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The Crusades
The document discusses the history of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It began when Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095 to retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks and protect Christian pilgrims. This led to the establishment of Crusader states in the Holy Land. Subsequent crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced challenges from Saladin and failed to achieve lasting control over Jerusalem and the region. The Crusades had lasting religious, political, and economic impacts on relations between Christianity and Islam.
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The Crusades
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- 2. Crusade "If anyone wouldcome after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me will find it.” -- Matthew 16:24-25
- 3. TERMS LIST • East/WestSchism (1054) – Prince’s Crusade – Vicar of Christ – Ecumenical Patriarch • • • • Seljuk Turks Alexius I Urban II Jerusalem – Holy City for Three Religions • First Crusade (1095) – People’s Crusade • • • • Peter the Hermit Infidels Antisemitism Usury • Godfrey of Bullion • Indulgence • • • • • • • • – Crusader Kingdoms Pilgrim Knights Hospitaller Knights Templar Second Crusade Saladin Third Crusade Richard I Fourth Crusade – Sack of Constantinople • Legacies of the Crusades
- 4. The Vicar ofChrist Peter Popes Current Pope Christ Handing the Keys to St Peter Pietro Perugino (1481-82)
- 5. East/West Schism 1054 A.D. RomanCatholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Pope (Bishop of Rome) Patriarch of Constantinople Western Europe Eastern Europe Middle East Papal Supremacy Papal Supremacy Filioque Filioque 1054 – Mutual Excommunication
- 6. Jerusalem Holy to ThreeReligions
- 8. The First Crusade 1096-1099 •Byzantine Request for Assistance • Pope Urban II – Called First Crusade (1095) • “God wills it!”
- 9. The First Crusade 1096-1099 •Mission: – Capture Jerusalem – Make it safe for pilgrims • Urban II (Pope) – Speech @ Council of Clermont • Godfrey of Bouillon – Sold Lands to raise army • SUCCESS • Crusader Kingdoms established
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- 11. Godfrey of Bouillon “Defenderof the Holy Sepulcher” • Refused Royal Title – Later Christian Rulers of Jerusalem accepted the title of King.
- 12. Crusader Kingdoms (in shades ofgreen) Principality of Antioch County of Edessa Kingdom of Jerusalem County of Tripoli
- 13. Pilgrims • It’s notjust about turkey. • A pilgrim is anyone who makes a religious journey. – It was common for Christians to make pilgrimages to holy sites during the Middle Ages. – e.g., Canterbury Tales
- 14. Pilgrims Pilgrims needed protection onthe long, treacherous road to the Holy Land.
- 15. Military Orders Christian: • KnightsHospitaller • Knights Templar • Teutonic Knights Islamic: • Nizari (Hashashin)
- 16. Knights Hospitaller Order ofSt. John Power Base: Antioch MOTTO: TUITIO FIDEI ET OBSEQUIUM PAUPERUM Defense of the Faith and Service to the Poor Managed hospitals for pilgrims Armed Escort for Pilgrims Protectors of Holy Land Crusades, Part 2, 12m
- 17. Knights Templar Poor Fellow-Soldiersof Christ and of the Temple of Solomon Power Base: Jerusalem “Knights of the Temple” Defended Pilgrims Grew Wealthy
- 19. Knights Templar 1307 –Templars proscribed by the Pope Templar Banks
- 20. JIHAD • “Struggle” /“Holy War” • Islam strikes back (12th c.) – Edessa Re-captured
- 21. The Second Crusade 1045-1149 •Mission: – Recapture Edessa • Louis VII – King of France • Success Level: – EPIC FAIL
- 22. Saladin Statue of Saladinin Damascus Nur ad-Din / Saladin 36m
- 23. Saladin • United Muslims •Captured Jerusalem (1187)
- 24. Hashashin • Nizari (ShiaSect) • “Assassins” • Nickname applied by Sunni enemies Crusades video, Part 2, 42 mins
- 25. The Third Crusade 1189-1192 •Mission: Recapture Jerusalem • Richard I (the Lionheart) – King of England • Recaptured Acre • Failed to recapture Jerusalem, but Richard defeated Saladin in battle Compare to First Crusade Map Third Crusade Map
- 26. The Fourth Crusade 1202-1204 •Mission: – Invade Jerusalem through Egypt – Venetian Ships • EPIC FAIL • Sack of Constantinople
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- 28. Legacies of theCrusades • • • • • Increased Power of Kings and the Papacy Reopening of East/West Trade Rise of Italian City-States Permanent Decline of the Byzantine Empire Strained Christian/Jewish and Christian/Muslim relations • Cemented East/West split of the Christian Church