diversity over time. Breeding approaches are outlined, such as using marker-assisted selection to combine different resistance genes into pyramids to provide durable resistance. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance and how pathogens adapt is important for predicting the durability of resistance genes and developing effective disease management strategies.
This document evaluates the resistance of 11 wheat varieties from the National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials against the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) using seedling bulk, antibiosis, and tolerance tests. The seedling bulk test found variety V-5 to be highly resistant. The antibiosis test found variety PR-83 to produce the fewest offspring. The tolerance test found varieties NR-241, SN-128, V-5, and PR-83 to be highly tolerant to R. padi infestation. The document concludes that using resistant wheat varieties is the most effective way to reduce aphid damage.
Learning from the pathogen towards tailored-sustainable resistance : the case...CIAT
This document discusses how a rice blast resistance gene (Pi-CO39) that confers resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae through recognition of the effector protein Avr1-CO39 can also confer resistance to the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). The resistance gene was induced in rice plants using a deactivated transcription activator-like effector (dTALE) that targeted expression of Avr1-CO39. Plants with induced Avr1-CO39 expression showed enhanced resistance to Xoo and Xoc, as measured by reduced lesion length,
This document discusses the use of effector proteins in cereal rust fungi to discover new rust resistance genes and accelerate plant breeding. It provides background on known rust resistance genes in wheat and outlines three approaches - bioinformatics, expression profiling, and proteomics - to identify candidate effector proteins. The genomes of cereal rust fungi contain large families of small secreted proteins that may function as effectors. Comparing genomes of different rust races can reveal differences in effector repertoires that explain variations in virulence. Effector proteins can be used to rapidly screen germplasm and assist in cloning resistance genes. This strategy may help develop more durable resistance by targeting highly conserved or fitness-costly effectors.
Los días 7 y 8 de mayo organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la Fundación General CSIC el Simposio Internacional 'Microbiología: transmisión'. La "transmisión" en microbiología hace referencia al proceso por el que material genético es transferido de una célula a otra, de una población a otra. Es un proceso clave para entender el origen y la evolución de los seres vivos. El objetivo de esta reunión era conocer mejor la logística de la transmisión para ser capaces de modular o suprimir algunos procesos de transmisión dañinos.
Yr10 encodes for stripe rust resistance in wheat. Two related genomic sequences, 4B and 4E, were isolated from Moro wheat. Sequence 4B corresponds to the Yr10 resistance gene and is located on chromosome 1B. Silencing of sequence 4B using VIGS rendered Moro wheat susceptible to stripe rust, demonstrating that 4B is responsible for Yr10-mediated resistance. Yr10 was the first CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene cloned from wheat.
BIOLOGICAL VARIANCE OF SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUSES. EuFMD
- The study investigated the genetic variability, infectivity, virulence, and stability of four SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. It found that the viruses had a wide range in stability at low pH and high temperatures. They also caused varying degrees of clinical signs in cattle from mild to severe, but this did not correlate with virulence in cell culture.
- One virus, ZIM/7/83, was more virulent in cell culture but did not necessarily cause more severe disease in cattle. The variance in pathogenesis among the SAT2 viruses was not explained by differences in cell lysis, viral fitness during co-infection, or capsid stability.
- The results emphasize that not all SAT2
This document summarizes a research project studying the assembly and function of the rhizosphere microbiome in relation to declining oilseed rape yields. The project has multiple work packages investigating how the microbiome is assembled based on rotation, environment and geography. It will analyze microbiome composition and function under different rotation frequencies and soil management practices. The goal is to understand what determines a "good" versus "bad" microbiome and how to engineer one that improves yields. The research involves field sites, DNA sequencing, metatranscriptomics and experiments with contrasting crop varieties and soil amendments.
VALIDATION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEIN-BASED ELISA FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO ...EuFMD
This study validated a new recombinant protein-based solid-phase competitive ELISA (r-SPCE) for detecting antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth disease virus type-O. The r-SPCE kit demonstrated high specificity (99.9%) and sensitivity (95.2%) compared to the virus neutralization test. It was able to correctly detect international reference sera for FMDV type-O as well as differentiate it from other FMDV serotypes. The r-SPCE also showed excellent reproducibility, stability, and was easy to use for screening large numbers of cattle and pig samples. Overall, the validated r-SPCE is a reliable alternative to the virus neutralization test for serological assessment of FMD
PROVEN PERFORMANCES FOR FMDV NSP ANTIBODY DETECTION WITH THE ID SCREEN® FMD ...EuFMD
The ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition ELISA kit can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA test) in 3 key ways:
1. It detects antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV rather than the structural proteins targeted by vaccination.
2. It demonstrated high specificity (≥99.5%) and sensitivity equivalent to other tests in differentiating infected reference samples.
3. Testing animals before and after vaccination found anti-NSP antibodies only in infected animals, showing the kit can accurately identify infection even with purified vaccines lacking NSP antigens.
This document summarizes a community science forum on farming sustainability and technologies. It discusses the high costs of various soilborne diseases in wheat in Australia such as cereal cyst nematode and crown rot. It then describes diagnostic services and DNA assays that can be used to study and monitor levels of soilborne pathogens like Rhizoctonia, Pratylenchus nematodes, and crown rot. It presents results of assays showing pathogen levels before seeding and their impact on wheat roots and DNA over time, including differences between treated and untreated plots. Finally, it acknowledges contributions from various scientists and organizations.
