A plan is a typically any procedure used to achieve an objective. It is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal .The Government of Pakistan set up a Planning Board on 18th July, 1953 to prepare a more comprehensive national plan of development,
with Mr. Zahid Hussain, ex-Governor of State Bank of Pakistan as its first Chairman and two other members.
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
Contact us :
brandsmentor@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/1stbrandsacademy
Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
A plan is a typically any procedure used to achieve an objective. It is a set of intended actions, through which one expects to achieve a goal .The Government of Pakistan set up a Planning Board on 18th July, 1953 to prepare a more comprehensive national plan of development,
with Mr. Zahid Hussain, ex-Governor of State Bank of Pakistan as its first Chairman and two other members.
5 year plans of pakistan by brands academyBrands Academy
Brand Academy provides details brand analysis, research, article and insights for free.
Contact us :
brandsmentor@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/1stbrandsacademy
Pakistan Five Year Development PlansSince 1955 to 2010An Overview
Introduction
Almost all five-year plans prepared during political or military regimes were shelved in the country’s history after regime change and none of them succeeded in getting the desired results.
Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries.
The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political
disputes, a fast growing population and ongoing confrontation with
neighboring India.
Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period.
Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade.
Introduction
Two wars with India, in Second Kashmir War 1965 and Bangladesh Liberation War 1971 and separation of Bangladesh adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.
Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Targets
Emphasis mainly on achieving high national income.
The First Plan was implemented within certain obvious handicaps and limitations and its release was delayed by two Years.
In practice, this plan was not implemented, however, mainly because political instability led to a neglect of economic policy, but government, Deputy Chairman Planning Board (Commission) Said Hassan announces the plan in 1957.
The development expenditures were regarded as the foundation for rapid progress in the future and plans explicitly affirmed that some sectors of the economy must be expanded much more rapidly than others in order to secure maximum gains.
The size of the First Plan initially was Rs. 11.5 billion which was revised and decreased to 10.8 billion out of which Rs. 750 million for the public sector and Rs. 3.3 billion for the private sector was allocated. Of the total plan amount of Rs. 6.6 billion from the internal sources and R.s 4.2 billion was to be achieve from the foreign sources in the form of loans and aid.
First Five Year Plan (1955-1960) Highlights
Achievements/Failure
Economy of Pakistan and Challenges by Zeeshan Raza Zeeshan Raza
It is about the Economy of Pakistan. including initial challenges and contemporary challenges. Also the five-year Economic plans of different phases and eras. my friend Munawar Hussain helped me a lot in making this PPT, his major contribution to it.
Forms of Agriculture in Pakistan
Natural and Human Factors Affecting the Production of Crops
Factors which affect Livestock Farming
Describe Fish Farms
Marine, Inland and Farm fishes
Role of Agriculture in Producing Resources for Economic Development of Pakistan
Pattern of Modernization in Agriculture with Reference of Green Revolution (1958-1969)
Problems Faced by Agricultural Sector in Pakistan
Remedies for the Problems of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan
Agricultural Map of Pakistan
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
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Presentation about major and minor industries in Pakistan along with their problems and their solutions. A comparison of industries of Pakistan and UAE.
Economy of Pakistan and Challenges by Zeeshan Raza Zeeshan Raza
It is about the Economy of Pakistan. including initial challenges and contemporary challenges. Also the five-year Economic plans of different phases and eras. my friend Munawar Hussain helped me a lot in making this PPT, his major contribution to it.
Forms of Agriculture in Pakistan
Natural and Human Factors Affecting the Production of Crops
Factors which affect Livestock Farming
Describe Fish Farms
Marine, Inland and Farm fishes
Role of Agriculture in Producing Resources for Economic Development of Pakistan
Pattern of Modernization in Agriculture with Reference of Green Revolution (1958-1969)
Problems Faced by Agricultural Sector in Pakistan
Remedies for the Problems of Agriculture Sector in Pakistan
Agricultural Map of Pakistan
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Presentation about major and minor industries in Pakistan along with their problems and their solutions. A comparison of industries of Pakistan and UAE.
