Contour farming involves plowing and planting along elevation contours to reduce soil erosion. This creates small ridges that slow water runoff, allowing more time for water absorption and preventing the formation of gullies. Strip cropping alternates strips of close-growing crops like hay or wheat with strips of row crops like corn to slow runoff and provide ground cover between other crops. Mulching involves applying organic material like bark chips or inorganic material like plastic sheeting to the soil surface to conserve moisture, improve soil health and fertility, reduce weeds, and enhance visual appeal.
Soil is one of the most important water storage in nature.
Water content in the soil is very significant parameter of water regime of the country which significantly depends on soil area and quality of soil. Lower acreage of soil and lower soil quality lead to less water content in the country and vice versa.
Human activities (agriculture, forest management, soil sealing) are still important factors of water regimes of land.
Mainly agriculture drives the soil water regime from positive or negative points of view.
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Soil and water conservation engineering, water erosion, types of water erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, coastal erosion
This presentation includes the introduction of soil, soil conservation, importance of soil conservation, problems of soil erosion and different practices to improve soil management,
Tillage operations are broadly grouped into two types based on the time. Depending upon the purpose or necessity, different types of tillage are carried out. They are deep ploughing, subsoiling and year-round tillage.
Watershed Management for Sustainable Development of Rainfed areasAntaraPramanik
Development of watershed is one of the most trusted and eco-friendly approach to manage rainwater and other natural resources, which has paid rich dividends in the rainfed areas and is capable of addressing many natural, social and environmental issues. (Wani et al., 2003).
Over 120 million ha land area has been declared degraded (Maji et al., 2007) in India.
The annual soil loss rate in India is nearly 16.4 t/ha (Mandal and Sharda, 2013).
The loss of sediments caused by soil erosion not only deteriorates the quality of surface water, nearby water bodies, and wetlands but also reduces the productivity of agricultural land (Issaka and Ashraf, 2017).
Watershed technology is suitable to protect and enhance soil fertility, which is deteriorating at an alarming rate with agricultural intensification. A vast range of activities of every day life depends upon adequate supplies of water. For e.g. Agriculture and Industry, power production, inland transportation, sanitation and public health services and so on.
Therefore to provide all these activities construction of watershed and manage is essential.
Fast deterioration of natural resources is one of the key issues, threatening sustainable development of rainfed agriculture as most rainfed regions are facing multifaceted problems of land degradation, water shortage, acute poverty, and escalating population pressure.
Poor watershed management is a major cause of land and water degradation, rural poverty in India.
The management of watershed provides a means to achieve sustainable land and water management.
Improved and appropriate soil and water management practices are most important for sustainable and improved livelihoods in the rainfed areas because other technological interventions such as improved varieties, fertilizers, etc. are generally not so effective where soil is degraded and water is severely limited.
Soil is one of the most important water storage in nature.
Water content in the soil is very significant parameter of water regime of the country which significantly depends on soil area and quality of soil. Lower acreage of soil and lower soil quality lead to less water content in the country and vice versa.
Human activities (agriculture, forest management, soil sealing) are still important factors of water regimes of land.
Mainly agriculture drives the soil water regime from positive or negative points of view.
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Soil and water conservation engineering, water erosion, types of water erosion, splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, gully erosion, stream bank erosion, coastal erosion
This presentation includes the introduction of soil, soil conservation, importance of soil conservation, problems of soil erosion and different practices to improve soil management,
Tillage operations are broadly grouped into two types based on the time. Depending upon the purpose or necessity, different types of tillage are carried out. They are deep ploughing, subsoiling and year-round tillage.
Watershed Management for Sustainable Development of Rainfed areasAntaraPramanik
Development of watershed is one of the most trusted and eco-friendly approach to manage rainwater and other natural resources, which has paid rich dividends in the rainfed areas and is capable of addressing many natural, social and environmental issues. (Wani et al., 2003).
Over 120 million ha land area has been declared degraded (Maji et al., 2007) in India.
The annual soil loss rate in India is nearly 16.4 t/ha (Mandal and Sharda, 2013).
The loss of sediments caused by soil erosion not only deteriorates the quality of surface water, nearby water bodies, and wetlands but also reduces the productivity of agricultural land (Issaka and Ashraf, 2017).