This document summarizes a study on the phylogeny of the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) based on the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. R. ferrugineus samples were collected from various regions in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere and grouped based on pronotum markings. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was sequenced and compared between R. ferrugineus and a related species R. vulneratus. Several differences in nucleotide sequence and indels were found between the two species, supporting classification as separate species rather than color morphs of the same species. The study aims to better understand the diversity and phy
This document summarizes research on mapping stem rust resistance loci in wheat. The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 24 mapping studies to develop a consensus map of loci associated with resistance to the stem rust pathogen Ug99. They integrated data from over 1,400 markers across the wheat genome and identified 57 consensus loci associated with Ug99 resistance. This consensus map provides wheat breeders with information on locations of resistance genes to help develop new Ug99-resistant varieties.
Global Epidemiological Situation of Fusarium Wilt of Bananas (TR4)ExternalEvents
This document discusses Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). It provides a historical overview of the disease, describing the identification of Foc races over time. Race 1 devastated Gros Michel plantations in the 1900s. In the 1950s, Cavendish replaced Gros Michel and was resistant to race 1. However, the emergence of subtropical race 4 (TR4) in the late 20th century poses a serious threat, as it can infect Cavendish. The document examines the epidemiology of Foc, noting it can spread long distances via infected planting material or in soil/water. Foc has a long latent period and asymptomatic spread
The document discusses new strategies for breeding wheat for durable resistance to yellow rust, including leveraging non-host resistance and pattern triggered immunity, identifying natural variation in landraces and synthetics, mapping quantitative trait loci in multi-parent populations, and combining favourable alleles from different sources into elite lines. Research is exploring receptor-like kinases that may encode components of non-host resistance and pyramiding resistance quantitative trait loci.
Qtl mapping for ymv resistance in pulse cropstusharamodugu
Globally, pulses are grown in an area of about 81 million ha with 73 million tonnes production.
India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world.
Per capita per day availability of pulses in India at present is about 47 g against the minimum recommended dose of 70 g per capita/day.
India has achieved self-sufficiency in food production through increased productivity (Green Revolution), particularly in cereal crops. In case of pulses, production lags behind consumption.
Major Pulses which are being imported from different countries viz. Australia, Canada, Myanmar etc. are Peas, Chickpeas, Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentils (Masur) and Pigeon Peas (Tur).
The document discusses the wheat stem rust pathogen Ug99 (race TTKSK) which was first identified in Uganda in 1999. Ug99 has spread outside of East Africa to countries like Yemen and Iran, and is able to overcome many wheat resistance genes. It poses a major threat to global wheat production as variants have emerged that can defeat additional resistance genes. The document examines the potential for Ug99 to be introduced to India from East Africa via wind patterns and jet streams during March 2012.
1) In 2013, wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in Ethiopia and parts of Western Europe for the first time in decades.
2) In Ethiopia, the variety "Digalu" was heavily affected, with some fields experiencing over 90% yield losses. Samples were collected and characterized, identifying the races TTKSK, JRCQC, and RRTTF.
3) In Western Europe, samples were collected from Germany and Denmark and characterized as the TKTT_ race, which had also been identified previously in the Middle East and North Africa.
1) The study characterized 73 wild tetraploid wheat accessions for the presence of 5 stem rust resistance genes (Sr2, Sr22, Sr26, Sr36, Sr40) linked to markers.
2) Molecular markers revealed that 2 accessions contained Sr2, 1 contained Sr22, 7 contained Sr36, and 8 contained Sr40.
3) About 75% of accessions did not contain markers for the 5 resistance genes tested, indicating they may carry novel sources of stem rust resistance.
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW EXPERT-CURATED FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS NUCLEOTIDE S...EuFMD
The document describes the development of a new expert-curated foot-and-mouth disease virus nucleotide sequence database. It summarizes that the database contains over 17,000 sequences, including over 2,000 complete or near-complete genomes from GenBank, unpublished sequences from the World Reference Laboratory for FMD, and VP1 sequences. The database provides curated metadata to address issues of limited, incorrect or non-existent metadata in public repositories. The database is expected to be publicly accessible by the end of 2020 and will allow different access levels to public and private data.
This document discusses breeding strategies for developing rice varieties with resistance to bacterial blight and blast diseases. It describes the pathogens that cause these diseases and their genetic diversity over time. Breeding approaches are outlined, such as using marker-assisted selection to combine different resistance genes into pyramids to provide durable resistance. Understanding the genetic basis of resistance and how pathogens adapt is important for predicting the durability of resistance genes and developing effective disease management strategies.
This document evaluates the resistance of 11 wheat varieties from the National Uniform Wheat Yield Trials against the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) using seedling bulk, antibiosis, and tolerance tests. The seedling bulk test found variety V-5 to be highly resistant. The antibiosis test found variety PR-83 to produce the fewest offspring. The tolerance test found varieties NR-241, SN-128, V-5, and PR-83 to be highly tolerant to R. padi infestation. The document concludes that using resistant wheat varieties is the most effective way to reduce aphid damage.
