The document discusses various types and techniques of editing. It begins by defining editing as manipulating written, video, audio or film content to make it more interesting, understandable or informative. It then discusses linear and non-linear editing approaches. The document also covers shot sizes, camera techniques including angles and movement, and editing techniques such as cuts, dissolves and establishing shots. It discusses the role of editors and principles of editing like maintaining screen position and using shot content to motivate cuts.

1. Editing

2. Editing
Editing is the process of manipulating and rearranging in any
written documents, videos, audios, films for make them
interesting, understanding or informational to create a new
work.
and editing is usually considered to be one part of post-
production other post production tasks include titling, colour,
correction, sound mixing etc.

3. Editing is understood by any of the
following:
 Rearranging, adding or removing sections of
shots in video and sound in audio clips.
 Applying color correction, filters and other
improvements.
 Creating transitions between clips.

4. Types of editing
Linear editing
Non –linear
editing

5. Linear editing
(tape-to-tape)

7. Linear editing was the original editing tape editing
method, before non-linear editing computers became
available in the 1990s.
Linear video editing is a process of selecting,
arranging and modifying images and sound in a
predetermined, ordered sequence . whether it was
captured by video camera , tapeless camcorder or
recorded in a television studio on a editing tape
recorder

8. linear video tape editing is still commonplace
in television station newsrooms for the production
of television news, and medium-sized production
facilities which haven’t made the capital investment
in newer technologies. News departments often still
use linear editing because they can start editing tape
and feeds from the field as soon as received

9. Non – linear (digital)
editing

11. Nonlinear video is a editing or audio
editing method that entails accessing any
frame in a digital video clip. Almost the
same as the "cut and paste" method, this
video editing style is often used in film
editing.

13. Significance of
editing

14.  Editing helps us to organize and import video
elements.
It helps us to create a rough assembly or draft.
It helps us to create a final result using effects and
transitions.
It helps us to develop and improve the visual
quality of shots.
Editing helps us in the splitting , combining and
trimming of shots.

15. Grammar of editing

16. The editing grammar is a group of rules to judge the shot
connection. The rules are described in the same manner as
conventional sentence grammars. A basic element, to which
the editing grammar is applied, is a group of shots.
The cut is defined as a physical continuous section
where the camera starts at the beginning and stops at the
end. On the other hand, the shot is defined as a logical
continuous section where the shot size or camera work is
uniquely defined within the cut.
Therefore, one or more shots are included in one cut.

17. The shot size is defined according to the distance
from the camera to objects. The shot size is
classified into long shot (LS), medium shot (MS)
and close up shot (CS). CS and LS are the shots
taken by approaching to or leaving from the object
respectively compared with MS.

18. Camera Techniques: Distance and Angle

19. Long shot (LS)= Shot which shows all or most of a fairly
large subject (for example, a person) and usually much of
the surroundings.
Extreme Long Shot (ELS) =In this type of shot the camera is
at its furthest distance from the subject, emphasizing the
background.
Medium Long Shot (MLS)= In the case of a standing actor,
the lower frame line cuts off his feet and ankles.
Establishing shot=Opening shot or sequence, frequently an
exterior 'General View' as an Extreme Long Shot (ELS).
Used to set the scene.

20. Mid-Shot (MS)= In such a shot the subject or actor and its
setting occupy roughly equal areas in the frame. Waist to
head.
 Close-up (CU). A picture which shows a fairly small part of
the scene, such as a character's face, in great detail so that
it fills the screen. Elbow to head
 MCU (Medium Close-Up): head and shoulders.
 BCU (Big Close-Up): forehead to chin. Close-ups focus
attention on a person's feelings or reactions.

22. Viewpoint. The apparent distance and angle from which the camera
views and records the subject. Not to be confused with point-of-view
shots or subjective camera shots.
Point-of-view shot (POV). A shot made from a camera
position close to the line of sight of a performer who is to be
watching the action shown in the point-of-view shot.
Two-shot. A shot of two people together.
Selective focus. Rendering only part of the action field in
sharp focus through the use of a shallow depth of field. A
shift of focus from foreground to background or vice versa is
called rack focus.

23.  Soft focus. An effect in which the sharpness of an image,
or part of it, is reduced by the use of an optical device.
 Wide-angle shot. A shot of a broad field of action taken
with a wide-angle lens.
 Tilted shot. When the camera is tilted on its axis so that
normally vertical lines appear slanted to the left or
right, ordinary expectations are frustrated. Such shots
are often used in mystery and suspense films to create a
sense of unease in the viewer.

24. Camera Techniques: Movement

26.  Zoom. In zooming in the camera does not move; the
lens is focused down from a long-shot to a close-up
whilst the picture is still being shown.
 Following pan. The camera swivels (in the same base
position) to follow a moving subject. A space is left in
front of the subject: the pan 'leads' rather than 'trails‘
 Tilt. A vertical movement of the camera - up or down-
while the camera mounting stays fixed.
 Crab. The camera moves (crabs) right or left.

27. Editing Techniques

28. Cut. Sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another.
On television cuts occur on average about every 7 or 8 seconds. Cutting
may:
• change the scene;
•compress time;
•vary the point of view; or
•build up an image or idea.
Matched cut. In a 'matched cut' a familiar relationship between the
shots may make the change seem smooth:
• continuity of direction;
• completed action;*
• a similar Centre of attention in the frame;
• a one-step change of shot size (e.g. long to medium);
• a change of angle (conventionally at least 30 degrees).

29. Jump cut. Abrupt switch from one scene to another which
may be used deliberately to make a dramatic point.
Cutaway/cutaway shot (CA). A bridging, intercut shot
between two shots of the same subject.
Reaction shot. Any shot, usually a cutaway, in which
a participant reacts to action which has just
occurred.

30. Fade, dissolve
(mix). Both fades and
dissolves are gradual
transitions between
shots.

31. Editing Aesthetics

32. Editing is an invisible art, when done
well it is hardly noticed.
the editing process of selecting and
ordering shots in an appropriate order
this is known as editing aesthesis

33. Types :-
1. editing done during production
- first used before post-production editing
- decisions are made by director in control through switches
- still used on news broadcasts and sporting events
2. post production editing
- eliminates the need to make decisions live
- concentrate more on gathering info onto tape

34. Role of the Editor :-
- Creative editor: an individual with significant
responsibility for making and executing decisions.
- Technical editor: primarily a technician familiar
with the operation of the editing system who
executes the decisions made by the creative editor.

35. Establish and Maintain Screen Position :-
 Establishing shots
- defines location and position of people in the shot in relation to their
environment
- medium or long shots
 Cut Ins and Cut Outs:
a) cut in: close up of some detail of the scene
- establishes important derail of scene
- when cutting in objects and people should maintain relative position
in frame
b)cut out: returning to a wider shot
- often used when action is about to take place

36.  Jump Cuts and Matched Cuts
-violate the conventions of continuity editing because
the destroy the seamless quality of editing
jump cut: occurs when something is removed from
the middle of the shot and the two remaining pieces
are joined together
matched cut: cut from one shot to another that is
similar in terms of angles of view and camera
position

37.  Use Shot Content to Motivate Cuts
- in continuity editing there should be a reason
for making an edit
- two motivators: dialogue and action
- usually made at natural breaks in dialogue
- cut on action: editing without the duplication of
action.