Objectives of Five year plans in India,Five year plans,India,Development in India,Planning,Economic planning,Industries,India,Planning commission of India
Leveraging on Private Sector Development Window to unlock private sector fund...robert muendo
The presentation shows how Kenya can increase her attractiveness to private investors through policy change, infrastructure support and climate resilience action in order to unlock potential for smallholder farming.
This report sheds light on the significance of digital trade integration for Pakistan and selected
Central Asian countries including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Digital trade
integration involves regulatory structures/policy designs, digital technologies, and business
processes along the entire global/regional digital value chain. Digital trade
integration requires free cross-border movement of not only digital products, services, and
technologies but also other manufactured goods, data, capital, talent, and ideas along with the
availability of integrated physical and virtual infrastructure. Hence, digital trade integration requires
the removal of digital trade barriers as well as extensive technology, and legal and policy
coordination between member states.
Countries around the world have actively engaged in establishing new and progressive bilateral and
regional trade agreements to boost trade and economic growth. The significance of digital trade has
increased considerably after the COVID-19 pandemic. Improvement in digital connectivity, ease in
regulations, and skilled workers are key factors to facilitate trade integration and promote the
growth of the e-commerce sector. The report examines the regional trade agreements of Pakistan
and selected Central Asian countries and their relevance for digital trade integration. It also
scrutinizes the challenges faced by the public institutions of Pakistan in the implementation of digital
trade policy. Besides this, the report also observes the challenges faced by SMEs dealing with digital
trade-related products.
The findings show that Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries are at different levels of digital
adoption, including mobile connectivity index and download speed of mobile and broadband.
Kazakhstan and Pakistan have a higher export and import volume compared with other countries.
However, neither country has any major trading partner from the countries selected in this study,
which demonstrates the lack of regional cooperation and the need for regional trade agreements to
boost bilateral and regional trade.
The report discusses the e-commerce laws of Pakistan and selected Central Asian countries, whereas
domestic policies and measures to increase digital trade are also reviewed. The countries are at a
different level in terms of implementing digital trade facilitation measures. Lack of effective
enforcement of intellectual property rights, non-tariff measures, foreign investment restrictions in
digital space, data and information costs, cyber security, and tax policy and administration are all key
policy issues that influence digital trade integration.
The study offers a way forward in which action points are provided for governments, the nongovernmental
sector (notably, business associations and networks), academia and think tanks, and
development partners. #DigitalTradeIntegration
#RegionalTradeAgreements
#EconomicGrowth
#DigitalConnectivity
#EcommerceLaws
The policy brief by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) outlines the urgent need to address the high consumption of Industrially Produced Trans Fatty Acids (iTFA) in Pakistan, which poses significant health risks, particularly in contributing to cardiovascular diseases. Despite being the second-highest per capita consumer of iTFA in the WHO-Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pakistan lacks comprehensive regulations and enforcement mechanisms to mitigate iTFA consumption effectively. The brief recommends a multi-faceted approach involving uniform standards, transparent enforcement, public awareness campaigns, capacity building for regulatory authorities, and collaboration with the food industry to promote healthier alternatives. It highlights the importance of political commitment, intersectoral collaboration, and public-private dialogue to successfully eliminate iTFA from the food supply chain and improve public health outcomes in Pakistan.
In his comprehensive analysis, Vaqar Ahmed highlights the challenges and impediments faced by Pakistan's trade and industrial policies, particularly concerning macroeconomic stability, energy shortages, rising costs, and regulatory constraints. The recent decline in the value of the Pakistani Rupee has further intensified issues for the manufacturing sector. The adverse macroeconomic conditions, including high inflation and a policy rate exceeding 20 percent, have hampered the sector's ability to secure working capital. Large firms' reluctance to operate in special economic zones due to supply-side gaps, coupled with global economic uncertainties, has delayed the next phase of the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Ends with some policy recommendations.
Creating a conducive environment for sustainable economic development, improve living standards for all citizens, and secure a brighter future for the nation.