Learning from the pathogen towards tailored-sustainable resistance : the case...CIAT
This document discusses how a rice blast resistance gene (Pi-CO39) that confers resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae through recognition of the effector protein Avr1-CO39 can also confer resistance to the bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). The resistance gene was induced in rice plants using a deactivated transcription activator-like effector (dTALE) that targeted expression of Avr1-CO39. Plants with induced Avr1-CO39 expression showed enhanced resistance to Xoo and Xoc, as measured by reduced lesion length,
This document discusses the use of effector proteins in cereal rust fungi to discover new rust resistance genes and accelerate plant breeding. It provides background on known rust resistance genes in wheat and outlines three approaches - bioinformatics, expression profiling, and proteomics - to identify candidate effector proteins. The genomes of cereal rust fungi contain large families of small secreted proteins that may function as effectors. Comparing genomes of different rust races can reveal differences in effector repertoires that explain variations in virulence. Effector proteins can be used to rapidly screen germplasm and assist in cloning resistance genes. This strategy may help develop more durable resistance by targeting highly conserved or fitness-costly effectors.
Los días 7 y 8 de mayo organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces con la Fundación General CSIC el Simposio Internacional 'Microbiología: transmisión'. La "transmisión" en microbiología hace referencia al proceso por el que material genético es transferido de una célula a otra, de una población a otra. Es un proceso clave para entender el origen y la evolución de los seres vivos. El objetivo de esta reunión era conocer mejor la logística de la transmisión para ser capaces de modular o suprimir algunos procesos de transmisión dañinos.
Yr10 encodes for stripe rust resistance in wheat. Two related genomic sequences, 4B and 4E, were isolated from Moro wheat. Sequence 4B corresponds to the Yr10 resistance gene and is located on chromosome 1B. Silencing of sequence 4B using VIGS rendered Moro wheat susceptible to stripe rust, demonstrating that 4B is responsible for Yr10-mediated resistance. Yr10 was the first CC-NBS-LRR resistance gene cloned from wheat.
BIOLOGICAL VARIANCE OF SAT2 FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUSES. EuFMD
- The study investigated the genetic variability, infectivity, virulence, and stability of four SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease viruses. It found that the viruses had a wide range in stability at low pH and high temperatures. They also caused varying degrees of clinical signs in cattle from mild to severe, but this did not correlate with virulence in cell culture.
- One virus, ZIM/7/83, was more virulent in cell culture but did not necessarily cause more severe disease in cattle. The variance in pathogenesis among the SAT2 viruses was not explained by differences in cell lysis, viral fitness during co-infection, or capsid stability.
- The results emphasize that not all SAT2
This document summarizes a research project studying the assembly and function of the rhizosphere microbiome in relation to declining oilseed rape yields. The project has multiple work packages investigating how the microbiome is assembled based on rotation, environment and geography. It will analyze microbiome composition and function under different rotation frequencies and soil management practices. The goal is to understand what determines a "good" versus "bad" microbiome and how to engineer one that improves yields. The research involves field sites, DNA sequencing, metatranscriptomics and experiments with contrasting crop varieties and soil amendments.
VALIDATION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEIN-BASED ELISA FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES TO ...EuFMD
This study validated a new recombinant protein-based solid-phase competitive ELISA (r-SPCE) for detecting antibodies to Foot-and-Mouth disease virus type-O. The r-SPCE kit demonstrated high specificity (99.9%) and sensitivity (95.2%) compared to the virus neutralization test. It was able to correctly detect international reference sera for FMDV type-O as well as differentiate it from other FMDV serotypes. The r-SPCE also showed excellent reproducibility, stability, and was easy to use for screening large numbers of cattle and pig samples. Overall, the validated r-SPCE is a reliable alternative to the virus neutralization test for serological assessment of FMD
PROVEN PERFORMANCES FOR FMDV NSP ANTIBODY DETECTION WITH THE ID SCREEN® FMD ...EuFMD
The ID Screen® FMD NSP Competition ELISA kit can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA test) in 3 key ways:
1. It detects antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV rather than the structural proteins targeted by vaccination.
2. It demonstrated high specificity (≥99.5%) and sensitivity equivalent to other tests in differentiating infected reference samples.
3. Testing animals before and after vaccination found anti-NSP antibodies only in infected animals, showing the kit can accurately identify infection even with purified vaccines lacking NSP antigens.
This document summarizes a community science forum on farming sustainability and technologies. It discusses the high costs of various soilborne diseases in wheat in Australia such as cereal cyst nematode and crown rot. It then describes diagnostic services and DNA assays that can be used to study and monitor levels of soilborne pathogens like Rhizoctonia, Pratylenchus nematodes, and crown rot. It presents results of assays showing pathogen levels before seeding and their impact on wheat roots and DNA over time, including differences between treated and untreated plots. Finally, it acknowledges contributions from various scientists and organizations.
This document summarizes a study on the phylogeny of the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) based on the internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2. R. ferrugineus samples were collected from various regions in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere and grouped based on pronotum markings. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was sequenced and compared between R. ferrugineus and a related species R. vulneratus. Several differences in nucleotide sequence and indels were found between the two species, supporting classification as separate species rather than color morphs of the same species. The study aims to better understand the diversity and phy
This document summarizes research on mapping stem rust resistance loci in wheat. The researchers conducted a meta-analysis of 24 mapping studies to develop a consensus map of loci associated with resistance to the stem rust pathogen Ug99. They integrated data from over 1,400 markers across the wheat genome and identified 57 consensus loci associated with Ug99 resistance. This consensus map provides wheat breeders with information on locations of resistance genes to help develop new Ug99-resistant varieties.
