Soil is one of the most important water storage in nature.
Water content in the soil is very significant parameter of water regime of the country which significantly depends on soil area and quality of soil. Lower acreage of soil and lower soil quality lead to less water content in the country and vice versa.
Human activities (agriculture, forest management, soil sealing) are still important factors of water regimes of land.
Mainly agriculture drives the soil water regime from positive or negative points of view.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
In this topic, water which is as much as essential as soil was discussed and we’ll see how the soil, plant and water interact with each other and have a sustainable agricultural knowledge in producing staple food.
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movement
Soil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movementSoil water movement
Conservation agriculture is based on maximizing yield and to achieve a balance of agricultural, economic and environmental benefits.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity
Soil water conservation methods in agricultureVaishali Sharma
This presentation includes introduction as well as all the methods in agriculture either engineering or agronomic measures used in conservation of soil and water against erosion or other deteriorative factors.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationshipvishal shinde
Classes and Availability of Soil Water (Soil Moisture Relationship)
Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided.
Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Soil Moisture tension
The force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soil is known as soil moisture tension and is expressed in terms of atmosphere (atm).
also known as Capillary potential, Capillary tension or force of suction.
Soil moisture tension is inversely proportional to moisture content of a soil of given texture and structure.
measured in the laboratory with the Help of various instruments such as centrifuge, tensiometer etc.
Soil moisture stress
Soil moisture stress is defined as the sum of the soil moisture tension and osmotic pressure of soil solution.
Osmotic pressure is the increase in the force (or tension) caused by the salts present in the soil solution.
The growth of plants is a function of both soil moisture tension as well as the osmotic pressure, and hence is a function of soil moisture stress.
Soil moisture constants
Saturation Capacity: amount of water required to fill all the pore spaces between soil particles by replacing all air held in pore spaces
Field capacity: moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the gravity water
Permeant wilting point: the soil water content at or below which plant roots cannot absorb water any more
Available moisture: difference in water content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Readily available moisture: portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants.
It is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
Moisture equivalent: percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm deep when subjected to centrifugal force 1000 times as greater as gravity, usually for a period of 30 min.
Moisture equivalent = Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 permanent wilting point = 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Soil-Moisture deficiency (Field moisture deficiency): water required to bring the soil moisture content to its field capacity.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
Tillage is the manipulation of soil with tools & implements for loosening the surface crust & bringing about conditions favorable for the germination of seeds and the growth of crops.
soil condition resulting from tillage
good Tilth - soft, friable & properly aerated
crop emergence, establishment, growth and development
easy infiltration of water & are retentive of moisture for satisfactory growth of plants
To prepare the seed bed to a satisfactory level which promotes good germination and establishment of the seedlings
To control weeds and improve close plant-soil interaction in the rooting zone.
To loosen the soil for easy penetration and proliferation
To remove the other sprouting materials in the soil
To modify the soil temperature
To break hard soil pans and improve drainage facilities
To manage the plant residues by incorporating into the soil or to retain on the top layer to reduce erosion.
To improve the physical conditions of the soil
To harvest rain water easily and soil erosion can be minimised.
To establish specific surface configurations for sowing, irrigation, drainage, etc.
To incorporate and mix applied fertilizers and manures into the soil.
To destroy the eggs and larvae of insects and their breeding places.
Classes and availability of soil water | Soil water Relationshipvishal shinde
Classes and Availability of Soil Water (Soil Moisture Relationship)
Gravitational water is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if favourable drainage is provided.
Capillary water is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by molecular attraction.
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water from the atmosphere. This is known as hygroscopic water, and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Soil Moisture tension
The force per unit area that must be exerted in order to extract water from the soil is known as soil moisture tension and is expressed in terms of atmosphere (atm).
also known as Capillary potential, Capillary tension or force of suction.
Soil moisture tension is inversely proportional to moisture content of a soil of given texture and structure.
measured in the laboratory with the Help of various instruments such as centrifuge, tensiometer etc.
Soil moisture stress
Soil moisture stress is defined as the sum of the soil moisture tension and osmotic pressure of soil solution.
Osmotic pressure is the increase in the force (or tension) caused by the salts present in the soil solution.
The growth of plants is a function of both soil moisture tension as well as the osmotic pressure, and hence is a function of soil moisture stress.