Highlights the country's large and young labor force, with a 1.94% population growth rate and 65.5 million individuals actively seeking work according to the 2017-18 Labor Force Survey. However, the unemployment rate currently stands at 5.8%, with the highest rate (11.56%) among youth aged 20-24. In response, the government launched the Prime Minister's Kamyab Jawan Programme, allocating Rs 100 billion to support entrepreneurship and create employment opportunities for youth. This program encompasses six key initiatives, including the Youth Entrepreneurship Scheme, Hunermand Pakistan Programme, Green Youth Movement, Startup Pakistan, National Internship, and Jawan Markaz. By focusing on skills development, entrepreneurship, and youth empowerment, the government aims to address unemployment challenges and foster a more vibrant economy.
The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Urban Policy aims to transform KP's urban centers into engines of social, economic, and cultural growth by promoting vibrant communities, sustainable practices, and economic opportunities. It focuses on inclusive development, infrastructure improvement, efficient governance, environmental protection, and cultural preservation, aiming to make cities globally competitive and provide a high quality of life for all citizens. This policy, reviewed every five years, provides a roadmap for urban development in KP, seeking to create a brighter future for its residents.
This study aims to explain the macroeconomic and welfare impacts of changes in indirect taxes brought about in response to COVID-19. We study whether the tax relief provided for in the federal budget for fiscal year 2020-21 was effective in providing relief to private enterprises and the trade sector. We also study whether production subsidies granted during the first wave of COVID-19 were effectively able to support firms in the agricultural sector. This assessment allows us to draw lessons that may be useful for designing tax benefit policies amid future waves of the pandemic or during other emergency times.
The Government of Pakistan has offered export facilitation schemes
to exporters with the objectives to lower trade costs and expand
output. Currently, nearly one dozen export facilitation schemes are
active. They also include those which are run by the Federal Board
of Revenue (FBR). The question of ‘effectiveness’ of such schemes
in boosting Pakistan’s exports has remained a consistent theme of
interest among policymakers, international development partners
and private sector. This policy brief builds on a firm-level survey,
conducted by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI),
and is an attempt to understand the effectiveness, overall gains,
and shortcomings of four major export facilitation schemes offered
by the FBR, including Duty and Tax Remission for Exports (DTRE),
Manufacturing Bond (MB), Export Oriented Unit (EOU) and Export
Facilitation Scheme (EFS). The study aims to provide insights on how
best to improve design of Export Facilitation Scheme 2021, which will
absorb all other schemes by the end of 2023.
The Ministry of Commerce in Pakistan unveiled the National Tariff Policy 2019-24 (NTP 2019-
24) in November 2019. The core aims of the policy were to: i) remove tariff-related
anomalies in the short-term to lower businesses’ cost of inputs and increase their
turnover, ii) increase employment generation in the medium-term, and iii) gain
competitiveness and exports in the long-term.
After its announcement, there remains a need to analyze the effectiveness and
impact of the policy. SDPI team conducted primary research to assess the impact
of tariff policy on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) with the help of a firm-level
survey.
This specific survey aims to bridge the evidence gap by providing an in-depth
analysis on the NTP-2019-24 impact in terms of its three prime objectives. Besides,
the study also attempts to understand the business community’s challenges and
expectations vis-à-vis tariff-related matters.
Digital trade is increasing rapidly throughout the world whereas digital platforms and Coronavirus have further enhanced the importance of the digital economy and digital trade. Countries are focusing on promoting digital trade and integration through various measures including free trade agreements and bilateral negotiations. This study examined digital trade as defined by WTO E-commerce work and USITC. The study included the items that come under the definition of digital trade and examined the digital trade volume of Pakistan from 2010-2020 through three-step methodology. This includes the identification of digital trade items based on Harmonized System at a six-digit level, examining trade volume for digital goods, and identification of top ten export and import items along with top ten markets for digital trade. Favorable government policies and measures have helped Pakistan in promoting digital trade flows. However, there is a need to develop information and communication technology infrastructure in Pakistan to flourish trading activities. Furthermore, Pakistan has to reduce the fiscal and trade barriers such as rules and regulations for foreign investment in digital space, data and information costs, and ensure online security and data protection to promote digital trade integration.
by Asif Javed & Vaqar Ahmed
This study presents a pathway for fostering regional digital trade integration through
South-South and Triangular cooperation. Our main study goals include answering the
following questions:
» What are the challenges faced in the digital trade sector of Afghanistan, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka? How can these be overcome through various cooperative models?