Global Epidemiological Situation of Fusarium Wilt of Bananas (TR4)ExternalEvents
This document discusses Fusarium wilt of banana, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). It provides a historical overview of the disease, describing the identification of Foc races over time. Race 1 devastated Gros Michel plantations in the 1900s. In the 1950s, Cavendish replaced Gros Michel and was resistant to race 1. However, the emergence of subtropical race 4 (TR4) in the late 20th century poses a serious threat, as it can infect Cavendish. The document examines the epidemiology of Foc, noting it can spread long distances via infected planting material or in soil/water. Foc has a long latent period and asymptomatic spread
The document discusses new strategies for breeding wheat for durable resistance to yellow rust, including leveraging non-host resistance and pattern triggered immunity, identifying natural variation in landraces and synthetics, mapping quantitative trait loci in multi-parent populations, and combining favourable alleles from different sources into elite lines. Research is exploring receptor-like kinases that may encode components of non-host resistance and pyramiding resistance quantitative trait loci.
Qtl mapping for ymv resistance in pulse cropstusharamodugu
Globally, pulses are grown in an area of about 81 million ha with 73 million tonnes production.
India is the largest producer (25% of global production), consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of pulses in the world.
Per capita per day availability of pulses in India at present is about 47 g against the minimum recommended dose of 70 g per capita/day.
India has achieved self-sufficiency in food production through increased productivity (Green Revolution), particularly in cereal crops. In case of pulses, production lags behind consumption.
Major Pulses which are being imported from different countries viz. Australia, Canada, Myanmar etc. are Peas, Chickpeas, Mungbean, Urdbean, Lentils (Masur) and Pigeon Peas (Tur).
The document discusses the wheat stem rust pathogen Ug99 (race TTKSK) which was first identified in Uganda in 1999. Ug99 has spread outside of East Africa to countries like Yemen and Iran, and is able to overcome many wheat resistance genes. It poses a major threat to global wheat production as variants have emerged that can defeat additional resistance genes. The document examines the potential for Ug99 to be introduced to India from East Africa via wind patterns and jet streams during March 2012.
1) In 2013, wheat stem rust outbreaks occurred in Ethiopia and parts of Western Europe for the first time in decades.
2) In Ethiopia, the variety "Digalu" was heavily affected, with some fields experiencing over 90% yield losses. Samples were collected and characterized, identifying the races TTKSK, JRCQC, and RRTTF.
3) In Western Europe, samples were collected from Germany and Denmark and characterized as the TKTT_ race, which had also been identified previously in the Middle East and North Africa.
1) The study characterized 73 wild tetraploid wheat accessions for the presence of 5 stem rust resistance genes (Sr2, Sr22, Sr26, Sr36, Sr40) linked to markers.
2) Molecular markers revealed that 2 accessions contained Sr2, 1 contained Sr22, 7 contained Sr36, and 8 contained Sr40.
3) About 75% of accessions did not contain markers for the 5 resistance genes tested, indicating they may carry novel sources of stem rust resistance.
CIMMYT breeding strategies and methodologies to breed high yielding, yellow r...ICARDA
CIMMYT has developed high-yielding, rust-resistant bread wheat germplasm through strategies that focus on durable resistance. Breeding efforts utilize race-nonspecific adult plant resistance conferred by combinations of minor genes with additive effects. A recent 5-year cycle developed lines with 12% higher yields and improved resistance to yellow rust. Of 728 advanced lines tested, over 40% had high yields and immunity/resistance to yellow rust. Testing also found that over 40% of lines had good resistance to stem rust race Ug99. CIMMYT's strategy is to deploy varieties with near-immune, durable resistance to provide long-term genetic control of rust diseases.
This document discusses three types of wheat rust: stem rust, stripe rust, and leaf rust. It provides information on the causal fungi, symptoms, life cycles, importance, and management strategies. The three rusts are among the most important fungal diseases of wheat worldwide due to their wide distribution and ability to develop new races that can overcome resistance. Effective management requires sustained investment in surveillance, capacity building, and developing resistant wheat varieties.
This document summarizes monitoring efforts of the wheat stem rust pathogen Ug99 and provides an update on current surveillance activities. Key points include:
- An international monitoring system is in place to track the spread of Ug99 and identify new variants. Surveillance networks have expanded in recent years.
- Ug99 variants with virulence to Sr24 are now detected in several countries. Further movement out of Africa is inevitable without control measures.
- Emerging concerns include potential introduction of Ug99 into South Asia via air currents from the Horn of Africa and detection of Ug99 in Yemen and Australia.
- Challenges remain around political instability, sampling viability, and building pathotyping capacity, but information systems are improving
This document summarizes research mapping durable adult plant resistance to stem rust in wheat. Nine consistent and five inconsistent quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected across six mapping populations. A QTL on chromosome 3BS was found in all parents and is linked to resistance gene Sr2. A QTL on chromosome 7DS confirms the involvement of gene Lr34. A QTL on chromosome 1BL suggests the involvement of gene Lr46. These QTLs in combination with Sr2 form the "Sr2-Complex" conferring durable adult plant resistance. Future work will include fine mapping of QTLs and pyramiding adult plant resistance with major genes using markers.
