This document covers the nature of waves and light. It discusses how waves transfer energy through a medium and how the speed of waves depends on the properties of the medium. It also explains that light is a form of electromagnetic radiation and describes the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. The document provides information on reflection, refraction, and diffraction of light waves.
Sound and light by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document provides an overview of sound and light as topics in an environmental physics lecture. It discusses waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of light like reflection and refraction, how the eye sees color, and uses of light like in optical instruments. Examples of concepts covered include transverse waves, primary and complementary colors, reflection and refraction vocabulary, ray tracing through lenses, diffraction gratings, and state science standards.
This document discusses how night vision technology works. It describes two main methods: 1) image enhancement, which amplifies existing light through an image intensifier tube, and 2) thermal imaging, which detects infrared radiation emitted as heat from objects. Image enhancement devices multiply electrons from light using a microchannel plate, resulting in a visible light image. Thermal imaging captures upper infrared radiation to produce images based on objects' heat signatures. Night vision allows vision in dark conditions through detection of light outside the visible spectrum.
This document provides a guide to proper lighting for living walls. It discusses the importance of light for plant growth and health. The key points covered include:
- Photosynthesis depends on blue and red light absorption, so light quality is important. Lux and foot-candle measurements do not fully reflect this.
- Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and Daily Light Integral (DLI) better measure effective light levels for plants. Most tropical plants need a DLI of at least 4-8.
- Different light bulb types provide varying spectra of light. LEDs and metal-halide lamps often provide a good balance of blue and red wavelengths for plants.
- Proper light intensity,
Task -Ambient lighting provides energy saving but space surrounding the users is dim and unpleasant. This study research into the proposal of an additional Surround Layer of light. It examined illumination requirements, dimensionality and appearance of the space by the use of Vector/Scalar and Task/Vertical Illumination Ratios. They were evaluated under several illuminance requirements, Task-Surround combinations and Surround Light source sizes. The results showed that by adding a Surround Light Layer, visual quality of space surrounding the users can be enhanced and energy savings can be achieved.
Presented by: Peter Ngai
VP, Innovation, Acuity Brands Lighting
Troubleshooting, Designing, & Installing Digital & Analog Closed Circuit TV S...Living Online
The document discusses light and optics, comparing the human eye to a camera. It explains that both have lenses that focus light and sensors (retina for the eye, sensor for the camera) that capture images. However, the eye can automatically focus on objects at different distances, while cameras require manual focus adjustment. It also notes that the eye has a blind spot, but we see a continuous image because information from both eyes is combined in the brain.
The document discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). It explains that LEDs use a semiconductor diode to emit narrow-spectrum light instead of a filament. The wavelength and color of light depends on the composition of the semiconducting material. An LED consists of a doped semiconductor chip that creates a p-n junction, allowing current to flow easily from p-side to n-side. Common uses of LEDs include status indicators, traffic lights, and flashlights. LEDs have advantages over incandescent lights like longer lifespan, lower energy use, and availability in many colors. Potential future uses include home and vehicle lighting as LED technology continues to improve.
LED lighting uses less energy and saves money compared to traditional lighting sources. LEDs produce light through electroluminescence, emitting photons when electrons and holes recombine within the semiconductor material. LED lights have long lifespans of over 50,000 hours and provide flexibility through various color temperatures and control options. LED lighting is more efficient and environmentally friendly than incandescent, fluorescent, or halogen lighting.
Sound and light by Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
This document provides an overview of sound and light as topics in an environmental physics lecture. It discusses waves, the electromagnetic spectrum, properties of light like reflection and refraction, how the eye sees color, and uses of light like in optical instruments. Examples of concepts covered include transverse waves, primary and complementary colors, reflection and refraction vocabulary, ray tracing through lenses, diffraction gratings, and state science standards.
This document discusses how night vision technology works. It describes two main methods: 1) image enhancement, which amplifies existing light through an image intensifier tube, and 2) thermal imaging, which detects infrared radiation emitted as heat from objects. Image enhancement devices multiply electrons from light using a microchannel plate, resulting in a visible light image. Thermal imaging captures upper infrared radiation to produce images based on objects' heat signatures. Night vision allows vision in dark conditions through detection of light outside the visible spectrum.
This document provides a guide to proper lighting for living walls. It discusses the importance of light for plant growth and health. The key points covered include:
- Photosynthesis depends on blue and red light absorption, so light quality is important. Lux and foot-candle measurements do not fully reflect this.
- Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) and Daily Light Integral (DLI) better measure effective light levels for plants. Most tropical plants need a DLI of at least 4-8.
- Different light bulb types provide varying spectra of light. LEDs and metal-halide lamps often provide a good balance of blue and red wavelengths for plants.