Soil moisture constants
Saturation Capacity: amount of water required to fill all the pore spaces between soil particles by replacing all air held in pore spaces
Field capacity: moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the gravity water
Permeant wilting point: the soil water content at or below which plant roots cannot absorb water any more
Available moisture: difference in water content of the soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point
Readily available moisture: portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants.
It is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
Moisture equivalent: percentage of moisture retained in a small sample of wet soil 1 cm deep when subjected to centrifugal force 1000 times as greater as gravity, usually for a period of 30 min.
Moisture equivalent = Field capacity
= 1.8 to 2 permanent wilting point = 2.7 Hygroscopic coefficient
Soil-Moisture deficiency (Field moisture deficiency): water required to bring the soil moisture content to its field capacity.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
Soil Erosion by Sustainable Phytoremediation Process Using Solar IrrigationIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil and land degradation is considered for slope land such as riverbank or stream bank and lands of high forced water runoff and rainfall causes severe soil erosion is the concern of this work. The major cause of runaway unprotected soil particles due to the natural reasons, thus making uneven soil plain surface scan be remedied by tree plantation or vegetation. A precision mirror-amplifier is designed for primarily sensing soil moisture and pH level to provide eventual environmental conditions needed for irrigation and fertilization for plants to grow healthy, which in turn reduces the soil erosion. Another special sensor designed and employed here that can monitor the degradation due to erosion and the system can determine the soil’s critical limits. To design the system in an IC form, VLSI design MAGIC CAD tool is used to complete. Results from PSPICE has confirmed the proper performance of the IC and proved to be very applicable in the environment controlling systems. In this paper, design methods and results are presented for a sustainable cultivation technology to prevent soil erosion at slope land
climatic and soil factors in dryland farming in indian region, you will understand the different variations regarding the dryland farming and you can understand about the dryland techniques.
MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOIL MOISTURE AND GROUNDWATER LEVEL IN A LO...IAEME Publication
Agriculture, which used to be the mainstay of the economy of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, was abandoned because of the discovery of oil in the 1950s. Oil exploration has, however, left a trail of sorrow as a result of environmental pollution. There is now a new awakening in the realization that oil is not a renewable resource an d, hence, effort needs to be diverted to revitalize the agricultural sector. Farmers in this region rely en tirely on rain-fed cropping. Since this area is characterized by distinct dry and wet seasons, cropping activities are scewed towards the wet season, thus resulting in subsistence level of production.
Brick kilns are usually used to manufacture bricks (building blocks) in Bangladesh which have many drawbacks. They pollute the environment by emitting black C to atmosphere. Moreover, fertile topsoil of agricultural lands are usually used for brick making by fixed chimney kilns.
The population of Bangladesh is projected to be double the current 2010 level by 2050. Demand for water will rise with the increasing demand for rice. Winter months, i.e., November to March, are very dry in Bangladesh due to low rainfall whereas about 95% of annual rainfall occurs during April to October.
Iran a west Asian country has made significant advances in science and technology in last decades. Every one need to know the status of Iran so that they can get the real picture.
Bangladesh being a small country in South Asia has inventoried NR database for sustainable agricultural development planning needed to feed the burgeoning population
GPS helps us identify exact location of a place/feature in the globe. Now-a-days we can carry out survey, enter data and process data. GPS is very helpful in soil survey
Bangladesh though a LDC have generated national database on Land and Soil Resources which is mainly used for agricultural development planning and farmers service. SOLARIS and OFRS are two systems dealing with the NR database to generate output needed by academicians, researchers, extentionists and farmers
Soil and land resource is vital NR in Bangladesh. Every inch of it is vital the very existence of 165 million people. The ways and means of maintaining its status is important.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
IPCC Vice Chair Ladislaus Change Central Asia Climate Change Conference 27 Ma...
Soil moisture conservation for drought management in bd
1. Welcome
Conservation of Soil Moisture for Drought Management in Bangladesh
Md. Altaf Hossain, PhD
Principal Scientific Officer
SRDI, Ministry of Agriculture
2/20/2019 1SRDI
2. Soil is one of the most important water storage in nature.
Water content in the soil is very significant parameter of water regime of
the country which significantly depends on soil area and quality of soil.
Lower acreage of soil and lower soil quality lead to less water content in
the country and vice versa.
Human activities (agriculture, forest management, soil sealing) are still
important factors of water regimes of land.
Mainly agriculture drives the soil water regime from positive or negative
points of view.