Inheritance of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. F. Sp. Tritici ericks and E...Innspub Net
Stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pgt) is currently one of the major biotic constraints in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production worldwide. Therefore, objectives of this study were (i) to identify resistant wheat lines with both adult plant resistance (APR) and seedling plant resistance (SPR), and (ii) to determine the kind of resistance to stem rust in KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 wheat lines. A collection of 100 wheat lines was evaluated in the field and greenhouse for stem rust resistance. The following four lines- KSL18, PCB52, PCB62 and PCB76 were identified as resistant and were crossed with known susceptible cultivars Kwale and
Duma. The resulting F1 hybrids and F2 populations alongside the parents were then tested in the greenhouse for response to the stem rust race TTKST. The selected wheat lines exhibited infection types ‘;’ to ‘2’ depicting resistance while Kwale and Duma depicted infection type ‘3+’ to TTKST. In the F2 populations evaluations that derived from Kwale × PCB52 indicated that the resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene. However, all other F2 populations showed that the resistance was conferred by two genes complementing each other (duplicate recessive epistasis) thus the ratios 9R: 7S. These identified resistant lines could be evaluated for other qualities and passed as potential varieties or used as sources of valuable stem rust resistance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is an obligate parasite that infects wheat stems, leaf sheaths, and blades. It produces orange-red, elongated lesions on both sides of infected tissues. The stem rust fungus requires the common barberry shrub as an alternate host to undergo sexual recombination and overwinter. A highly virulent new race of the stem rust pathogen was identified in East Africa. Resistance in wheat varieties is the primary management strategy for controlling stem rust.
The document discusses the RPG1 gene in barley which confers resistance to stem rust. It summarizes that the RPG1 protein interacts with both the RGD and VPS9 proteins from the stem rust fungus. Mutations in the pK1 and pK2 domains of RPG1 abolish its interaction with RGD and VPS9, preventing phosphorylation and degradation of RPG1 and leading to susceptibility to stem rust races. The RPG1 alleles from resistant and susceptible barley cultivars are compared, showing variations that correlate with their resistance profiles.
Sam Kilonso (1964-2012) was dedicated to rust surveillance work in Kenya. The document summarizes the establishment of a global wheat rust monitoring system in response to the identification and spread of the Ug99 stem rust race. Key developments include expanding surveillance to 27 countries, tracking the spread and variants of Ug99, establishing data management tools like the Wheat Rust Toolbox, and increasing integration of databases. The network aims to continue improving early warning systems and expanding monitoring of other rust pathogens.
International Winter Wheat Improvement Program: breeding strategies and meth...ICARDA
A. Morgunov (CIMMYT-Turkey)
B. Akin (CIMMYT-Turkey),
Y. Kaya (B. Dagdas International Agric. Research Institute, Turkey)
M. Keser (ICARDA-Turkey)
K. Nazari (ICARDA-Syria)
Z. Mert (Central Field Crop Research Institute, Turkey),
R. Sharma (ICARDA-Uzbekistan)
T. Wuletaw (ICARDA-Syria)
This document summarizes research on breeding wheat cultivars in Egypt for resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Key points include:
- Stripe rust is a major threat to wheat production in Egypt and other regions. Recent epidemics have caused significant yield losses.
- Researchers in Egypt have evaluated wheat cultivars for resistance and identified genes conferring resistance (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15) using molecular markers.
- Crosses were made between resistant cultivars and lines containing single resistance genes to introgress genes into new cultivars. Progeny were evaluated and molecular markers were used to select plants containing resistance
1) Field trials in Ethiopia identified new stem rust races virulent against genes commonly used in durum wheat breeding programs.
2) Screening of over 6,800 cultivated and wild tetraploid wheat accessions identified sources of resistance, with emmer and wild emmer showing the highest resistance levels.
3) Genetic mapping of resistance genes is underway using biparental crosses to elucidate the genetics of resistance and map genes from tetraploid sources.
- Wheat rusts such as stripe rust are a major threat to wheat production in Egypt and worldwide, causing significant crop losses.
- Field surveys in Egypt found stripe rust epidemics in 1947, 1986, 1995, 1997 that damaged popular wheat varieties.
- The study evaluated 20 Egyptian wheat cultivars and a susceptible control for resistance to stripe rust under greenhouse and field conditions. It found components of slow rusting resistance that could be exploited in wheat breeding programs.
This document summarizes an experiment evaluating the tolerance of potato genotypes to osmotic stress conditions in vitro. Forty-two potato genotypes from international centers and local varieties were screened under normal conditions and two levels of osmotic stress induced by sorbitol. Various drought tolerance traits such as shoot and root growth, biomass, and proline content were measured. Most traits were significantly affected by genotype, sorbitol treatment, and their interaction. Several genotypes performed relatively better under stress and were identified as potentially drought tolerant for further evaluation under field conditions.
The document describes the roles and functions of North American cereal rust laboratories in the United States and Canada. These labs monitor cereal rust pathogens globally, identify rust races through pathogen screening, and maintain pathogen collections. They provide training and collaborate with other researchers and universities. The labs play a key role in tracking the spread of the Ug99 stem rust race group and identifying virulence in global pathogen populations.