- Proper light intensity,
Task -Ambient lighting provides energy saving but space surrounding the users is dim and unpleasant. This study research into the proposal of an additional Surround Layer of light. It examined illumination requirements, dimensionality and appearance of the space by the use of Vector/Scalar and Task/Vertical Illumination Ratios. They were evaluated under several illuminance requirements, Task-Surround combinations and Surround Light source sizes. The results showed that by adding a Surround Light Layer, visual quality of space surrounding the users can be enhanced and energy savings can be achieved.
Presented by: Peter Ngai
VP, Innovation, Acuity Brands Lighting
Troubleshooting, Designing, & Installing Digital & Analog Closed Circuit TV S...Living Online
The document discusses light and optics, comparing the human eye to a camera. It explains that both have lenses that focus light and sensors (retina for the eye, sensor for the camera) that capture images. However, the eye can automatically focus on objects at different distances, while cameras require manual focus adjustment. It also notes that the eye has a blind spot, but we see a continuous image because information from both eyes is combined in the brain.
The document discusses light emitting diodes (LEDs). It explains that LEDs use a semiconductor diode to emit narrow-spectrum light instead of a filament. The wavelength and color of light depends on the composition of the semiconducting material. An LED consists of a doped semiconductor chip that creates a p-n junction, allowing current to flow easily from p-side to n-side. Common uses of LEDs include status indicators, traffic lights, and flashlights. LEDs have advantages over incandescent lights like longer lifespan, lower energy use, and availability in many colors. Potential future uses include home and vehicle lighting as LED technology continues to improve.
LED lighting uses less energy and saves money compared to traditional lighting sources. LEDs produce light through electroluminescence, emitting photons when electrons and holes recombine within the semiconductor material. LED lights have long lifespans of over 50,000 hours and provide flexibility through various color temperatures and control options. LED lighting is more efficient and environmentally friendly than incandescent, fluorescent, or halogen lighting.
This document discusses light and color science, including color perception, light sources, objects, and visual color management. It covers key topics such as how color is influenced by the light source, object, and observer. Common light sources like daylight, incandescent, fluorescent, and their properties are described. Visual color evaluation limitations and the importance of standardized viewing conditions are also summarized. Instrumental color measurement is introduced as more accurate than visual assessment.
Ellipz Lighting provides lighting solutions using red and green LEDs that are better for human vision and health compared to standard blue LED lights. Their lights have higher color rendering indexes which provide more accurate and pleasing colors. Additionally, red and green LEDs avoid the blue light peaks of other LED lights which are associated with eye damage and conditions like AMD. Ellipz lights also have longer lifetimes than standard LED lights due to their heat management techniques and use of red and green LEDs which experience less lumen depreciation over time. Their lights provide energy savings compared to traditional lighting while improving vision and being safer for human health.
LED lighting uses semiconductors to convert electricity into light more efficiently than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. LEDs last 50,000 hours compared to 1,000 hours for incandescent bulbs, use less energy, and contain no toxins or mercury. While LEDs are more expensive initially, they are advantageous for directional lighting such as in garages, offices, and streets due to their efficiency and longevity.
The document summarizes Ellipz's product portfolio for Q4 2014, including LED tubes, high bay lights, canopy lights, low-bay lights, down lights, panel lights, spotlights, flood lights, and street lights. It provides basic specifications for each product such as power ratings, lumen output, efficacy, CRI, CCT options, beam angles, certifications, and lifetime. It also describes Ellipz's street lighting series which utilize a mesopic light ratio to optimize light for human vision at nighttime compared to traditional street lights.
This document discusses outdoor lighting and the human eye's response to light. It notes that traditional lighting methods are inefficient and consume high energy to produce light. The eye perceives light differently under varying intensities and colors. Traditional lighting standards are based on daylight vision but the eye behaves differently at night, seeing best in the blue-green spectrum. The document introduces Ellipz lighting, which produces light tuned to the eye's night vision through specific LED combinations without phosphors. This allows better vision with less energy by providing optimal spectral composition for indoor and outdoor applications.
Ellipz Lighting Technology is a global lighting company founded in 2005 by two grandsons of the Philips family. They have sold over 5 million LED lighting units to date for indoor and outdoor applications. Ellipz focuses on developing the world's most efficient LED lights through their patented technology of using red and green LEDs to produce white light, rather than blue LEDs with phosphors. This approach provides lighting that is better for human vision and health by reducing blue light exposure compared to standard LED lights.