» How can inclusive regional and free trade agreements help to overcome barriers
and enable digital trade integration?
» What can Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) dealing with digital trade-related
products learn from literature on South-South and Triangular cooperation?
Suggested citation:
Ahmed, V. and Javed, M. Digital Trade Integration: South-South and Triangular
Cooperation in South Asia (unpublished). South-South Idea Paper Series, United Nations
Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC),Washington D.C.New York, 2022.
Pakistan is facing numerous socioeconomic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic, including on food security. Food insecurity, which is a long-standing issue, has become more visible since the pandemic. Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) partner the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) – a leading policy research thinktank – has been supporting the Government of Pakistan to maintain essential economic activity and protect workers and small producers during the pandemic. One notable contribution has been the development of a Food Security Portal, which is being used by the government to better manage food security in the country. It is the first track and trace system from farm to fork for essential food items.
URI
https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/17619
Citation
Suleri, A.Q.; Ahmed, V.; Ahmad, S.M.; Shah, Q.; Zahid, J. and Gatellier, K. (2022) Strengthening Food Security in Pakistan During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Covid-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Stories of Change, Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, DOI: 10.19088/CORE.2022.008
Political and socio-economic discussions in Pakistan’s popular discourse are often inward-looking and generally focus on the country itself, or on its relationships to its immediate neighbors (Afghanistan, India, and China). We suggest here that Pakistan is part of a global system, as well. It is influenced not just by its direct neighbors, but also by: international events (war in Ukraine is just one example); by global economic factors (e.g. oil prices, changing terms of trade, or the danger of a global recession); and by various other global governance arrangements (e.g. Financial Action Taskforce and its demands from Pakistan). At the same time, Pakistan is not insulated from the global systemic changes. The global pandemic has overwhelmed the policymakers with possibilities of future epidemics also not being ruled out. In the past migration of people, both incoming and outgoing, has impacted the social fabric.
Likewise, the country is suffering from global warming and the resulting patterns of weather and precipitation. Pakistan is also a player at the international arena and is expected to play a responsible and proactive role at various global governance forums. The speech of the former Prime Minister of Pakistan at the UN General Assembly on September 27, 2019 has indicated regarding this responsibility and highlighted Pakistan’s role in the Cold War, or the engagement of Pakistani soldiers abroad, either in the United Nations peace keeping framework, or bilaterally. While many Pakistanis are aware of some of Pakistan’s international roles and dependencies, and of Pakistan’s image abroad, there is limited discussion about the country’s global role – what it should be? Who are the internal and external actors that shape Pakistan’s role, engagement, influence, and perception abroad? What role does the state and citizens play in deciding Pakistan’s global role? These are some of the questions that our chapter authors aimed to touch upon in this book. A conscious effort has been made to reach out to Pakistanis living and working abroad. Chapters have been invited from such resource persons who are not only Pakistanis but also study Pakistan from abroad and often through various lens external to Pakistan.
Web: https://pakistan.fes.de/e/global-pakistan-pakistan%CA%BFs-role-in-the-international-system
The Covid-19 pandemic and related
restrictions have had profound
socioeconomic impacts worldwide.
Governments have been faced with
responding urgently to mitigate such
effects, especially for the most
vulnerable. Covid-19 Responses for
Equity (CORE) partner Partnership for
Economic Policy (PEP) – a Southernled
organisation which believes that
evidence produced from an in-country
perspective, by empowered and
engaged local researchers and
policymakers, results in better policy
choices – has been working closely
with policymakers in Pakistan to
assess the Covid-19 impacts and the
effectiveness of current and potential
policies. As a result, PEP has helped
introduce tax reforms for the hardest
hit, agricultural subsidies for farmers,
and the reduction of trade tariffs for
struggling businesses.