The document summarizes research on pleiotropic adult plant resistance (PAPR) loci in wheat. Key points:
1. CIMMYT has conducted PAPR research since the 1970s, identifying loci such as Lr34, Lr46, and Lr67 that confer resistance to multiple diseases.
2. Studies mapped additional PAPR QTL in various wheat populations and identified markers for genes like Lr46, Sr2, and Yr54 useful for marker-assisted selection.
3. Research involves fine mapping genes, identifying deletion mutants, and understanding resistance mechanisms to improve durability and pyramide genes in wheat breeding.
4. An international shuttle breeding program
1. The study isolated and characterized rhizobacteria from cultivated soil samples in Ngaka Modiri Molema district municipalities that exhibited 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACCD) activity, a marker for plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.
2. 16S rDNA sequencing identified the isolated bacteria, which included Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus sonorensis, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus mojavensis.
3. Greenhouse screening found that inoculation of tomato seedlings with the ACCD-containing rhizobacteria, particularly B. pumilus, enhanced plant growth parameters like
- Wheat is a staple crop in Turkey, accounting for 60% of annual crop production. Winter wheat makes up 75% of wheat production area.
- Stripe rust has historically caused significant losses and epidemics in Turkey since the 1990s. A new race of stripe rust (Yr27 virulence) was identified in Turkey in the 2000-2003 period.
- In 2013, 20 infected stripe rust samples were collected from wheat fields across Turkey and analyzed. Race analyses identified the continued presence of the Yr27 virulence. Many important Turkish wheat varieties are susceptible to this virulence.
Presenter: T. Ratna Sudhakar and P. Narsimha Reddy ANGRAU, Hyderabad
Institution: ANGRAU
Audience: 2nd National SRI Symposium, Agartala, India
Subject Country: India
This document summarizes objectives and activities from a groundnut productivity project involving multiple organizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The objectives include improving groundnut productivity for marginal environments through diversifying genetic resources for disease and drought resistance, developing molecular tools, and conducting breeding. Activities discussed include developing new populations and synthetics with disease resistance, phenotyping mapping populations, developing genetic maps and marker assays, conducting marker-assisted breeding for traits like rust resistance, and training scientists from project countries. The overall goal is to enhance groundnut productivity for smallholder farmers in challenging environments.
The document summarizes research on screening potato germplasm for resistance to Black Scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Twenty potato cultivars were tested using a randomized complete block design with 20 replications. FD 76-78 was found to be resistant with 1% incidence and 1.3 severity rating. Eight cultivars including FD 74-38 were found to be moderately resistant with incidence between 1-10% and severity ratings of 1.3-1.9. Seven cultivars were moderately susceptible with incidence of 11-20% and severity ratings of 2.5-2.7. FD 74-30 and FD 8-1 were susceptible with incidence over 20% and severity over 3.
This document evaluates the resistance of wheat varieties against two aphid species. 35 wheat lines were tested for resistance. 12 lines showed resistance with low damage ratings, while 3 were susceptible with high damage ratings. The lines were also tested for antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. For antibiosis, 10 lines were least fecund while 23 were moderately fecund. For antixenosis, 18 lines were least preferred and for tolerance, 4 were highly tolerant while 27 were moderately tolerant.
This document summarizes research on wheat rust resistance in Ethiopia. It discusses:
- Yellow rust is a major problem, causing epidemics and yield losses as high as 100%
- Synthetic hexaploid wheat provides new sources of resistance to rusts and other stresses
- The study characterized stripe rust resistance in 181 synthetic hexaploid wheats and 6 bread wheats under field conditions in Ethiopia. It identified QTLs linked to stripe rust resistance to help breed resistant varieties.
This document summarizes the current status and prospects of bread wheat breeding for yellow rust resistance at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). It discusses ICARDA's wheat breeding objectives, strategies and approaches, which include classification and targeting of major diseases, use of shuttle breeding between locations with different disease pressures, and use of wide crosses and marker-assisted selection. It highlights key locations used for disease screening and presents data on newly identified genotypes with resistance to yellow rust and septoria. Yield trials from 2013 show genotypes with high yield potential and resistance to yellow rust and drought.
This document summarizes the evaluation of multiple rust resistance in wheat, durum wheat, khapli wheat, and triticale varieties conducted from 2003-2012 in India. 741 varieties were tested for resistance to stem, leaf, and stripe rust at various hot spot locations where favorable conditions promote rust development. 460 varieties were found to have multiple rust resistance, with 315 resistant to all three rusts, 90 resistant to stem and leaf rust, and 55 resistant to leaf and stripe rust. Of the resistant varieties, 364 were bread wheat, 71 were durum wheat, 11 were khapli wheat, and 14 were triticale. 20 of these resistant varieties have since been commercially released in India. Maintaining genetic diversity for
Advances in the research to achieve resistance to wheat rustsCIMMYT
Advances in research to achieve resistance to wheat rusts were presented. The presentation discussed the background on resistance to wheat rusts, characterization of resistance including seedling and adult plant resistance, utilization of adult plant resistance, and mapping and QTL analysis of resistance genes. Key advances included the identification of adult plant resistance genes such as Lr34, Lr46, and Sr2, as well as efforts to clone resistance genes to better understand the genetic basis of resistance. International collaborations were also highlighted as important to breed durable rust resistance in wheat.
