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Principles of editing

The document discusses the principles of film editing, including its history and various techniques. It notes that editing has evolved from simply recording events in sequence to intentionally selecting and combining shots. Key techniques mentioned include cuts, dissolves, match cuts, wipes, montages, and parallel editing. The document also provides examples of how editing is used in the film "The Challenge" to make certain scenes more engaging or conceal actions. It highlights Richard Halsey as a favorite editor, particularly for his work on the film "Beaches."

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Principles of Editing Daisy Jones
What is Editing? Film editing is part of the creative post-production process of filmmaking. The term film editing is derived from the traditional process of working with film, but now it increasingly involves the use of digital technology. The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots and combining them into sequences to create a finished motion picture.
History of Editing Editing in early history was non-existent, was just simply recordings of an event/location shot in the specific running order. Louis and Auguste Lumiere, French brothers were the birth of film and editing in the 1890’s. They invented a camera machine for filming and projection called a ‘cinematographe’. They were credited with the world’s first public screening on December 1895.
History of Editing This argued with Max and Emil Skladonowsky of Berlin who argues that they were the birth of filming and editing projected with their apparatus ‘Bioscop’ there first filming was in November 1895. The argument between both brothers are that the Lumiere brothers charged to screen their first film unlike the Skladonowsky brothers.
History of Editing Video tape was edited like film, a razor blade was used to slice the tape into pieces, the individual strips of video tape were then spliced together therefore creating noise on the film. D.W Griffith created the grammar of film he was the first to use close-ups and introduce flash-backs, at first he was criticised for not showing the whole actor but as more and more people watched the film they became familiar with the editing style.
History of Editing As filming progressed throughout the years so did editing, Edwin Porter came across editing accidentally he began to inter-cut shots and storylines to create impact. Coming up with an effect called ‘Parallel Action’ which is two stories happening side by side which meet for a dramatic effect. ‘The Great Train Robbery’ in 1903 shows his type of editing.
Editing Techniques Transition A transition is a technique where the author shows between two shots, the joining of the clips is the transition from one clip to the other.
Editing Techniques Cut A Cut is an instant switch from one clip to the other, this is one of the most common editing techniques and is smooth when moving the story along. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VihlsPKMh4U This is a perfect example of various cuts to join the shots together.
Editing Techniques Dissolve A dissolve is the transition between 2 clips, as the first image gradually disappears the second shot appears, used to compress time or smooth abrupt cuts. This transition may also be referred to as a mix or cross-dissolve, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLkTKkNXDp4 The dissolves between these clips are used to express the emotion within the trailer.
Editing Techniques Match Cut Match cut is a transition when a director cuts from one scene to a totally different one, but has objects in the two scenes "matched," so that they occupy the same place in the shot's frame.
Editing Techniques Jump Cut A Jump Cut is a transition between two shots which appears to "jump" due to the way the shots are framed in relation to each other.
Editing Techniques Wipe A wipe is a transition between shots, a line passes across the screen, eliminating the first shot as it is replaced by the second. 1970/1980 loved this transition. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jz5Ubqhru7g In this movie trailer at 0:14 there is a wipe transition which wipes the title across the screen and onto the actors.
Editing Techniques Match on Action A cut which spliced two views of the same action together at the same moment in the movement, making it seem to continue interrupted.
Editing Techniques Continuity A continuity shot is a system of cutting the maintain continuous and clear narrative action.
Editing Techniques Parallel Editing Otherwise known as crosscutting, this style of editing is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations. If the scenes are simultaneous, they occasionally culminate in a single place, where the relevant parties confront each other.
Editing Techniques Montage Sergei Eisenstein (1898-1948), is considered one of the first truly important narrative filmmakers, and is also credited with inventing the film montage, or sequencing of specifically timed edits for emotional impact http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiS8YokFzeY This clip of the film ‘Beaches’ shows a montage, this is used to portray the emotion within the film.
Editing Techniques Linear A technique of the film/programme is order that occurrences take place. This happens in most soaps, Coronation Street, Hollyoaks, Big Brother etc..
Editing Techniques Non-Linear The opposite of Linear editing, the film/programme is not in order that occurrences take place. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EqWLpTKBFcU This music video is edited in a non-linear style.
Editing Techniques Superimposition The blending of two shots together to create an effect or meaning. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYNtbulDkcE The clip shows a small style of super imposition when the girls are doing their famous handshake on the pier.
‘The Challenge’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KtymQ2gax1Q Whilst watching this film staring Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen I noticed when the titles appear on the screen they appear in a wipe transition.
‘The Challenge’ At 5:05 there is a dissolve transition from one location to the other. This is done so that it is not a rough cut between the two locations and its an obvious change to the audience of the location.
‘The Challenge’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOoak_6fGMU&feature= episodic&NR=1 At 4:36 there is a montage, the editor has done this as we don’t need to see the groups answer all the questions as it would become increasingly boring, so to attract the audience they have played an upbeat song whilst speeding up the action so we still see what happens.
‘The Challenge’ Again at 9:00 there is a wipe transition stating from one location to the other. This is done to show a different side of the story.
‘The Challenge’ There is an obvious scene where a lot of cut editing is used, this is where they are challenged to eat raw food (Eggs, Snake meat etc..) They cut from when the actor puts the food into the mouth to the expression on the others faces. The editor has done this so that the actor doesn’t actually eat the food present they simply hold it near there mouth pretend to chew and swallow. This allows the audience to think that the actor is infact eating the food present.
‘The Challenge’ Again at 08:25 there is a montage of the two groups running around trying to get various animals into there secure pens. A well known song is played to attract the audience.
‘The Challenge’ Again at 5:58 there is another montage of the two girls on quad bikes driving through the dessert with the two boys. The editor has edited this into a montage otherwise the audience would lose concentration and boredom would arise.
‘The Challenge’ In this scene there is a match cut where the sun appears to be one of the characters mum’s as they are in sun they begin to hallucinate and the match cut fits perfect.
The Purpose of Editing What is the purpose of editing? Editing determines to meaning of the film, you can edit to suit romance, comedy, horror etc.. It allows you to clearly see the plot and the narrative of the story due to the editing.
My Favourite Editor Richard Halsey was born to be a film editor. While in junior high school at Bancroft Jr High, they needed someone to run the projectors for different classes so he volunteered in order to get out of class, so started his first experience with film. Richard then became an editor on Peyton Place at the age of 28 and moved into feature editing, winning the Oscar for Rocky at the age of 36. He edited films such as: • Sister Act • Mannequin • Dream Killer • Edward Scissor Hands • Elvis Is Alive • Dumb Luck • Big Stan • Getting Even With Dad • Spy School • And many more.
My Favourite Editor Richard Halsey also edited one of my favourite films ‘Beaches’ I personally like how they combine two life’s/stories into one combining a singer with the background music. I think without the specific editing techniques the film wouldn’t be as successful and reach out to the audience. Beaches storyline is already powerful, emotional film but without the editing techniques of Halsey the film wouldn’t merge together.