3. 2/20/2019 3SRDI
The earth has a limited amount of water. That water keeps going around and around and
around and around and (well, you get the idea) in what we call the "Water Cycle".
This cycle is made up of a few main parts:
evaporation (and transpiration)
condensation
precipitation
5. 2/20/2019 5SRDI
Drought is primarily an agricultural phenomenon that refers to conditions where plants face
certain levels of moisture stress that affect both vegetative growth and yield of the crops.
Decrease in rainfall and shortage of surface water and ground water recharge causes
depletion in soil moisture.
Changes in such factors develop due to changes in local, regional and global weather and
climate.
Bangladesh experienced severe drought in the of 1951, 1957, 1961, 1972, 1976, 1979, 1986,
1989 and 1997. Most of these droughts primarily occurred in pre-monsoon and post
monsoon seasons, but in some extreme cases the pre monsoon drought had extended to
the monsoon season due to delayed onset of monsoon rains (CDMP II, 2013).
6. 2/20/2019 6SRDI
Seasons Period Weather Events Rainfall (%)
Summer
(Pre-monsoon)
March-May Nor' western Tornado,
Hail, Cyclone, Heat wave
19
Rainy Season
(Monsoon)
June-September Heavy rain, monsoon
depression, flood
71
Autumn
(Post-monsoon)
October-November Cyclone, Tornado 8
Winter December-February Abnormal dryness
(drought), cold wave
2
Bangladesh Meteorological Department
Seasonal variability of rainfall in Bangladesh
8. 2/20/2019 8SRDI
Agricultural drought dominantly starts when the amount of water in
the soil is at the level of wilting point.
The physical definition of the wilting point is defined as the water
content at -1500 J/kg of suction pressure or negative hydraulic head
(WÖSTEN ET AL. 1999, GIVI ET AL. 2004, PATIL ET AL. 2012).
The soil types with higher total available water are generally more
conducive to high biomass productivity because they can supply
adequate moisture to plants during time when rainfall does not
occur. Sandy soils are more prone to drought and will quickly
(within a few days) be depleted of their available water when
evapotranspiration rates are high.
9. 2/20/2019 9SRDI
Droughts often result in heavy crop damage and livestock losses, disrupt
energy production and hurt ecosystems. They cover wide areas of land and
often affect several neighboring regions or countries simultaneously.
Drought can lead to famines, loss of life, mass migration and conflicts.
Drought can wipe out development gains and accumulated wealth in
developing countries, especially for the poorest. In a number of countries,
drought wiped out significantly more than 5 % of the previous year`s GDP
(GUHA-SAPIR 2004).
10. 2/20/2019 10SRDI
Soil water holding capacity (SWHC) is the portion of water that can be absorbed
by plant roots. Simply, more water saved by soils means better conditions for
nature and people.
SWHC is the amount of water stored, or released between field capacity and the
wilting point water content. The average total soil water content depends on its
textural characteristics mainly as follows: coarse sand 5 %(volume) , fine sand 15
%, loamy sand 17 %, sandy loam 20 %, sandy clay loam 16 %, loam 32 %, silt
loam 35 %, silty clay loam 20 %, clay loam 18 %, silty clay 22%, and peat 50%.
Firstly it depends on the soil use (agriculture, forestry, etc.), on farming systems
(soil tillage, cultivated plants, fertilizing, machines use, etc.) and on use of soil
conservation farming systems (approaches) in agriculture and forestry.
