The document discusses various practices for soil moisture conservation in dryland farming areas. It describes 17 techniques including conservation tillage, mulching, crop rotation, green manuring, deep tillage, compartmental bunding, retention ditches, contour farming, stone lines, planting pits, and semi-circular bunds. These techniques aim to increase water infiltration and retention in soil by reducing runoff, impounding surface water, and modifying land configurations to harvest rainfall where it falls. Properly conserving soil moisture through these methods can help ensure sustainable agricultural production in dry regions with limited water availability.
These slides are all about Plant density and Crop geometry. According to the definitions and their importance. Also, the factors affecting plant density.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
These slides are all about Plant density and Crop geometry. According to the definitions and their importance. Also, the factors affecting plant density.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Management Practices for Improving Water Use Efficiency.pptxanju bala
Water use efficiency
Production (of crops) per unit of water applied.
Expressed in kg/ha-mm.
Two distinct terms are used in expressing water use efficiency:
Crop water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the amount of water depleted by the crop in the process of evapotranspiration (ET).
Crop WUE = Y/ET
Field water use efficiency: It is the ratio of crop yield (Y) to the total amount of water used in the field (WR), which include ET, deep percolation and that used in plant metabolic processes.
Field WUE = Y/WR
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Scope Of Vegetable Seed Production Under Protected Cultivation.pptxAnusha K R
Protected cultivation provides many-fold advantages over open field seed production of vegetables. The beauty of vegetable hybrid seed production under protected conditions is that it could be implemented at a micro or macro level depending upon the need, space, and seed crop requirements. This technology is highly productive, amenable to automation, conserves water, fertilizer, and land, and provides the required environment to overcome the biotic and abiotic stress and enhance yield as well as the quality of seeds. Protected cultivation offers a very congenial environment for producing healthy, virus-free, and genetically pure hybrid seed with higher seed yield per unit area.
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
This ppt is about the distribution of wasteland and problem soils. Those lands are wastelands which are ecologically unstable,
whose topsoil has nearly been completely lost, and
which have developed toxicity in the root zones or growth of most plants, both annual crops and trees”.
describes the irrigation and irrigation requirements of different crops. this ppt also describes about different methods to measure the soil moisture availability.
Conservation agriculture useful for meeting future food demands and also contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Conservation agriculture helps to minimizing the negative environmental effect and equally important to increased income to help the livelihood of those employed in agril. Production.
Introduction of conservation technologies (CT) was an important break through for sustaining productivity, It seeks to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of natural resources through integrated management of soil, water, crops and other biological resources in combination with selected external inputs.
Scope Of Vegetable Seed Production Under Protected Cultivation.pptxAnusha K R
Protected cultivation provides many-fold advantages over open field seed production of vegetables. The beauty of vegetable hybrid seed production under protected conditions is that it could be implemented at a micro or macro level depending upon the need, space, and seed crop requirements. This technology is highly productive, amenable to automation, conserves water, fertilizer, and land, and provides the required environment to overcome the biotic and abiotic stress and enhance yield as well as the quality of seeds. Protected cultivation offers a very congenial environment for producing healthy, virus-free, and genetically pure hybrid seed with higher seed yield per unit area.
Soil conservation is the preventing of soil loss from erosion or reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination.
Water harvesting techniques for arid and semi arid regionsUbaidAbdulKhaliq
Arid regions are known for prolong drought periods, leading to water scarcity. Some water harvesting techniques can be applied to ensure water availability during drought periods.
Watershed Management for Sustainable Development of Rainfed areasAntaraPramanik
Development of watershed is one of the most trusted and eco-friendly approach to manage rainwater and other natural resources, which has paid rich dividends in the rainfed areas and is capable of addressing many natural, social and environmental issues. (Wani et al., 2003).
Over 120 million ha land area has been declared degraded (Maji et al., 2007) in India.
The annual soil loss rate in India is nearly 16.4 t/ha (Mandal and Sharda, 2013).
The loss of sediments caused by soil erosion not only deteriorates the quality of surface water, nearby water bodies, and wetlands but also reduces the productivity of agricultural land (Issaka and Ashraf, 2017).
Watershed technology is suitable to protect and enhance soil fertility, which is deteriorating at an alarming rate with agricultural intensification. A vast range of activities of every day life depends upon adequate supplies of water. For e.g. Agriculture and Industry, power production, inland transportation, sanitation and public health services and so on.
Therefore to provide all these activities construction of watershed and manage is essential.
Fast deterioration of natural resources is one of the key issues, threatening sustainable development of rainfed agriculture as most rainfed regions are facing multifaceted problems of land degradation, water shortage, acute poverty, and escalating population pressure.
Poor watershed management is a major cause of land and water degradation, rural poverty in India.
The management of watershed provides a means to achieve sustainable land and water management.
Improved and appropriate soil and water management practices are most important for sustainable and improved livelihoods in the rainfed areas because other technological interventions such as improved varieties, fertilizers, etc. are generally not so effective where soil is degraded and water is severely limited.
In this PPT you will learn about the watershed management of different crops, it types, objectives, different factors,its advantages and its dis-advantages and its sailent features etc.,..
so use it effecctively and efficiently.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. INTRODUCTION
•Soil and water are two important
naturalresources and the basic
needs for agricultural production
•Agricultural production to feed
the increasing production is only
possible if there issufficient
fertile land and water available
for farming
3. INTRODUCTION
The total geographical area of Pakistan
is 79.61 million hectares of which only 25
%or 19.82 million hectares are currently
under cultivation
That’s why soil and water should be
given first priority from the conservation
point of view and appropriate methods
should be used to ensure their
sustainability and future use
4. • Earlier efforts for moisture
conservation were concentrated
upon construction of various types
of bunds across the land slope to
control erosion and conserve soil.