This project report summarizes Yash Agarwal's lighting design project for Dezyne E'cole College in Ajmer, India. It discusses the psychological effects of lighting and the use of lighting to establish mood. It covers color temperature, bulb types, lighting distributions, and the use of lighting for ambient, task, and accent purposes. The report aims to demonstrate Yash's learning around lighting design and its application to commercial spaces.
The document discusses a class on computational cameras and photography. It provides an overview of topics to be covered in the class including dual photography, synthetic lighting, image-based relighting, and emerging sensors. It also outlines assignments, homework, and potential final project ideas involving novel uses of cameras, illumination, and computational photography techniques.
Crystal Fountains is a globally recognized leader in commercial water features, founded in 1967. It has expanded from one office to locations around the world. There are two main types of lamps used in fountain lighting - incandescent and halogen. Incandescent lamps are inefficient but halogen lamps offer improved efficiency and lifespan through a halogen gas that recycles evaporated tungsten back to the filament. LED lighting systems now provide color-changing capabilities and long lifespan. Proper cable sizing and transformer selection are important for low voltage lighting systems.
The document discusses speedlight basics and flash exposure. It explains that shutter speed does not affect flash exposure, while aperture and flash-to-subject distance do affect exposure. It introduces the concept of guide number, which represents the amount of light output by a flash at a given aperture and flash-to-subject distance. It provides an equation to calculate flash-to-subject distance or aperture based on a flash's guide number. The document also notes that changing the ISO or flash-to-subject distance affects the effective guide number.
Done by Group: ABW_Torch7
School: Amna Bint Wahb Independent School for Girls
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Module: The students study the concept of using dyes to plant dyes to capture the solar energy to convert it into electrical energy simulating the natural process “photosynthesis”. They use the workshop-gained knowledge in DSSC to invent new products.
The project consists of two parts, one of them is improving DSSC (They used curcuma as a test dye for modifying the DSSC) and the other part is an idea about application on the Bicycle.
The document summarizes the history and development of blue LEDs. It discusses how blue LEDs were invented in the early 1990s by Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, which allowed white light to be created in a new way using red, green, and blue LEDs. It then explains how gallium nitride is used to create blue LEDs and describes the circuit diagram and applications of blue LEDs, which include status lights, indicators, and illumination due to their energy efficiency compared to other light sources.
Aashish Jain ,B.Sc-ID+ 2 Year Residential & Commercial Design Diplomadezyneecole
This Project has been Developed by the Student of Dezyne E'cole College Doing His Interior Design Studies Bachelor Degree Programme + 2Yr Residential & Commercial Design Diploma Programme www.dezyneecole.com
The document summarizes activities from a workshop where students learned about different sensors. In Activity 1, students tested a motion detector with different objects to see what it could detect. In Activity 2, students explored different toys that responded to stimuli like sound, motion or pressure. For their final project, the students proposed using an ultraviolet sensor to detect flames and shut off an electrical circuit to prevent electrical fires. The document concludes by thanking the workshop organizers.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on blue LEDs. It discusses the history and development of blue LEDs, highlighting key inventors. It describes the construction and working principles of blue LEDs using gallium nitride semiconductors. The document outlines the major challenges in developing bright blue LEDs and their advantages for applications such as white lighting, displays, and water purification. Blue LEDs were crucial for developing energy efficient and long-lasting white LEDs, earning their inventors the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics.
This document discusses the benefits of LED lighting compared to traditional lighting technologies. It states that the LED lighting market is forecasted to grow significantly by 2012. LED lighting uses less energy and has a much longer lifespan than other options, leading to large energy savings and reduced maintenance costs over time. LED lights also produce less waste and lower carbon emissions, helping the environment. While the upfront costs of LEDs are higher, the document shows through calculations that the savings recoup the higher costs within 3 years, making LED lighting a good investment.
Blue LED as we all know is the discovery of the century. Its applications spans most of our needs in day to day life and it is one of the greatest innovations in the history of mankind for which it was given nobel.
An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when activated by electricity. Blue LEDs were first developed in 1972 but were not bright. The first high-brightness blue LED was created by Nakamura in 1994, paving the way for white LEDs through phosphor coatings. White LEDs are now commonly used and offer advantages over traditional lighting like higher efficiency, longer lifetime, and ability to emit specific colors. However, LEDs also have some disadvantages such as higher initial cost and temperature/voltage sensitivity.
This document contains information about energy, light, magnetism, and electricity. It is divided into four parts. The first part discusses different types of energy sources, distinguishing between renewable sources like solar and wind, and non-renewable sources like coal and oil. The second part covers topics about light, including how it travels, its effects on different materials, and properties like reflection and refraction. The third part defines magnetism and describes what magnets are, different types of magnets, and the poles of a magnet. The fourth part discusses electricity and how the Earth has its own magnetic field that allows compasses to work and is responsible for the northern and southern lights.