12. 2/20/2019 12SRDI
Soil Moisture
(up to 100 cm)
Average moisture content (mm)
Silt loam Silty Clay loam Silty Clay/Clay
Available moisture 282 205 160
Readily available moisture 185 87 75
SRDI, 1983
Average moisture availability of soils under different textural classes in Ganges
River Floodplain
In silt loam soils short durated early rabi crops may be grown successfully without
irrigation
13. 2/20/2019 13SRDI
Average moisture availability of soils under different textural classes in Barind Tract
Soil Moisture
(up to 100 cm)
Average moisture content (mm)
Silt loam Silty Clay loam Clay loam Clay
Available moisture 240 155 152 165
Readily available moisture 135 60 90 80
SRDI, 1984
In silt loam soils (Kashimpur, Tejgaon) short durated early rabi crops may be
grown successfully without irrigation
14. 2/20/2019 14SRDI
Soil Moisture
(up to 100 cm)
Average moisture content (mm)
Silt loam Silty Clay loam Silty Clay/Clay
Old Brahmaputra Floodplain (AEZ 9)
Available moisture 290 222 169-160
Readily available moisture 135 83 38-30
Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain (AEZ 19)
Available moisture 215 147.5 -
Readily available moisture 85 62.5 -
SRDI, 1986
Average moisture availability of soils under different textural classes in Old
Brahmaputra and Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain
In silt loam soils short durated early rabi crops may be grown successfully without
irrigation
15. 2/20/2019 15SRDI
Available soil moisture (mm), date of 1st stress and wilting point (SRDI, 1985)
Soil series Available
moisture
(up to 100
cm)
Readily
available
moisture
Moisture
available
with stress
Moisture
after
October
Moisture
after
November
Start of
stress
Start of
wilting
point
Amnura 218.0 116.2 101.8 218.0 117.6 06 Dec 12 Jan
Belabo 201.0 115.0 86.0 201.0 100.0 05 Dec 06 Jan
Chandra 175.5 91.7 83.8 175.0 75.1 24 Nov 29 Dec
Charkai 169.0 80.4 88.6 169.0 68.6 21 Nov 25 Dec
Ekdala 175.0 86.8 88.2 175.0 74.6 23 Nov 23 Dec
Gulta 174.0 86.6 87.4 174.0 73.6 23 Nov 27 Dec
Kahalu 165.0 80.0 85.0 165.0 64.6 20 Nov 24 Dec
Lauta 162.0 76.4 85.5 162.0 61.6 20 Nov 23 Dec
Nijhuri 177.0 91.3 85.7 177.0 76.6 24 Nov 28 Dec
Noadda 177.0 92.8 84.2 177.0 76.0 24 Nov 28 Dec
Short durated rabi crops may be grown in Belabo and Amnura series
16. 2/20/2019 16SRDI
Land capability class Area (million ha) Percentage
I. Very good agricultural land 0.19 2
II. Good agricultural land 4.19 34
III. Moderate agricultural land 4.82 39
IV. Poor agricultural land 1.92 16
Source: FAO, 1988
Data revealed that moderately good and good agricultural lands together constitute
the bulk of the land area in Bangladesh.
It is interesting to note that about one-fourth of the agricultural land is of poor quality.
Care will be needed to manage these lands otherwise they may turn unproductive.
Quantified data for land and soil properties need to be developed for major crops for
sustainable production, development and conservation of the limited land resources
of the country.
17. 2/20/2019 17SRDI
Conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land
Land use/
Land cover
Area (million hectare) Yearly average change (ha)
1976 2000 2010 1976-2000 2000-2010
Crop Land 9.761450 9.439541 8.751937 -13413 -68760
Forest 1.754917 1.311121 1.434136 -18492 12031
Mangrove 4.52444 4.86791 4.41455 1431 -4534
Aquaculture 0.000582 0.143506 0.175663 5955 3216
Salt Pan 0.011789 0.024306 36022 522 1172
Rural
Settlement
0.885637 1.458031 1.766123 23850 30809
Urban +
Industry
0.026799 0.047495 0.087616 862 4012
Land loss from crop agriculture at the rate of 0.73% per annum; per capita land being0.052ha
SRDI, 2013
20. 2/20/2019 20SRDI
Techniques of Soil Moisture Conservation
The main objective of soil moisture conservation is to minimize the amount of water
lost from the soils through evaporation (water loss directly from the soil) and
transpiration (water loss occurring through the plants) – or combined, the
evapotranspiration.
Preserving soil moisture is important means to maintain the necessary water for
agricultural production, and also helps minimize irrigation needs of the crops. This is
especially important in areas where rainwater and/or groundwater resources for
irrigation are scarce or decreasing due to climate change or other causes.
There is a variety of methods that can be used to conserve soil moisture. Most of
these are relatively low cost and complexity approaches, primarily relying on the
presence of required materials and local technical capacity. Many of the methods
rely on providing some kind of cover for the soil to minimize evapotranspiration and
direct soil exposure to heat and sun. Generally, most methods used for soil quality
improvement and conservation, will also yield benefits to soil moisture
conservation.
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Spreading manure or compost over the soil – this minimizes evapotranspiration
and also provides valuable nutrients to the soil through processes of
decomposition
Crop rotation – growing different types of crops every season helps improve soil
structure and thus water holding capacity.
Examples include rotating deep-rooted and shallow rooted crops that make use
of previously unused soil moisture, as plants draw water from different depth
levels within the soil. Crop rotation may also improve soil fertility and help
control pests and diseases.
