This document provides an overview of major developments in Europe between 1450-1650, including the Reformation, Age of Exploration, and establishment of new empires. It summarizes key events like Martin Luther posting his 95 Theses in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. It also outlines the spread of Calvinism and the establishment of the Church of England, as well as the Catholic Counter-Reformation and Council of Trent. The document then discusses the expansion of European powers like Spain, Portugal, and England through figures like Columbus, Da Gama and battles such as Lepanto.

1. New Ideas and New Worlds
Week 3

2. Homework
• Textbook: chs. 13-15
• Quiz (11/3)
• Primary Source
Response (11/3)
Mass Hanging of Soldiers, 1633

3. Overview
• 1450 – 1650s
• The Reformation
– Martin Luther
– Calvinists
– Church of England
– Catholic Reformation
• Spain
• Age of Exploration
• Thirty Years’ War Vasco de Gama, c. 1600

4. Christian Humanism
• Religious Situation, c. 1500
• The Renaissance &
Humanism
• Urban life
• Printing Press
• Desiderius Erasmus, 1466-
1536
– “To be learned is the lot of
the few; but no one is unable
to be a Christian, no one
unable to be pious.”
• Sir Thomas More, 1478-
1535
– Utopia, 1516 Albrecht Durer, The Knight, Death,
and the Devil, 1513

5. The Reformation
• Martin Luther, 1483-
1546
– University of Wittenberg
– 95 Theses, 1517
• Luther’s Beliefs
– Faith Alone
– The Bible
– Indulgences
– Pope
• Frederick, Elector of
Saxony

6. Martin Luther and Katherina von Bora

7. Electoral Princes of Saxony

8. The Reformation Spreads
• Charles V (1500-1558)
– Diet of Worms (1521)
• Ottoman Turkish Empire
• Peace of Augsburg
(1555)
• German Peasant Revolt
(1524-1525)

9. Anton von Werner, Diet of Worms, 1877

10. Ottoman Empire

11. Calvinism
• John Calvin, 1509-64
• The Bible
• Geneva, 1564
– Theocracy
• Puritans and Pilgrims
– “city upon a hill”
• Predestination
– The “elect”
• Tension and Anxiety
John Calvin

12. The Church of England
• The Tudor Dynasty
• Catherine of Aragon
(m. 1509-1533)
• Sir Thomas More
• Pope Clement VII (r. 1523-
1534)
– Medici
• Anne Boleyn (m. 1533-1536)
• Dissolution of the
Monasteries Henry VIII (b.1491, r.1509-1547)

13. Henry VIII’s Armor

14. Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn

15. Catholic/Counter-Reformation
• Council of Trent
(1545-1563)
• Jesuits, 1540
– St. Ignatius of Loyola
(1491-1556)
– St. Francis Xavier
(1506-1552)
• The Conquest of
Jerusalem, 1539
Father Marquette Memorial (Marquette, MI, 1910)

16. Marquette, Michigan

17. Allegory of the Jesuits,
18th Century,
San Pedro, Lima, Peru

18. Europe,
c.1540

19. Why does Europe expand?
• The Renaissance
• Access to East Asia
– Goods
– Marco Polo
• New Technology
– Astrolabe
– New ships
– Lateen sails
• Expand Christianity

20. European Caravel

21. Spain
• Ferdinand (1452-1516)
and Isabella (1451-1504)
– Married, 1469
• Reconquista
• Moors
– Granada, 1492
• Conversos
• Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506)
• Amerigo Vespucci (1499)
• Columbian Exchange
• Magellan, 1519 – 1522

22. The Reconquista

23. Dedication to Columbus’ Journal
“For as most Christian and very noble and very excellent
and powerful princess, king and queen of the Spains, this
present year of 1492, after your highnesses had brought
an end to the war with the Moors, who ruled Europe had
concluded this war in the very great city of Grenada
wherein the present year I saw your royal standard placed
on the towers of the Alhambra, and your highnesses as
Catholic, Christian princes, lovers and promoters of the
holy Christian faith, and enemies of all false doctrine, and
you have thought of sending me, Christopher Columbus,
to said regions of India to see the said princes and
peoples of those lands, and so having expelled all of the
Jews from your kingdom and dominion, the same month
you commanded me to go with a suitable fleet to the said
regions of India.”

24. Conquistadors, c. 1534

25. New Empires
• Portugal
– Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460)
– Bartholomew Dias, 1488,
Cape of Good Hope
• Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
– Francis I and “Adam’s Will”
Portuguese Goa, 1509

26. Portuguese Arriving in Nagasaki

27. Age of Exploration

28. The Columbian Exchange
Old World New World
Wheat Corn
Sugar cane Cocoa
Horses Potatoes
Cattle Pumpkins
Chickens Tomatoes
Smallpox Peanuts
Bubonic Plauge Syphilis

29. Philip II of Spain
(b. 1527, r. 1556-1598)
• Height of Spanish power
• Son of Charles V
• Empire
• Bureaucracy
– Legados
• Foreign policy: Catholic Church
– Council of Trent
Titian, Philip II, c. 1554.

30. Philip II of Spain

31. The Mediterranean, 16th Century

32. Philip’s Wars
• Navy
• Battle of Lepanto (1571)
– Holy/Catholic League (Spain,
Pope, Knights of Malta,
Italian city-states)
– vs. Selim II and the Ottoman
Empire
• The Netherlands
• The Spanish Armada (1588)
– Mary I
(b. 1516, r. 1553-1558)
– Elizabeth I of England
(b. 1533, r. 1588-1603)
– “Protestant Wind”
Battle of Lepanto, Paolo Veronese, c. 1572

33. The Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II

34. Queen Elizabeth’s Armada Portrait