Watershed technology is suitable to protect and enhance soil fertility, which is deteriorating at an alarming rate with agricultural intensification. A vast range of activities of every day life depends upon adequate supplies of water. For e.g. Agriculture and Industry, power production, inland transportation, sanitation and public health services and so on.
Therefore to provide all these activities construction of watershed and manage is essential.
Fast deterioration of natural resources is one of the key issues, threatening sustainable development of rainfed agriculture as most rainfed regions are facing multifaceted problems of land degradation, water shortage, acute poverty, and escalating population pressure.
Poor watershed management is a major cause of land and water degradation, rural poverty in India.
The management of watershed provides a means to achieve sustainable land and water management.
Improved and appropriate soil and water management practices are most important for sustainable and improved livelihoods in the rainfed areas because other technological interventions such as improved varieties, fertilizers, etc. are generally not so effective where soil is degraded and water is severely limited.
The mechanical measures of soil conservation include various engineering techniques and structures which are adopted to supplement the biological methods when the latter alone are not sufficiently effective. These are also called as engineering measures.
Wastelands refer to degraded lands that are currently underutilized, and are deteriorating for lack of appropriate soil & water management or on account of natural causes.
Wastelands develop naturally or due to influence of environment, chemical and physical properties of the soil or management constraints.
The classification scheme adopted for monitoring of wasteland on 1:50,000 scale.
On the other hand, the Wasteland Development Board and some other institutions have considered all those categories of land as wastelands which are not under the use of forest pasture and cultivation.
From the utilization point of view, wastelands are classified as forest wasteland and non-forest wasteland, cultivated wasteland and non-cultivated wasteland .
In the wasteland classification scheme followed by Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development and National Remote Sensing Centre, Indian Space Research Organization, Department of Space, Govt. of India during 2003 for Wastelands Atlas of India 2005, 28 categories of wastelands were identified which have been now brought down to 23 categories in the wasteland classification scheme followed in 2006 for the preparation of Wastelands Atlas of India 2010.
Following thirteen categories of lands were classified under wastelands in India.
Gullied and/or ravenous land
Upland with or without scrub.
Water logged and marshy land.
Land affected by salinity/alkalinity-coastal /inland.
Shifting cultivation area.
Underutilized /degraded notified forest land.
Degraded pastures/grazing land.
Sands-deserted/coastal
Mining-industrial wastelands.
Barren rocky/stony waste/ sheet rocky area.
Steep sloping areas.
Snow covered land/or glacial area.
Degraded land under plantation crops
Bio engineering methods and their control for soil erosionSantosh pathak
integrated technology that uses sound engineering practices in conjuction with ecological principles to: design & construct vegetative living system to prevent erosion,
stabilize shallow areas of soil instability, protect and enhance healthy system. uses live plant materials and flexible engineering techniques to eliminate environmental problems.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Stormwater runoff occurs when precipitation from rain or snowmelt flows over the land surface. Flooding also occurs due to excessive high intensity rainfall over the rate of infiltration of soils. All are natural hazards. Both of these problems are to be solved through water management practices. This module highlights all these aspects.
Engineering methods to control soil erosionSantosh pathak
Engineering methods deal with the physical structures that stops or try to prevent the happening of soil erosion.
Bioengineering is different terms than the civil engineering. Bioengineering uses the plants or trees to prevent the soil erosion whereas civil engineering deals about the construction of dams, walls,terrace etc.
Characteristics of Soil Eroded due to water,Characteristics of Soil Eroded due to wind,Causes- Rain and rainwater runoff,Recreational Activities, Mining,farming ,Management:-
Crop rotation,Terraces,No-till planting
Similar to Wce agronomic water conservation measures (20)
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Contour Ploughing or contour
farming or Contour Bunding
It is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its
elevation contour lines. These contour lines create a water break which reduces the
formation of rills and gullies during times of heavy water run-off; which is a major
cause of soil erosion.
The water break also allows more time for the water to settle into the soil.
In contour ploughing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular rather than
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com14
In contour ploughing, the ruts made by the plow run perpendicular rather than
parallel to slopes, generally resulting in furrows that curve around the land and are
level. This method is also known for preventing tillage erosion. Tillage erosion is the
soil movement and erosion by tilling a given plot of land.
A similar practice is contour bunding where stones are placed around the contours
of slopes. Soil erosion prevention practices such as this can drastically decrease negative
affects associated with soil erosion such as reduced crop productivity, worsened water
quality, lower effective reservoir water levels, flooding, and habitat destruction.