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Reduced tillage refers to any conservation system that minimizes the total
number of tillage primary and secondary operations for seed planting from that
normally used on field under conventional tillage (FAO 2015).
It is also called minimum tillage because it reduces the use of tillage to minimum
enough to meet the requirements of crop growth.
Reduced tillage is a conservation management strategy that leaves at least 30%
residue cover to minimize surface runoff and soil erosion, improve soil functions,
and sustain crop production.
These systems reduce surface runoff and soil erosion and improve or maintain crop
yields compared to conventional systems.
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Mulch tillage is a practice where at least 30% of the soil surface remains covered with
crop residues after tillage.
Tillage under this system is performed in a way that leaves or maintains crop residues
on the soil surface. Mulch tillage is an extension of reduced tillage and is also called
mulch farming or stubble mulch tillage.
The soil under mulch tillage is often tilled with chisel and disk plough instead of
mouldboard ploughs, and thus it minimizes soil inversion. The choice of implement for
mulch tillage is specific to each soil and management.
One of the advantages of mulch tillage over no-till is that it can control weeds better.
Soil erosion in mulch tillage is commonly lower compared to that in conventional tillage.
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Ridge tillage is a system in which 15- to 20-cm high permanent ridges are formed
by tillage during the second cultivation or after harvest in preparation for the
following year’s crop.
The ridges are maintained and annually re-formed for growing crops. Crops are
planted on the ridge tops, a practice known as ridge planting.
This system is designed to reduce costs of tillage, improve crop yields, and reduce
losses of surface runoff and soil. Ridge tillage can reduce soil erosion by as much
as 50% as compared to conventional tillage (GAYNOR AND FINDLAY 1995).
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Organic farming is an agricultural system where no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides are
used to produce food and fiber in contrast to chemically-based conventional farming
systems.
It is also called biological or biodynamical agriculture because it improves soil biology,
enhances soil’s natural fertility, and promotes plant biodiversity.
It is a system that comprises a host of environmentally friendly agricultural practices to
sustain crop production.
Organic fertilization to add nutrients and mechanical and biological practices to control
pests are two key exclusive components of organic farming (REGANOLD ET AL. 1987).
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No. Agro-Ecological Region Dominant Land Type Low Water Consuming Cropping Pattern Total Water Use (Mm)
1 Old Himalayan Piedmont Plain
Highland
Medium Highland
Wheat-T. Aus-Fallow
Wheat-T. Aus-T. Aman
1,090
1,390
2 Active Tista Floodplain Medium Highland Wheat-T. Aus-T. Aman 1,390
3 Tista Meander Floodplain
Highland
Medium Highland
Wheat-T. Aus-Fallow
Wheat-T. Aus-T. Aman
1,090
1,390
4 Karatoya-Bangali Floodplain Medium Highland Wheat-B. Aus-T. Aman 740
5 Lower Atrai Basin Lowland Boro-Fallow-Fallow 1,200
6 Lower Purnabhaba Floodplain Lowland Boro-Fallow-Fallow 1,200
7
Active Brahmaputra-Jamuna
Floodplain
Medium Lowland Boro-Fallow-Fallow 1,200
8
Young Brahmaputra and Jamuna
Floodplain
Medium Highland
Potato-T. Aus-Fallow
Blackgram/Boro-T. Aus-Fallow
1,280
9 Old Brahmapura Floodplain Medium Highland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman 1,500
10 Active Ganges Floodplain Medium Highland Blackgram/Wheat-B. Aus-Fallow 350
11 High Ganges River Floodplain
Highland
Medium Highland
Wheat-T. Aus-Fallow
Wheat-T. Aus-T. Aman
1,090
1,290
12 Low Ganges River Floodplain Medium Highland
Pulses(Chickpea/Grasspea)-B. Aus-T.