Marginalization of Researchers in the Global
South in Global, Regional, and National
Economic-Development Consulting
Authors Ramos E. Mabugu | Vaqar Ahmed | Margaret R Chitiga-Mabugu
| Kehinde O. Omotoso
Date February 2022
Working Paper 2022-05
PEP Working Paper Series
ISSN 2709-7331
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The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
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Here the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
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I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
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debuts.
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@Pi_vendor_247
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1. ECONOMIC PLANNING IN PAKISTAN
Dr Vaqar Ahmed
Sustainable Development
Policy Institute (SDPI)
December 29, 2020
2. OUTLINE
Planning Frameworks & History of Planning in Pakistan
Planning Agencies in Pakistan
Critical Appraisal of Institutional Strengths & Weaknesses of Planning Structure
Various Phases of Planning Process
International Best Practices
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 2
3. IS ‘PLANNING’ FUNCTION STILL NEEDED?
Yes, if public sector is capable to drive structural change in the
economy
Moving surplus labour from declining sector to rising sectors
To increase pace of capital formation
Reduction in income inequalities
Inclusive growth (& addressing regional disparities)
Stable prices are desirable
Addressing high levels of unemployment
Managing negative impacts of business cycles
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 3
4. IS ‘PLANNING’ FUNCTION STILL NEEDED?
To formulate development financing & administration plans
To allocate foreign assistance in a just manner
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 4
5. HISTORY OF ECONOMIC PLANNING
Planning Periods
Economic coordination (1947-53)
Planning Board (1953-58)
Centralized planning (1958-68)
Disruptions in planning process (1968-80)
Revival of planning process (1981-88)
Structural adjustment programs (1988-99)
Medium-term Perspective Plans (2003-10) & Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers I & II
Framework for Economic Growth (2011-13)
Vision 2025 (2013-2018) & CPEC Long Term Plan
Draft 12th Five Year Plan (2018-23) & Provincial Development Strategies
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 5
6. TERMS OF REFERENCE (FOR
PLANNERS)
oTo prepare a national plan at periodic intervals for the
economic and social development of the country;
oTo make assessments from time to time of the human
and material resources of the country; and
oTo prepare the development plan/budget within the
framework of the national plan and on determination
of priorities, to propose the allocation of resources.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 6
7. PUBLIC INVESTMENT PLANNING &
PROJECTS MANAGEMENT
Approval of Development Projects
Monitoring of Major Projects
Evaluation of on-going and completed projects
Association with EAD/Donors in matters of Foreign
Assistance
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 7
8. FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN (1955-60)
Sectoral focus: food-grain production
Village Agricultural & Industrial Development (V-AID) areas
Improve irrigation facilities
Increase industrial output in available industries including cotton
cloth, sugar, cement, fertilizers etc.
Infrastructure: Increase installed power capacity; rehabilitate railway
track and rolling stock; provide for self-build houses
Social sectors: Putting 1 million additional children to school; increase
annual number of doctors by 100 and add 9000 hospital beds
Increase rate of development in East Pakistan to reduce regional
disparity.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 8
9. EVALUATION OF FIRST PLAN
Succeeded to some extent in adding to available
infrastructure and industrial growth however much
progress was not seen in agriculture, education and
housing as originally envisaged.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 9
10. SECOND FIVE YEAR PLAN (1960-65)
Increase farm acreage through improved irrigation
Develop new residential facilities
A focus on import substitution and establishing heavy industries
Infrastructure: increase installed power capacity by 508 MW; install
45700 new telephone connections; setting up 1300 new post offices
Continue expansion of education, health and social welfare facilities
Focus on higher investment rate for East Pakistan to reduce regional
disparities.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 10
11. EVALUATION OF SECOND PLAN
Growth in industrial base is observed
However, due to no sunset rule, protectionist policies and tax breaks
gave rise to industrial inefficiencies
Policies to address growing income inequalities proved weak
Prices of consumer goods increased leading to discontentment
among masses.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 11
12. THIRD FIVE YEAR PLAN (1965-70)
Approved in 1965 and revised again in 1966 due to war