This document discusses the history of understanding light and energy. It explains that Max Planck proposed that energy can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete quanta, known as quanta or photons. Albert Einstein built on this idea and proposed that light has particle-like properties as well as wave-like properties. He also established that the energy of a photon is equal to its frequency multiplied by Planck's constant. This helped explain the photoelectric effect, where shining light on certain materials can eject electrons.
This document discusses light and color science, including color perception, light sources, objects, and visual color management. It covers key topics such as how color is influenced by the light source, object, and observer. Common light sources like daylight, incandescent, fluorescent, and their properties are described. Visual color evaluation limitations and the importance of standardized viewing conditions are also summarized. Instrumental color measurement is introduced as more accurate than visual assessment.
Ellipz Lighting provides lighting solutions using red and green LEDs that are better for human vision and health compared to standard blue LED lights. Their lights have higher color rendering indexes which provide more accurate and pleasing colors. Additionally, red and green LEDs avoid the blue light peaks of other LED lights which are associated with eye damage and conditions like AMD. Ellipz lights also have longer lifetimes than standard LED lights due to their heat management techniques and use of red and green LEDs which experience less lumen depreciation over time. Their lights provide energy savings compared to traditional lighting while improving vision and being safer for human health.
LED lighting uses semiconductors to convert electricity into light more efficiently than incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. LEDs last 50,000 hours compared to 1,000 hours for incandescent bulbs, use less energy, and contain no toxins or mercury. While LEDs are more expensive initially, they are advantageous for directional lighting such as in garages, offices, and streets due to their efficiency and longevity.
The document summarizes Ellipz's product portfolio for Q4 2014, including LED tubes, high bay lights, canopy lights, low-bay lights, down lights, panel lights, spotlights, flood lights, and street lights. It provides basic specifications for each product such as power ratings, lumen output, efficacy, CRI, CCT options, beam angles, certifications, and lifetime. It also describes Ellipz's street lighting series which utilize a mesopic light ratio to optimize light for human vision at nighttime compared to traditional street lights.
This document discusses outdoor lighting and the human eye's response to light. It notes that traditional lighting methods are inefficient and consume high energy to produce light. The eye perceives light differently under varying intensities and colors. Traditional lighting standards are based on daylight vision but the eye behaves differently at night, seeing best in the blue-green spectrum. The document introduces Ellipz lighting, which produces light tuned to the eye's night vision through specific LED combinations without phosphors. This allows better vision with less energy by providing optimal spectral composition for indoor and outdoor applications.
Ellipz Lighting Technology is a global lighting company founded in 2005 by two grandsons of the Philips family. They have sold over 5 million LED lighting units to date for indoor and outdoor applications. Ellipz focuses on developing the world's most efficient LED lights through their patented technology of using red and green LEDs to produce white light, rather than blue LEDs with phosphors. This approach provides lighting that is better for human vision and health by reducing blue light exposure compared to standard LED lights.
This project report summarizes Yash Agarwal's lighting design project for Dezyne E'cole College in Ajmer, India. It discusses the psychological effects of lighting and the use of lighting to establish mood. It covers color temperature, bulb types, lighting distributions, and the use of lighting for ambient, task, and accent purposes. The report aims to demonstrate Yash's learning around lighting design and its application to commercial spaces.
The document discusses a class on computational cameras and photography. It provides an overview of topics to be covered in the class including dual photography, synthetic lighting, image-based relighting, and emerging sensors. It also outlines assignments, homework, and potential final project ideas involving novel uses of cameras, illumination, and computational photography techniques.
Crystal Fountains is a globally recognized leader in commercial water features, founded in 1967. It has expanded from one office to locations around the world. There are two main types of lamps used in fountain lighting - incandescent and halogen. Incandescent lamps are inefficient but halogen lamps offer improved efficiency and lifespan through a halogen gas that recycles evaporated tungsten back to the filament. LED lighting systems now provide color-changing capabilities and long lifespan. Proper cable sizing and transformer selection are important for low voltage lighting systems.
The document discusses speedlight basics and flash exposure. It explains that shutter speed does not affect flash exposure, while aperture and flash-to-subject distance do affect exposure. It introduces the concept of guide number, which represents the amount of light output by a flash at a given aperture and flash-to-subject distance. It provides an equation to calculate flash-to-subject distance or aperture based on a flash's guide number. The document also notes that changing the ISO or flash-to-subject distance affects the effective guide number.
Done by Group: ABW_Torch7
School: Amna Bint Wahb Independent School for Girls
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) Module: The students study the concept of using dyes to plant dyes to capture the solar energy to convert it into electrical energy simulating the natural process “photosynthesis”. They use the workshop-gained knowledge in DSSC to invent new products.