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Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD PACKAGING (FOOD TECHNOLOGY)
Detection of ug99_in_egypt_bgri2015_austrilia_atef_shahin
1. Detection of Ug99 (TTKSK) race of
stem rust fungus in Egypt
Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Technical Workshop, Sydney, Australia, September 17-20, 2015
Atef Shahin1, Moustafa Azab2 and Doaa El-Nagar1
Plant Pathology Research Institute1 and Wheat Research Program2, ARC, Egypt
2. International collaborators
• Ravi Singh, CIMMYT
• Mogens Hovmøller, GRRC
• Kumarse Nazari, ICARDA
• Dave Hodson, CIMMYT
• Yue Jin, USDA-ARS
• Les J. Szabo, USDA, ARS
• Mehran Patpour, GRRC
• Maria Newcomb Minnesota, US
• Pablo Olivera, Minnesota, US
Cooperation between the wheat pathologists and breeders in
Egypt and International research center and labs
3. Outline
• Wheat in Egypt
• Historical and current importance to stem rust in
Egypt
• Race identification of stem rust in Egypt
• Resistance of the cultivars to stem rust
• Detection of Ug99 (TTKSK) race in Egypt
• Conclusion
• Future plan
8. Wheat Rust in Egypt
• Wheat in Egypt suffers from wheat
rust diseases
– Yellow rust or Stripe rust
– Stem rust or Black rust
– Leaf rust or Brown rust
• Egypt wheat breeder and pathologist
are interested in searching for new
sources of resistance to wheat rust
• Control is through genetic resistance ,
and foliar fungicides
9. Variety
Year of
release
Year of
epidemic
Rust
Hindi D & Tosson 1921 1947 Stem rust
Giza 139 1945 1954 Leaf rust
Giza 144 1958 1967 Yellow rust
Sakha 8 1976 1986 Yellow rust
Sakha 8 & Sakha79 1976 1987 Stem rust
Gemmiza 1& Giza 163 1994 & 1989 1995 Yellow rust
Sakha 69 1980 1997 Yellow rust
Epidemics of Wheat rusts in Egypt
In Egypt wheat stem rust disease was epidemic in 1987, for Sakha-79 and Sakha-8,
which the loss in grain yield due to early stem rust infection recorded 33.5%, Bassiouni
et al. (1987).
10. Historical background and current importance
to stem rust in Egypt
In Egypt, the first reports on physiologic specialization of wheat stem rust incited by
Puccinia graminis tritici was carried out in 1949 (Abdel-Hak, 1953), who identified 15
physiologic races at different locations in Egypt i.e. 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 21, 24, 42, 53,
59, 69, 88, 123, 279 (E2) and (E1). Later on (Abdel-Hak and Kamel, 1966) so far,
recorded races i.e. 117, 133, 186, 194 and 249 in Egypt.
11. Greenhouse
• Seedling evaluation of wheat
accessions against stem rust.
• Rust spore /isolate increase and
maintenance
• Wheat stem rust race identification
• Gene efficacy and virulence formula for
the resulted race.
• Gene postulation within wheat
cultivars.
• Identification of Sr’s genes using
molecular marker.
Field and greenhouse activities for stem rust
• Losses due to stem rust
• Evaluation of commercial wheat
varieties and monogenic lines.
• Close cooperation with the wheat
research program.
• Cooperation with ICARDA and
CIMMYT.
• Evaluation of the effective wheat
rusts fungicides.
Field
14. The race nomenclature system
This system was adopted by (Roelfs and
Martens, 1988 and McVey et al., 1997) the
set included 20 differential hosts each with
single stem rust gene i.e. in 5 subsets in the
following order,(1) Sr5, Sr21, Sr9e and Sr7b,
(2) Sr11, Sr6, Sr8a and Sr9g, (3) Sr36, Sr9b,
Sr30 and Sr17, (4) Sr9a, Sr9d, Sr10, SrTmp
and (5) Sr24, Sr31, Sr38, and SrMcN. Races
were designated by a five letters code [Pgt-
code] such as TTKSK, TTKTK,….
Infection types (IT) were recorded for each
line in the form avirulence/virulence of
pathogen cultures which were determined by
low (IT) [L]and high (IT) [H]. Determination of
races were based on the reaction of the
inoculated differential hosts.
Pgt-code for the 20 [Pgt] differential hosts for (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici)
15. Low IT [L] High IT [H]
Stem Rust reaction record as infection types [ITs] and scoring
14 days after inoculation using the 0 – 4 scale adopted by
Stakman et al., 1962.
Infection Types
21. Detection of Ug99 (TTKSK) race of stem rust fungus in Egypt
- Field observations
Idea of sending Sr31 infected samples from Egypt
was generated in 2nd International wheat stripe rust
symposium, Regional Cereal Rust Research Center,
Izmir, Turkey 28 April - 1 May, 2014., discussion
between David Hodson, Mogen Homveler and Atef
Shahin.
- During April 2014, high levels of stem rust infection
were observed on entries in wheat (Triticum
aestivum) grown in a nursery at Sakha Agricultural
Research Station in Egypt.