Reduce the degree of growing disparity between East & West Pakistan
Industries to focus on producer goods
Strong farm incentives to increase yields
Arrest growth in population and adopt population control measures
Focus on housing, education, and health facilities for lower income
group.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 12
13. EVALUATION OF THIRD PLAN
Growth in heavy industry, mining, transport and finance sectors
Substantial reduction in aid due to war
Budget allocations for social sectors faced cuts
Income inequalities widened due to lack of progressive taxation on
growing sectors. Continued tax concessions allowed concentration of
wealth in few hands.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 13
14. FOURTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1970-75)
Focus on a social justice, reduce disparity in per capita income between
regions
Undertake flood control program in East Pakistan; improve communication
facilities between two wings of the country; launch urban works program,
promote low cost housing
Water & power sector received highest public investment; Self-reliance in
defense-oriented industries, industrial machinery, transport equipment,
intermediate products
Increasing per capita food consumption; Increased focus on exports and
reduce dependence on foreign assistance
Increase television coverage and start education programs and farmer
orientation
Expand family planning programs, curative health facilities, address malaria &
smallpox VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 14
15. NON-PLAN PERIOD (1970-78)
Due to political and economic uncertainty five year plan exercise was
abandoned. The government decided to manage development
administration through annual plans.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 15
16. FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1978-83)
Introduction of modern inputs in agriculture
Liberalizing some industrial controls; completion of Karachi Steel Mill,
fertilizer and cement factories
Rural development program focused on farm sector, rural roads,
small scale industry, water, housing, education & health; village
electrification was expanded
Extending social safety nets through zakat system
Focus on less developed regions e.g. Balochistan province
Focus on schooling, health, and drinking water in rural areas
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 16
17. EVALUATION OF FIFTH FIVE YEAR
PLAN
A modest food surplus was achieved
Economic growth picked up and prices remained stable
Lower income groups gained from expanded social safety nets and
remittances
Total investment as a percentage of GNP was declining; weak long
term investment in physical infrastructure leading to shortages in
energy, telephones, water supplies etc.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 17
18. SIXTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1983-88)
Increasing agriculture production through better seeds, fertilizer and
modern technology; address waterlogging & salinity; new roads from
villages to cities
Focus on achieving self sufficiency in oil supplies
Develop steel based emerging goods, modernization of textiles,
expand agro-based industries; expand vocational training
Focus on improvements to rate of literacy; providing drinking and
drain water facilities
Dedicated funding for tribal and Balochistan areas
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 18
19. EVALUATION OF SIXTH PLAN
Most targets were achieved. Economic growth targets were missed as
envisaged domestic and foreign savings rates could not materialize.
Shortfall in remittances was also observed. Crop sector could also not
help achieve the overall growth target of 6.5% per annum.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 19
20. SEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1988-
93)
Bringing macroeconomic stabilization – focus on fiscal &
current account deficits
A focus on agriculture and industrial development remained
Aimed at addressing gaps in past plans:
Explicit focus on women development
Addressing inequalities in access to education and health
A focus on opening up of markets, privatization, deregulation,
and liberalization
Social Action Program and Tameer-e-Watan program launched
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 20
21. EVALUATION OF SEVENTH PLAN
Overall performance was satisfactory; average economic growth was
5%
Self reliance envisaged in wheat, edible oils, iron-ore, crude oil didn’t
show much improvements
Plan targets were disturbed due to delay in settlement of Afghan war
issues, political uncertainties, civil disturbances 1989-90, floods of
1988-89 and 1992-93.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 21
22. EIGHTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (1993-98)
Achieve growth in a framework of equity and sustainability
Process of deregulation and privatization from previous plan to be
consolidated; retirement of debt through privatization; strengthen
capital markets
Introduce legislative controls on budget
Focus on good governance (public private partnership, devolution and
decentralization etc.)