The project consists of two parts, one of them is improving DSSC (They used curcuma as a test dye for modifying the DSSC) and the other part is an idea about application on the Bicycle.
The document summarizes the history and development of blue LEDs. It discusses how blue LEDs were invented in the early 1990s by Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura, which allowed white light to be created in a new way using red, green, and blue LEDs. It then explains how gallium nitride is used to create blue LEDs and describes the circuit diagram and applications of blue LEDs, which include status lights, indicators, and illumination due to their energy efficiency compared to other light sources.
Aashish Jain ,B.Sc-ID+ 2 Year Residential & Commercial Design Diplomadezyneecole
This Project has been Developed by the Student of Dezyne E'cole College Doing His Interior Design Studies Bachelor Degree Programme + 2Yr Residential & Commercial Design Diploma Programme www.dezyneecole.com
The document summarizes activities from a workshop where students learned about different sensors. In Activity 1, students tested a motion detector with different objects to see what it could detect. In Activity 2, students explored different toys that responded to stimuli like sound, motion or pressure. For their final project, the students proposed using an ultraviolet sensor to detect flames and shut off an electrical circuit to prevent electrical fires. The document concludes by thanking the workshop organizers.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on blue LEDs. It discusses the history and development of blue LEDs, highlighting key inventors. It describes the construction and working principles of blue LEDs using gallium nitride semiconductors. The document outlines the major challenges in developing bright blue LEDs and their advantages for applications such as white lighting, displays, and water purification. Blue LEDs were crucial for developing energy efficient and long-lasting white LEDs, earning their inventors the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics.
This document discusses the benefits of LED lighting compared to traditional lighting technologies. It states that the LED lighting market is forecasted to grow significantly by 2012. LED lighting uses less energy and has a much longer lifespan than other options, leading to large energy savings and reduced maintenance costs over time. LED lights also produce less waste and lower carbon emissions, helping the environment. While the upfront costs of LEDs are higher, the document shows through calculations that the savings recoup the higher costs within 3 years, making LED lighting a good investment.
Blue LED as we all know is the discovery of the century. Its applications spans most of our needs in day to day life and it is one of the greatest innovations in the history of mankind for which it was given nobel.
An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when activated by electricity. Blue LEDs were first developed in 1972 but were not bright. The first high-brightness blue LED was created by Nakamura in 1994, paving the way for white LEDs through phosphor coatings. White LEDs are now commonly used and offer advantages over traditional lighting like higher efficiency, longer lifetime, and ability to emit specific colors. However, LEDs also have some disadvantages such as higher initial cost and temperature/voltage sensitivity.
This document contains information about energy, light, magnetism, and electricity. It is divided into four parts. The first part discusses different types of energy sources, distinguishing between renewable sources like solar and wind, and non-renewable sources like coal and oil. The second part covers topics about light, including how it travels, its effects on different materials, and properties like reflection and refraction. The third part defines magnetism and describes what magnets are, different types of magnets, and the poles of a magnet. The fourth part discusses electricity and how the Earth has its own magnetic field that allows compasses to work and is responsible for the northern and southern lights.
This document discusses the history of understanding light and energy. It explains that Max Planck proposed that energy can only be emitted or absorbed in discrete quanta, known as quanta or photons. Albert Einstein built on this idea and proposed that light has particle-like properties as well as wave-like properties. He also established that the energy of a photon is equal to its frequency multiplied by Planck's constant. This helped explain the photoelectric effect, where shining light on certain materials can eject electrons.
5th grade chapter 14 section 3 - what is light energyhinsz
The document discusses properties of electromagnetic radiation including light. It explains that light travels in waves at different speeds in different materials and can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed. Shorter wavelengths like ultraviolet, x-rays, and gamma rays have more energy than longer wavelengths like infrared, microwaves, and radio waves. The document also describes how light travels in straight lines and is bent by lenses, forming shadows and rainbows.
This document provides information about heat, light, and sound. It discusses that heat is produced by the movement of atoms and molecules and is transferred from hotter to colder objects. Light allows us to see objects when it bounces off them and enters our eyes. Objects can be transparent, translucent, or opaque depending on how much light they allow to pass through. Sound is vibrations that propagate through a medium like air and are perceived through hearing.
Heat is a form of energy that makes things hot. The sun is a major source of heat for Earth, warming the land, air, and water. Other sources of heat include fires, lamps, stoves, and friction from rubbing hands together. Different materials warm up at different rates when exposed to heat - some parts of the street may get hot faster than others.