- Samples, collected from rusted stems of wheat
cultivars, i.e. PBW343, and (Benno)/6*LMPG-6 DK42
which are known to carry stem rust resistance Sr31.
22. Code Host Varity Sample date Location Disease severity
14EGY001 (Benno)/6*LMPG-6 DK42 08/05/2014 Sharqia MS
14EGY002 (Benno)/6*LMPG-6 DK42 08/05/2014 Sharqia MS
14EGY003 PBW343(8STEMRRSN) 03/05/2014 Sakha MR-MS
14EGY004 PBW343(GENETIC STOCK) 03/05/2014 Sakha MR-MS
14EGY005 PBW343(IBWSN) 03/05/2014 Sakha MS-S
14EGY006 (Benno)/6*LMPG-6 DK42 05/05/2014 Sharqia MS
Sr31 infected samples from Egypt
In the 2014 crop season in Egypt, the presence of virulence to Sr31 in Egypt was
suspected based on preliminary field observations of Sr31 planted as international stem
rust trap nursery at :
1) Sakha Agricultural Research Station in Kafrelsheikh (31.094059°N, 30.933899°E).
2) Al- Sharqia (30.601400°N, 31.510383°E ).
3) Nubaria (30.91464°N, 29.95543°E).
23. The presence of Sr31-virulence in Egypt in the 2014 growing
season was supported by three independent observations:
Stem rust scores of up to 30% stem/leaf coverage (30MR
to 30S). This was recorded by Dr. Atef Shahin, Sakha
Agricultural Research Station, at the time of sampling on
wheat cultivar PBW343, which is known to carry stem
rust resistance Sr31.
Race typing of samples from Sr31-resistant wheat
confirmed the presence of Sr31-virulence, suggesting
the presence of Ug99. Tests were based on independent
samples which were repeated 2-3 times. The presence
of Sr31- virulence was confirmed beyond any doubt.
DNA/PCR test originally developed by the Cereal Disease
Lab, Minnesota, USA, was positive for the considered
isolates carrying Sr31-virulence, which confirmed the
presence of the Ug99 race group.
Mogens Støvring Hovmøller
Global Rust Reference Center
www.wheatrust.org
Confirmation of stem rust Sr31-virulence (Ug99) in Egypt
Race identification by GRRC (Denmark)
24. *Summary results of race-typing 6 Egyptian samples done at CDL in the 2014 season
Total number of samples 6
Isolates typed as: TCMLC 1
TKKTF 9
TKTTF 4
TTKSK 2
Total number confirmed isolates 16
*Source : Yue Jin, USDA-ARS and **Mogens Hovmøller, GRRC.
- ** Stem rust samples from the 2014 surveys of wheat fields in Egypt were
sent to the Global Rust Reference Center (GRRC, Denmark) for race analysis
The pathotyping was repeated in two or three independent experiments
using single-pustule isolates. Isolates were also typed at the USDA-ARS
Cereal Disease Laboratory (USA) for an independent confirmation.
- Three races in the Ug99 race group were detected; TTKST (four isolates)
from Sharqia, TTKTK (13 isolates) from Sakha, and TTKSK (2 isolates) from
Nubaria.
Confirmation of presence of Ug99 in Egypt
29. Conclusion
• Close cooperation between the wheat pathologists in Egypt and International research
center and labs, e.g. ICARDA, CIMMYT, GRRC, USDA, and University of Minnesota led to
confirm the stem rust Sr31-virulence (Ug99) in Egypt.
• Race analysis results indicated the presence three Ug99-races were detected in Egypt
(2014), Ug99 (TTKSK) in addition to the new race TTKTK and TTKST. Also, Detection of non-
Ug99 but Tmp-virulent race (TKTTF) in Egypt.
• Sr25 virulence detected in two non-Ug99 races .
• Close cooperation has been established in Egypt between wheat breeders and wheat
pathologist from long time ago, generated a good system for rust diseases breeding.
• Despite of presence of TTKSK and TTKTK in Egypt, high level of stem rust resistance is
observed on most of the Egyptian wheat promising lines.
• Wheat genotypes having the combination of Sr2, Sr26 and Sr25 showed high stem rust
resistance level under the Egyptian condition.
30. Future Plan
• Studying role and the relationship between the present genetic makeup in both pathogen
and host should be continued to an overall breeding strategy to wheat rusts resistance.
• More cooperation between the wheat pathologists in Egypt and International research
center and labs, is very important.
• More cooperation is essential now between Egypt and countries having stem rust as a
common biotic stress i.e. Ethiopia, Kenya …etc. to exchange germplasm as well as test and
evaluate our materials.
• Studying the distribution of fungal pathotypes and Sr’s resistance genes of wheat rusts in
Egypt using molecular markers.
31. Acknowledgements
• Agricultural Research Center,
ARC, Egypt
• The Borlaug Global Rust Initiative
(BGRI)
• GRRC, Denmark
• USDA, ARS
• Minnesota University
• ICARDA
• CIMMYT
Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Technical Workshop, Sydney, Australia, September 17-20, 2015
Thanks to all the people who have
contributed to organizing this great event
32. If you want to go fast, go alone
If you want to go far, go together
African proverb
Thank you for your attention
Contact : a.a.shahin@hotmail.com
September 18, 2015
Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Technical Workshop, Sydney, Australia, September 17-20, 2015