Contour farming is considered an active form of sustainable agriculture.
3. Contour farming or Contour Bunding
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com15
4. Strip Cropping
Strip cropping is a method of farming which
involves cultivating a field partitioned into long,
narrow strips which are alternated in a crop
rotation system.
It is used when a slope is too steep or when there is
no alternative method of preventing soil erosion. The
most common crop closely sown crops such
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com16
most common crop closely sown crops such
as hay, wheat, or other forages which are alternated
with strips of row crops, such
as corn, soybeans, cotton, or sugar beets.
The forages serve primarily as cover crops. In certain
systems, strips in particularly eroded areas are used
to grow permanent protective vegetation; in most
systems, however, all strips are alternated on an
annual basis.
8. Mulching
A mulch is a layer of material applied to the surface of
an area of soil.
Its purpose is any or all of the following: to conserve
moisture, to improve the fertility and health of the soil,
to reduce weed growth and to enhance the visual appeal
of the area
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com20
A mulch is usually but not exclusively organic in nature.
It may be permanent (e.g. plastic sheeting) or temporary
(e.g. bark chips). It may be applied to bare soil, or around
existing plants. Mulches of manure or compost will be
incorporated naturally into the soil by the activity of
worms and other organisms. The process is used both in
commercial crop production and in gardening, and when
applied correctly can dramatically improve soil
productivity
9. Pastures
Pasture lands in the narrow sense are enclosed tracts of farmland, grazed by
domesticated livestock, such as horses, cattle, sheep or swine. The vegetation of tended
pasture, forage, consists mainly of grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and
other forbs (non-grass herbaceous plants). Pasture is typically grazed throughout the
summer, in contrast to meadow which is ungrazed or used for grazing only after
being mown to make hay for animal fodder.
Examples of pasture habitats
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com21
Examples of pasture habitats
Grassland, Heathland, Machair, Moorland, Potrero (landform), Prairie, Rangeland,
Rough pasture, Savanna, Steppe andWood pasture
10. Grazing
Conservation grazing is the use of semi- feral or
domesticated grazing livestock to maintain and
increase the biodiversity of natural or semi-natural
grasslands, heathlands, wood pasture, wetlands and
many other habitats.
Conservation grazing is generally less intensive than
practices such as prescribed burning, but still needs
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com22
practices such as prescribed burning, but still needs
to be managed to ensure that overgrazing does not
occur. The practice has proven to be beneficial in
moderation in restoring and maintaining grassland
and heathland ecosystems.
The optimal level of grazing will depend on the goal
of conservation, and different levels of grazing,
alongside other conservation practices, can be used
to induce the desired results
13. Check dams
A check dam is generally constructed on small streams
and long gullies formed by the erosive activity of
water. The ideally a check dam is located in a narrow
stream with high banks.
A check dam serves many purposes.
It cuts off the runoff velocity and reduces erosive
activity
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com25
activity
The water stored improves soil moisture of the
adjoining areas and allows percolation to recharge the
aquifers
While constructing a series of check dams on along
stream course, the spacing between two check dams
should be beyond their water spread. The height of
the check dam should be such that even during the
highest flood, water does not spill over the banks.
14. Contour Trenches
Contour trenches are used both on hill slopes as well as on degraded and
barren waste lands for soil and moisture conservation and afforestation
purposes.
The trenches break the slope and reduce the velocity of surface runoff. It can be
used in all slopes irrespective of rainfall conditions (i.e. in both high and low
rainfall conditions), varying soil types and depths.
Specifications: Trenches can be continuous or interrupted. The interrupted
one can be in series or staggered, continuous one is used for moisture
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com26
one can be in series or staggered, continuous one is used for moisture
conservation in low rainfall areas and require careful layout. Intermittent
trenches are adopted in high rainfall areas. The trenches are to be constructed
strictly on contours irrespective of the category.
Layout: The size of the trench depends upon the soil's depth. Normally 1,000
sq cm to 2,500 sq cm. in cross section are adopted. The trench may be of 30 cm
base and 30 cm top width and square in cross section or it can be trapezoidal
with side slopes 1:1. Based on the quantum of rainfall to be retained, it is
possible to calculate the size and number of trenches.