This document discusses key concepts relating to heat, light, and sound. It explains that heat is a form of energy transfer between objects due to temperature differences, and can occur through conduction, convection, or radiation. Light is described as a form of electromagnetic radiation that can be reflected, refracted, or absorbed when it interacts with different materials and surfaces. Sound is defined as vibrations that travel in air, liquids, or solids in longitudinal waves, and its characteristics like frequency and pitch are determined by the rate and strength of vibrations. The document also provides an overview of vision and optical phenomena like refraction in the eye and lenses.
1. The document discusses key concepts about light and sound including that light travels in straight lines while sound travels as waves through matter.
2. Key terms are defined such as reflection, refraction, transparent and opaque objects.
3. The document also explores how lenses work, specifically that convex lenses magnify objects while concave lenses make objects appear smaller.
This document discusses key properties of light including reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface, following the law that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another at different speeds. Diffraction causes light to bend around barriers depending on the wavelength and barrier size. Interference results from the interaction of crests and troughs of light waves, producing constructive or destructive interference.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to force and motion, including definitions and formulas. It defines a force as a push or pull and notes they have both size and direction. It explains net forces result from combining multiple forces and discusses balanced and unbalanced forces. Key terms like motion, speed, velocity, acceleration, inertia, and Newton's Three Laws of Motion are defined. Formulas for speed, acceleration, weight, and examples of applications of the three laws are also presented.
Light is an electromagnetic wave that consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and can travel through space. It spreads in straight lines and carries energy. Light sources such as the sun emit light, while objects that do not emit light themselves are called dark bodies. When light hits surfaces, it can be reflected, absorbed, or pass through depending on whether the surface is opaque, translucent, or transparent. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Shadows form when light rays are blocked by an opaque object.
The document defines and describes six main forms of energy: mechanical energy, electrical energy, light energy, thermal energy, sound energy, and mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the energy of movement, including both kinetic and potential energy. Electrical energy is produced when electrons move from one place to another. Light energy travels in waves through empty space. Thermal energy is the energy of moving particles in a substance, also known as heat energy. Sound energy is produced by vibrating objects. The document then asks 20 questions about observing different types of energy.
Electricity and Magnetism - BASIC CONCEPTS
Electricity is the flow of electrons in the form of an electric charge. Static electricity occurs when objects rub against each other and electrons transfer, building up a charge. Charged objects interact - often clothes sticking together after drying due to a transfer of electrons between clothes. Magnets have north and south poles that attract or repel, and the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet. When an electric current passes through a wire, it produces a magnetic field, and an electromagnet is formed when current passes through a coil wrapped around metal. Direct current comes from batteries and supplies a constant flow, while alternating current comes from generators and alternates direction with each revolution
The family was going to the beach on a sunny Saturday morning. Mother packed sandwiches and drinks in a basket. Father said it was time to go and the children were excited to leave. The sun provides light and heat energy. It can dry clothes and warm the air but too much sunlight causes sunburns and eye damage. Shade, hats, sunscreen and sunglasses can protect against too much sun.
The document discusses several key properties of light, including:
- Reflection - Light bounces off surfaces at the same angle it hits.
- Refraction - Light bends as it passes from one medium to another, changing speed. The degree of bending depends on the medium's index of refraction.
- Interference - When two light waves meet, they can constructively or destructively interfere based on how their crests and troughs align.
It explores light's dual nature as both a wave and particle, demonstrated through experiments like Young's double-slit experiment showing light's wave-like interference patterns, and the photoelectric effect showing its particulate properties.
Waves carry energy from one place to another. A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy through a medium, and the speed depends on the properties of the medium. Light is made up of packets of energy called photons that are released when electrons in atoms fall to lower energy levels. Light exhibits properties of both waves and particles. The electromagnetic spectrum includes visible light as well as invisible radiation such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. Reflection and refraction of light can produce real or virtual images using mirrors, lenses, and other optical devices.
1. Waves transfer energy through a medium and can be characterized by their speed, which depends on the properties of the medium.
2. Light is a type of electromagnetic wave that transfers energy through photons. It exhibits properties of both waves and particles and travels at different speeds through various media.
3. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all types of electromagnetic waves including visible light as well as invisible wavelengths such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic waves can be used for communication over large distances. Digital communication has advantages over analogue as digital signals can be transmitted using electromagnetic waves that travel at the speed of light and can carry much more information. However, digital hardware is currently more expensive than analogue. When transmitting signals, the effects of diffraction and reflection must be considered as they can impact signal quality depending on the environment and location of receivers.