• All the water erosion control measures
however, led toaccumulation of water
against the structures rather than its
proper and uniform distribution in the
interterraced area and at times led to
reduction in crop yields.
5. 1. Conservation Tillage
• Conservation tillage reducing or, in
extreme cases,completely eliminating
the tillage tomaintain healthy soil
organic levels which increases the soils
capacity to absorb and retain water.
• Conservation tillage is a specific type of
such approach where crop residue is left
on the soil to reduce evapo-
transpiration, and protect soil surface
from wind, sun and heavy rain impacts
6.
7. 2. Mulching
• Mulch is a layer of organic or
inorganic material that is placed on
the root zone of the plants.
• Examples of mulch materials include
straw, wood chips, peat.
• Inorganic mulch in form of plastic
sheeting is also used.
• Mulching is most suited for low to
medium rainfall areas, and less suited
for areaswith very wet conditions.
8.
9. 3. Crop Rotation
• Crop rotation is growing different types of
crops every season helps improve soil
structure and thus water holding capacity.
• Examples include rotating deep-rooted and
shallow rooted crops that make use of
previously unused soil moisture, as plants
draw water from different depth levels within
the soil.
• Crop rotation may also improve soil fertility
andhelp control pests and diseases.
10.
11. 4. Green manuring:
• Green manuring is growing of
plant materials with the sole
purpose of adding to the soil for
improved organic matter and
nutrients.
• The improved soil quality then also
improves water retention capacity
12.
13. 5. Deep Tillage
It is suited for some areas and
soils.
Deep tillage can help increase
porosity and permeability of the
soil to increase its water
absorption capacity
14.
15. 6. Compartmental bunding:
• It means the entire field is
divided into small
compartments with pre-
determined size to retain the
rainwater where it falls and
arrest soil erosion.
• The compartmental bunds are
formed using bund former.
16. CONT…
• The size of the bunds depends
upon the slope of the land
compartmental bunds provide
more opportunity time for
water to infiltrate into the soil
and help in conserving soil
moisture.
17.
18. Advantages of compartmental
bunding
• Conserves moisture Suitable for
lesser rainfall areas Reduces the
formation of cracks
• It can be formed while ploughing
itself or before early sowing.
19. 7. RETENTION DITCHES
Retention ditches are large ditches, designed
to catch and retain all incoming runoff and
hold it until it infiltrated into the ground.
They are sometimes also called infiltration
ditches.
In semi-arid areas retention ditches are
commonly used for trapping rainwater and
for growing crops that have high water
requirements, such as bananas.
These crops can be planted in the ditch and
thereby get increased supply of moisture.
20. 8. CONTOUR FARMING
Contour farming means that field activities such as
ploughing, furrowing and planting are carried out
along contours, and not up and down the slope.
The purpose is to prevent surface runoff downslope
and encourage infiltration of water into the soil.
Structures and plants are established along the
contour lines following the configuration on the
ground.
Contour farming may involve construction of soil
traps, bench terraces or bunds, or the establishment
of hedgerows.
21. 9. STONE LINES
Stone lines along the contour is a popular
technology in dry stony areas.
Since the lines are permeable they do not
pond runoff water, but slow down the
speed, filter it, and spread the water over
the field, thus enhancing water infiltration
and reducing soil erosion.
The lines are constructed by making a
shallow foundation trench along the
contour.
22. 10. PLANTING PITS
Planting pits are the simplest form of water harvesting.
They have proved especially successful for growing
sorghum and millet in areas with minimal rainfall amounts.
Small holes are dug at a spacing of about 1 m.
During rainstorms the planting pits catch runoff and
concentrate it around the growing plant.
Crops are planted in the pits and thereby benefit from the
increased moisture availability in the pits.
Planting pits have proven successful in areas with annual
rainfall of 200-750 mm.
They are particularly useful for rehabilitate barren, crusted
soils and clay slopes, where infiltration is limited and tillage
is difficult.
23. 11. SEMI-CIRCULAR BUNDS
Semi-circular bunds are earth bunds in the shape
of a semi-circle with the tip of the bunds on the
contour.
The size of the bunds varies, from small structures
with a radius of 2 m to very large structures with
a radius of 30 m.
They are often used to harvest water for fruit
trees and are especially useful for seedlings.
Semi-circular bunds are suitable on gentle slopes
(normally below 2%) in areas with annual rainfall
of 200-750 mm.
24. Other soil moisture conservation
techniques
12. Mixed cropping
13. Inter-planting
14. Contour plantation
15. Strip cropping.
16. Rainwater harvesting to
minimize runoff and collect water
for use on site.
17. Spreading manure or compost
over the soil
25. • The principle behind the
recommendation of different
practices is to increase the
infiltration by reducing the rate
of runoff, temporarily
• Impounding the water on the
surface of the soil to increase
the opportunity time for
infiltration and modifying the
land configuration for inter plot
water harvesting.
26. References:
Agriiinfo, 2015: Soil And Water Conservation Methods -
Management Practices
FAO, 2003: Conservation Agriculture for Soil Moisture, Briefing
Notes - Production Systems Management
Hudson, N.W., 1987: Soil and Water Conservation in Semi-Arid
Areas, Issue 57, Volume 57 of Fao Soils Bulletin, Soil and water
conservation in semi-arid areas, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, 1987
Nova Scotia Federation of Agriculture (NSCA), 2011: Soil
Moisture Conservation Factsheet
https://www.share4dev.info/kb/documents/1950.pdf