1. From “Approaches and Methods in
Language Teaching” By J.C. Richards and
T.S. Rodgers.
2. Background
Before World War II, there were three methods:
a) A modified Direct Method Approach
b) A Reading Approach.
c) A Reading-Oral Approach.
3. Problems with these three methods:
1.
They lacked standardization of vocabulary and grammar.
2. No one could agree what was important to teach for
beginning, intermediate or advanced learners.
3. They basically, lacked “STRUCTURE”
4.
5. The Army Specialized Training
Program
The Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) was
started in 1942.
Native speakers acted as an informant of the language
and as a linguist, as in the Direct Method.
Students
and
informants
gradually
language, ten hours a day for six days a week.
learned
a
6. The ASTP continued for two years and by the 1950s, as a
result of many factors Audiolingualism became a
standardized way of teaching a language.
7.
8. It changed everything again:
a)
It made the U.S. Government realize the need for new and
more intensive foreign language teaching methodology.
b)
The National Defence Education Act (1958) provided money
for training of teachers, the development of teaching
materials and for the study and analysis of modern
languages.
9. The term “Audiolingualism” was coined by
Professor
Nelson Brooks (1964). In the 1960’s, Audiolingualism
began to lose its popularity, but this method is still used
today.
10. Approach
Theory of Language: Structuralism
Structural linguistics
influenced Audiolingualism.
Elements in a language are
Phonology
Morphology
linearly produced in a rule-
governed way.
Phrases
Linguistic levels are
pyramidally structured.
Sentences
11. Approach
Theory of Learning: Behaviourism
Behavioural
psychology
influenced
Audiolingualism.
Behaviourists believe that humans are organisms capable of
learning many behaviours. It depends on three elements:
1.
Stimulus: Bring out behaviour.
2.
Response: Triggered by stimulus.
3.
Reinforcement: Marks the response as being appropriate or
not and encourages repetition which is vital in the learning
process.
13. Approach - Conclusions
Foreign language learning is a process of mechanical
habit formation.
Language skills are learned more effectively if they are
learned in spoken form (drills) rather than written form.
Language must be learned in context of the linguistics
and culture.
14. Design - Objectives
Short-term Objectives
Long-term Objectives
Listening comprehension.
Language as the native
Accurate pronunciation.
Recognition
of
speech
symbols as graphic signs.
The ability to reproduce
these symbols in writing.
speaker uses it.
15. Design – The Syllabus
Based on a linguistic or structure-based approach to
language teaching. Built on:
1.
Step by step linguistic syllabus, which contains:
Phonology.
Morphology.
Syntax.
2. Lexical syllabus of basic vocabulary.
16. Design – Types of learning and
teaching activities.
Drills
Dialogues
Distinctive
feature of this
method.
Contextualize key
structures.
Illustrate situations.
Used for repetition and
memorization.
7.
Expansion.
8.
Contraction.
9.
Transformation
1.
Repetition.
2.
Inflection.
3.
Replacement. 10. Integration.
4.
Restatement.
11. Rejoinder.
5.
Completion.
12. Restoration.
6.
Transposition.
.
17. Design - Roles
1.
Learner roles:
They can be
directed by
skilled training
techniques.
External
displays.
Reactive role.
They do not
initiate
interaction.
2. Teacher roles: 3. The role of
Central and
active.
Model of the
target language.
Controls the
process of
learning.
Monitors and
controls the
learner’s
performance.
instructional
materials:
Teacheroriented.
Tape recorders, a
language
laboratory and
audiovisual
equipment are
important.
18. Procedure
Extensive oral instruction is required where the target
language is used. Typical procedures:
1.
Model dialogue. Repeat. Correction of mistakes. Memorize.
2.
Dialogues are adapted and then acted out.
3.
Key structures are selected and used for pattern drills.
4.
Textbooks.
Follow-up
reading,
writing
activities may be introduced.
5.
Follow-up activities in a language laboratory.
or
vocabulary
19. The decline of Audiolingualism
It was examined in many ways:
1.
Theoretical foundations were considered weak in both
language theory and learning theory.
2.
Practitioners discovered that the practical results did not
meet expectations.
3.
Students
were
not
able
to
transfer
skills
to
communication outside the classroom.
4.
Many students found the classes boring and unsatisfying.
real
20. Noam Chomsky
He rejected this approach.
His theory of transformational grammar said that
language is creative and generated, not a habit.
Language derives from innate aspects of the mind
and from how humans process experience through
language.