Light is an electromagnetic wave that does not require a medium to travel. It consists of changing electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of motion. EM waves are produced by the vibration of electrically charged particles. Light travels at about 300,000,000 m/s through a vacuum. The speed of light can be calculated using the formula: Speed = Distance / Time.
1. The document discusses properties of light including its nature as electromagnetic radiation, its movement as waves, and its interaction with materials through transmission, reflection, absorption, and scattering.
2. Visual functions like visual acuity, dark adaptation, visual fields, and color vision are assessed clinically and their development and measurement are described.
3. Methods for measuring visual acuity both qualitatively and quantitatively are outlined, including grating acuity, Vernier acuity, and various acuity tests appropriate for different populations. Factors that affect acuity measurements like crowding effects are also addressed.
Electron microscopy, M. Sc. Zoology, University of MumbaiRoyston Rogers
The document provides an overview of microscopes including their history, key inventors and developments. It discusses light microscopes and electron microscopes, describing their basic components and working principles. Key points covered include the earliest microscopes in the 13th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek's contributions, the invention of the first electron microscope in 1932, and differences between transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes.
1) Good lighting design is important for creating the right mood and allowing people to perform activities in homes. Lighting must be tailored to the different spaces and uses within a home.
2) Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that makes vision possible. Key factors that affect light include its wavelength, sources like incandescence and luminescence, and how it behaves through reflection, refraction, and interactions with materials.
3) Proper lighting design considers factors like illuminance, luminance, lighting types like general, accent, decorative, and task lighting, and how light impacts vision and psychology within a space. A variety of artificial light sources exist that must be selected appropriately.
Night vision-technology-seminar-report-pdfDivya224
Night vision technology allows one to see in low-light or no-light conditions. Originally developed for military use, it provides strategic advantages and is now used by law enforcement and search and rescue. There are two main types of night vision devices: thermal imaging, which detects infrared light emitted as heat, and image intensification, which amplifies available light including infrared. Modern night vision equipment has evolved from bulky to lightweight and provides clear vision up to 200 yards away on a moonless night.
Electromagnetic waves combine electric and magnetic fields that oscillate perpendicular to each other and travel through space. The electromagnetic spectrum includes many types of waves such as visible light, X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. These different types of electromagnetic waves are distinguished by their varying frequencies and wavelengths. Sound waves are not considered electromagnetic waves.
Light can be described as both a wave and a particle. As a wave, it travels at 300 million meters per second and is characterized by its wavelength and frequency. The different wavelengths of light make up the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio waves to gamma rays. As the frequency increases, so does the energy of the electromagnetic waves. Light also behaves as particles called photons, which are emitted or absorbed in specific wavelengths by electrons in atoms. This allows spectroscopy to be used to determine the composition of different objects by their emission or absorption spectra.
The document discusses different types of microscopes used to view very small objects. It compares light microscopes and electron microscopes. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light to form higher magnification and resolution images. There are two main types - scanning electron microscopes, which view surface features, and transmission electron microscopes, which can view inside thin specimens at up to 500,000x magnification. Electron microscopes require specimens to be prepared differently and have more complex components than light microscopes to generate and control the electron beam.
electromagnetic spectrum and light ppt.pptxKathleenSaldon
This document provides an overview of light and optics. It covers:
1) The electromagnetic spectrum and different types of electromagnetic waves like radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
2) Properties of light including that it travels in straight lines at high speed, and how shadows are formed when light is blocked.
3) Reflection - how light bounces off surfaces at the same angle it hits based on the law of reflection, and the differences between clear and diffuse reflection.
4) Colors - how white light is made up of the visible light spectrum, the primary colors, how objects get their color, and using colored light and
This document provides information on different types of microscopy techniques including bright field, dark field, phase contrast, and polarized light microscopy. It begins with explaining the basics of light and microscopy. It then describes each technique in more detail, including their principles, applications, advantages, and how they are set up optically. Bright field microscopy uses illumination and forms a dark image on a bright background. Dark field uses oblique illumination to see small particles as bright objects on a dark background. Phase contrast converts phase differences into contrast changes to see transparent specimens. Polarized light microscopy uses polarized filters to reveal structural details not otherwise seen.
Night vision-technology-seminar-report-pdfpoovizhi g
Night vision technology allows one to see in low-light or no-light conditions through either thermal imaging or image enhancement. Thermal imaging detects infrared light emitted as heat from objects, while image enhancement collects available light including infrared and amplifies it using an image intensifier tube. Night vision has military and civilian applications and has advanced from Generation 1 to Generation 3 technology, improving light amplification, resolution, and operational lifespan. Key factors that impact night vision usage include textures, light levels, and reduced color detection compared to normal vision.