15. Contour Trenches
Slope of the land 20 % 45 %
50 % (with soil of
30cm depth )
60 % (with soil of 30cm
depth)
Horizontal interval 7.5m 9m 7.5m 9m
Vertical interval 1.5m 4m 3.75m 5.85m
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com27
16. Bunding
Bunds are small earthen barriers provided in agricultural lands with slopes ranging
from 1 to 6 percent. They control the effective length of slope and thereby reduce the
gain in velocity of runoff flow to avoid gully formations. Bunds are constructed with the
following objectives: To increase the time of concentration of rainwater where it falls and
thereby allowing rainwater to percolate into the soil and converting a long slope into
several ones as to minimize velocity and thereby reducing the erosion by runoff water and
to divert runoff either for water harvesting purposes
Types of bunds
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com28
a) Graded bunds: Graded bunds are constructed in medium to high rainfall area -
having annual rainfall of 600mm and above - and in soils with poor permeability or
those having the crust formation tendency.
b) Contour bunds: Contour bunds are constructed in relatively low rainfall areas-
having annual rainfall of less than 600 mm ; particularly in the areas having light textured
soils. They are essentially meant for storing rainwater received during a period of 24
hours at 10 years recurrence interval. The major considerations are maximum depth of
water to be impounded, design depth of flow over waste weir and desired free board
17. Contour Stone wall
It is constructed with stones across the hill slopes thereby intercepting the
surface runoff.
These terraces help in retarding the soil loss and conserving soil moisture.
Spacing of such stone walls are not rigid.
Spacing ranging from 10 m to 30 m can be adopted depending upon slope of
the terrain.
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com29
the terrain.
For the construction, a shallow trench has to be dug and the stones collected
and packed directly on to the foundation and in the super structure to form the
terrace.
The stones should be properly interlocked. The soil excavated to form the
foundation for the terrace is used for forming a small bund on the upstream side
of the terrace.
Terrace is stabilized by planting suitable vegetation on the bund.
18. Gully control
Gully erosion generally starts as small rills and gradually develop into deeper
crevices. Ravines are a form of extensive gully erosion. Gully erosion not only
damages the land resources but the same time contribute larger amount of
sediment load to river system.
Classification of gullies:
For the purpose of gully control measures gullies are classified based on several
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com30
For the purpose of gully control measures gullies are classified based on several
factors. One method takes into consideration the gully depth and catchment
area.The following table give the classification of gullies:
19. Gully control
Gully plugs are earthen embankments usually constructed for blocking the active and
erosion prone gullies for their stabilisation a) brushwood dams b) loose rock dams c) woven
wire dams
Use locally available vegetative cutting in their construction. In the woven dam a wire mesh
is used to hold the stone in place. All the check dams involving stones are to be adopted in
areas where stones are available easily and in plenty. The rock fill dam and the woven wire
dam are more lasting than the loose rock dam. There are no standard principles of the
design of these structures. These are to be designed and constructed based on the needs and
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com31
design of these structures. These are to be designed and constructed based on the needs and
availability of materials in a given situation.
The overall height of temporary check dams use for this purpose should not be more than
75 cms; an effective height of about 30 cms is satisfactory.
Description Gully depth Catchment area
Small 1m or less 2 ha. Or less
Medium 1 to 5m 2 - 20 ha.
Large Greater than 5m Greater than 20 ha
20. Percolation ponds
A percolation pond, like an irrigation tank, has a structure to impound
rainwater flowing through a watershed, and a wasteweir to dispose of the
surplus flow in excess of the storage capacity of the lake created. The section of
the bund is similar to that of an irrigation tank, except that the cut-off trench is
taken to a depth equal to half the height of the bund. The purpose of the cut-off
in the case of the percolation tank is just to prevent erosion of the downstream
slope of the bund due to piping. The cut-off should be shallow enough to permit
the percolating water to pass downstream into the aquifer. The percolation tank
January 20, 2016rahulpagrawal05@gmail.com32
the percolating water to pass downstream into the aquifer. The percolation tank
bund has a hearting and a casing, and is provided with stone pitching on the
upstream face and turfing on the downstream slope. A masonry waste weir is
also necessary to pass surplus water. Drains are provided under the bund to lead
water percolating into the bund safely downstream. The percolation tanks of
Maharashtra have, on an average, a larger storage capacity than the rapats of
Rajasthan. The storage capacity of percolation pond is around 30 to 60 million
litres