Aman
1,060
13 Ganges Tidal Floodplain Medium Highland
Onion/Water melon/Mungbean/Cow
pea/Chilli-Fallow-T. Aman
400-600
14 Gopalgonj-Khulna Bils Medium Lowland Boro-Fallow-Fallow 1,200
15 Arial Bil Lowland Boro-Fallow-Fallow 1,200
16 Middle Meghna River Floodplain Medium Lowland Boro(Local)-Fallow-Fallow 1,000
17 Lower Meghna River Floodplain
Medium Highland
Medium Lowland
Boro-T. Aus-T. Aman
Boro-Fallow-T. Aman
2,250
1,500
18
Young Meghna Estuarine
Floodplain
Medium Highland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman (LIV) 1,200
19 Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain Medium Lowland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman 1,500
20
Eastern Surma-Kushiyara
Floodplain
Lowland Boro-T. Aus (LIV)-T. Aman 2,200
21 Sylhet Basin Medium Lowland Boro-Fallow-Fallow 1,200
22
Northern and Eastern Piedmont
Plain
- - -
23 Chittagong Coastal Plain Medium Highland Fallow-T. Aus-T. Aman 1,050
24 St. Martin Coral Island - - -
25 Level Barind Tract Medium Highland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman 1,500
26 High Barind Tract Highland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman 1,500
27 Northern-Eastern Barind Tract Medium Highland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman 1,500
28 Madhupur Tract Medium Highland Boro-Fallow-T. Aman 1,500
29 Northern and Eastern Hills Highland Vegetables-T. Aus-T. Aman 1,350
30 Akhaura Terrace - - -
Low water consuming cropping patterns for different agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh (Iqubal et. el. 2008)
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Increase in soil moisture storage capacity with
increase in soil organic carbon in 10 years tillage and
crop rotation study (Al-Kaisi et al., 2014)
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Farm Level Adaptation Options for Drought Management
Adoption of varieties and species of crops with increased resistance to heat stress,
shock and drought.
Probable change from boro to wheat/maize or other less water requiring crop
cultivation to reduce the demand of water during cultivation period.
In case of seasonal shift of monsoon, consequent shift in planting date.
Modification of crop calendars e.g. timing or location of cropping activities
according to water stress (with due consideration of livelihood adaptation)
Mulching
Top soil tillage (to avoid crack of topsoil)
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Maintain data base at farm level by collecting yield data for different cultivars at
different region considering weather and soil sensitivity.
Developing climate resilient cropping patterns suited to different regions In case of
seasonal shift of monsoon, consequent shift in planting date.
Field level trials of the climate resilient cropping patterns and associated water
management systems.
31. Keeping Grower Shadow in the Field
Know the soil moisture condition using finger
feel method (dig-look-judge-respond):
• Dig- to see the soil below the field surface ( a
soil auger works well)
• Look- what is seen when looking at the soil?
• Judge- is the soil moisture sufficient?
• Respond- make appropriate changes to the
irrigation schedule
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Know your Conditions
Know the soil: How many mm of water can be stored in the soil? Does the soil had a
hardpan layer that restricts root growth?
Know the crop: what is the crop rooting depth? What is the drought tolerance of the
crop? Does the crop have any critical moisture requirement times?
Know the water supply: storage, surface or groundwater?
Know the irrigation system: is your irrigation system operating efficiently?
Know the cropping systems: consider a combination of annuals and perennials that
will reduce water demand, and reduce risk of major crop loss.
Fertilizer use and Weed control
Plan fertilizer program based on expected yields under drought condition
Weed control is even more important as weeds often use moisture before crop
requirements are met
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Available soil moisture
remaining
Feel or appearance of soil
Light texture Medium texture Heavy texture
0 to 25 percent Dry, loose, flows through
fingers.
Powdery dry, sometimes
slightly crusted but easily
broken down into
powdery condition.
Hard, baked, cracked,
some times has loose
crumbs on surface.
25 to 50 percent Appears to be dry, will
not form a ball.* from
pressure.
Somewhat crumbly but
holds together
Somewhat pliable, will
ball under pressure.*
50 to 75 percent Tends to ball under
pressure, but seldom
holds together. slick
slightly with pressure.
Forms a ball somewhat
plastic, will sometimes
Forms a ball, ribbons out
between thumb and
forefinger.
75 percent to field
capacity
Forms weak ball, breaks Forms a ball, is very
pliable,
Easily ribbons out
between
easily, will not slick. in
clay.
slicks readily if relatively
high
fingers, has slick feeling.
At field capacity (100
percent)
Upon squeezing, no free
water appears on soil,
but wet outline of ball is
left on hand.
Upon squeezing, no free
water appears on soil,
but wet outline of ball is
left on hand.
Upon squeezing, no free
water appears on soil,
but wet outline of ball is
left on hand.
Saturated Water appears on ball
and hand.
Water appears on ball
and hand.
Water appears on ball
and hand.