A laser is a device that generates coherent light through the process of stimulated emission. It works by stimulating electrons in an excited state to drop to a lower energy level, emitting photons of the same wavelength, phase, and direction. There are three main mechanisms of light emission: absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission. Lasers use stimulated emission to produce an intense, focused beam of light. Common laser materials include gases, liquids, and solid-state semiconductors doped with ions like neodymium. Applications include optical storage, printing, medicine, manufacturing, communication, and more.
The document discusses infrared waves and how they are used. It explains that infrared waves have wavelengths between 1 mm and 0.0001 mm, are a form of electromagnetic radiation between microwaves and visible light, and are emitted by all objects as heat. Common uses of infrared waves mentioned include heating and cooking, remote controls, infrared thermometers, and security devices that can detect infrared radiation from bodies. The document also discusses how optical fibers carry light signals using total internal reflection.
The document summarizes the history and types of microscopes. It describes how Antony van Leeuwenhoek invented the first microscope in the 17th century and how modern microscopes work. There are two main types of microscopes - light microscopes, which use visible light and lenses, and electron microscopes, which use electron beams for higher resolution. Light microscopes can be further divided into brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, and fluorescence microscopes. Electron microscopes include SEM and TEM. The document also discusses resolution, staining, and other techniques used in microscopy.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
9. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Visible Spectrum – Light we can see
Roy G. Biv – Acronym for Red,
Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, &
Violet.
Largest to Smallest Wavelength.
12. Short Wavelength Microwave
Invisible Spectrum (Cont.)
Infrared Rays
Def – Light rays with longer
wavelength than red light.
Uses: Cooking, Medicine, T.V.
remote controls
13. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Invisible spectrum (cont.).
Ultraviolet rays.
Def. – EM waves with frequencies
slightly higher than visible light
Uses: food processing & hospitals
to kill germs’ cells
Helps your body use vitamin D.
14. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Invisible Spectrum (Cont.)
X-Rays
Def. - EM waves that are shorter
than UV rays.
Uses: Medicine – Bones absorb x-
rays; soft tissue does not.
Lead absorbs X-rays.
15. Electromagnetic Spectrum
Invisible spectrum (cont.)
Gamma rays
Def. Highest frequency EM
waves; Shortest wavelength.
They come from outer space.
Uses: cancer treatment.
17. LIGHT: Refraction of Light
Refraction – Bending of light due to a
change in speed.
Index of Refraction – Amount by which a
material refracts light.
Prisms – Glass that bends light. Different
frequencies are bent different amounts &
light is broken out into different colors.
29. LIGHT & ITS USES - Reflection
Reflection – Bouncing back of light
waves
Regular reflection – mirrors smooth
surfaces scatter light very little.
Images are clear & exact.
Diffuse reflection – reflected light is
scattered due to an irregular surface.
32. LIGHT & ITS USES:
Reflection Vocabulary
Real Image –
Image is made from “real” light rays
that converge at a real focal point so
the image is REAL
Can be projected onto a screen
because light actually passes through
the point where the image appears
Always inverted
33. LIGHT & ITS USES:
Reflection Vocabulary
Virtual Image–
“Not Real” because it cannot be
projected
Image only seems to be there!
37. LIGHT & ITS USES: Lenses
Convex Lenses
Thicker in the center than edges.
Lens that converges (brings together)
light rays.
Forms real images and virtual images
depending on position of the object
44. LIGHT & USES: Optical Instruments
LASERS
Acronym: Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation
Coherent Light – Waves are in
phase so it is VERY powerful &
VERY intense.
45. LIGHT & USES: Optical Instruments
LASERS
Holography – Use of Lasers to create
3-D images
Fiber Optics – Light energy
transferred through long, flexible
fibers of glass/plastic
Uses – Communications, medicine,
t.v. transmission, data processing.
46. LIGHT & USES: Diffraction
Diffraction – Bending of waves around
the edge of a barrier. New waves are
formed from the original. breaks images
into bands of light & dark and colors.
Refraction – Bending of waves due to a
change in speed through an object.
56. EVALUATION: State Standards
Waves carry energy from one place to
another
Identify transverse and longitudinal waves in
mechanical media such as spring, ropes, and
the earth (seismic waves)
Solve problems involving wavelength,
frequency, & speed.
.
57. EVALUATION: State Standards
Radio waves, light, and x-rays are different
wavelength bands in the spectrum of
electromagnetic waves whose speed in
vacuum is approximately 3x10 m/sec
Sound is a longitudinal wave whose speed
depends on the properties of the medium in
which it propagates.
58. EVALUATION: State Standards
Identify the characteristic properties of
waves:
Interference
Diffraction
Refraction
Doppler Effect
Polarization.