The document discusses the history of the Crusades between the 11th and 13th centuries. It began when Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in 1095 to retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks and protect Christian pilgrims. This led to the establishment of Crusader states in the Holy Land. Subsequent crusades aimed to defend or retake lands but faced challenges from Saladin and failed to achieve lasting control over Jerusalem and the region. The Crusades had lasting religious, political, and economic impacts on relations between Christianity and Islam.

1. The Crusades

2. Crusade
"If anyone would come
after me, he must deny
himself and take up his
cross and follow me. For
whoever wants to save
his life will lose it, but
whoever loses his life for
me will find it.”
-- Matthew 16:24-25

3. TERMS LIST
• East/West Schism (1054)
– Prince’s Crusade
– Vicar of Christ
– Ecumenical Patriarch
•
•
•
•
Seljuk Turks
Alexius I
Urban II
Jerusalem
– Holy City for Three Religions
• First Crusade (1095)
– People’s Crusade
•
•
•
•
Peter the Hermit
Infidels
Antisemitism
Usury
• Godfrey of Bullion
• Indulgence
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
– Crusader Kingdoms
Pilgrim
Knights Hospitaller
Knights Templar
Second Crusade
Saladin
Third Crusade
Richard I
Fourth Crusade
– Sack of Constantinople
• Legacies of the Crusades

4. The Vicar of Christ
Peter
Popes
Current
Pope
Christ Handing the Keys to St Peter
Pietro Perugino (1481-82)

5. East/West Schism
1054 A.D.
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Pope (Bishop of Rome)
Patriarch
of Constantinople
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
Middle East
Papal Supremacy
Papal Supremacy
Filioque
Filioque
1054 – Mutual Excommunication

6. Jerusalem
Holy to Three Religions

8. The First Crusade
1096-1099
• Byzantine Request for
Assistance
• Pope Urban II
– Called First Crusade (1095)
• “God wills it!”

9. The First Crusade
1096-1099
• Mission:
– Capture Jerusalem
– Make it safe for pilgrims
• Urban II (Pope)
– Speech @ Council of Clermont
• Godfrey of Bouillon
– Sold Lands to raise army
• SUCCESS
• Crusader Kingdoms established

10. Indulgence
Sins
Crusade

11. Godfrey of Bouillon
“Defender of the Holy Sepulcher”
• Refused Royal Title
– Later Christian Rulers
of Jerusalem
accepted the title of
King.

12. Crusader
Kingdoms
(in shades of green)
Principality of Antioch
County of Edessa
Kingdom of Jerusalem
County of Tripoli

13. Pilgrims
• It’s not just about turkey.
• A pilgrim is anyone who
makes a religious journey.
– It was common for
Christians to make
pilgrimages to holy sites
during the Middle Ages.
– e.g., Canterbury Tales

14. Pilgrims
Pilgrims needed
protection on the
long, treacherous
road to the Holy
Land.

15. Military Orders
Christian:
• Knights Hospitaller
• Knights Templar
• Teutonic Knights
Islamic:
• Nizari (Hashashin)

16. Knights Hospitaller
Order of St. John
Power Base: Antioch
MOTTO:
TUITIO FIDEI ET OBSEQUIUM PAUPERUM
Defense of the Faith and Service to the Poor
Managed hospitals for pilgrims
Armed Escort for Pilgrims
Protectors of Holy Land
Crusades, Part 2, 12m

17. Knights Templar
Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and
of the Temple of Solomon
Power Base: Jerusalem
“Knights of the Temple”
Defended Pilgrims
Grew Wealthy

19. Knights Templar
1307 – Templars proscribed by
the Pope
Templar Banks

20. JIHAD
• “Struggle” / “Holy War”
• Islam strikes back (12th c.)
– Edessa Re-captured

21. The Second Crusade
1045-1149
• Mission:
– Recapture Edessa
• Louis VII
– King of France
• Success Level:
– EPIC FAIL

22. Saladin
Statue of Saladin in Damascus
Nur ad-Din / Saladin 36m

23. Saladin
• United Muslims
• Captured Jerusalem (1187)

24. Hashashin
• Nizari (Shia Sect)
• “Assassins”
• Nickname applied
by Sunni enemies
Crusades video, Part 2, 42 mins

25. The Third Crusade
1189-1192
• Mission:
Recapture Jerusalem
• Richard I (the Lionheart)
– King of England
• Recaptured Acre
• Failed to recapture
Jerusalem, but Richard
defeated Saladin in battle
Compare to First Crusade Map
Third Crusade Map

26. The Fourth Crusade
1202-1204
• Mission:
– Invade Jerusalem
through Egypt
– Venetian Ships
• EPIC FAIL
• Sack of
Constantinople

27. Shroud of Turin

28. Legacies of the Crusades
•
•
•
•
•
Increased Power of Kings and the Papacy
Reopening of East/West Trade
Rise of Italian City-States
Permanent Decline of the Byzantine Empire
Strained Christian/Jewish and Christian/Muslim
relations
• Cemented East/West split of the Christian
Church