Documentation, improved tax compliance, lower tariffs
Expansion of motorways network, power sector expansion
Improve immunization, engage village health workers
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 22
23. NINTH, TENTH & ELEVENTH FIVE
YEAR PLAN (1998-2018)
Not officially announced
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 23
24. 10 YEAR PERSPECTIVE DEVELOPMENT
PLAN (2001-11)
To be operationalized by ‘Three Year Medium-Term Program (2001-
04)
Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers I & II
Unemployment reduction strategy
Financial sector reform
Micro finance institutions
Fiscal Responsibility Law
Big push in higher education, information technology
Investments in telecom/cellular technologies
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 24
25. FRAMEWORK FOR ECONOMIC
GROWTH (2010-2013)
Aftermath of global financial crisis
This period faced unprecedented power and gas shortages
Closure of several thousand formal and informal MSMEs
Growth strategy therefore proposed that government role be limited
to policy and regulation while production and management of
resources should be left to private sector.
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 25
26. Short Term:
potential 5-6%
Long Term: 7% +
Sustained
How
Utilization of Existing
Capacity
Macroeconomic Stability
Removing Major Constraints
- Energy
Economic Discipline
• Responsible macro Policies
• Reforming public sector enterprises
• Effective PSDP
Improving productivity
1. New role of government
2. Improving Governance & Institutions
3. Market Reforms
4. Urban Management
5. Connectivity
6. Youth & Community
Framework for Economic Growth 2011
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 26
27. VISION 2025 (2014-2018)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) become the overarching
framework
The vision was operationalized through annual plans, China
Pakistan Long Term Plan, and sectoral policies including auto
sector policy, textile policy etc.
Focus on water, energy, food nexus
SDG prioritization exercise
Focus on knowledge economy, regional connectivity,
institutional reform
Engineering Development Board was shut down (reopened
again after 2018) VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 27
28. GUIDING DOCUMENT AFTER 2018
12th Five Year Plan under formulation
Strategic Trade Policy Framework under formulation
National SME Policy under formulation
IMF Staff Report (April 2020) provides some direction
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 28
29. PLANNING MECHANISMS
National Economic Council (NEC)
Executive Committee of NEC (ECNEC)
Annual Plan Coordination Committee (APCC)
Central Development Working Party (CDWP)
Provincial Development Working Party (PDWP)
Departmental Development Sub-committee (DDC)
Divisional Development Working Party (DDWP)
District Development Committee (DDC)
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 29
30. VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 30
AUTHORITY & SANCTION POWERS
Forum Chairperson Sanction Powers
National Economic Council (NEC) Prime Minister Federation Budget
Executive Committee of NEC
(ECNEC)
PM/Finance Minister PKR 10 billion and above
Annual Plan Coordination
Committee (APCC)
Planning, Development
& SI Division Minister
Advisory body for
development budget
Central Development Working
Party (CDWP)
Deputy Chairman,
Planning Commission
Upto PKR 10 billion (& federal
DDWP can approve up to 2
billion)
Provincial Development Working
Party (PDWP)
Chairman, P&D Board PKR 200 million to PKR
10,000 million
Departmental Development Sub-
committee (DDC)
Secretary of department PKR 200 million upto PKR
400 million
Divisional Development Working
Party (DDWP)
Divisional Commissioner upto PKR 200 million
District Development Committee District Coordination upto PKR 50 million
31. PROJECT CYCLE: PC I, PC II, PC
III, PC IV, PC V
•Introduced in September 1952
•Forms revised from time to time
•Forms vary by sector
•Project manuals for guidance prepared by
Planning Commission and provincial
Planning & Development Departments
•Guidelines for Foreign Assistance Projects
•Delegation of Financial Power Rules
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 31
32. PROJECT CYCLE (PC-I)
PC-I Performa : is the basic form on which all
projects are required to be drawn up
PC-I form comprises of four components
Project Digest (Name, Location, Sponsor, Completion)
Project Description & Detailed Financing Plan
Project Requirements (Human & Material Resources)
Environmental Aspects
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 32
33. PC-II Performa
Feasibility studies or survey studies
PC-III: Designed to furnish information on the
programme of on-going projects on quarterly basis
Any changes in scope of design
Any revisions
Any changes in management of project
PC-IV: Project History (Physical Completion of
Project)
Accounts Closed/amount unaccounted
Employment generated by the project
Suggestions for future planning
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34. PC-V is to be furnished on annual basis for a
period of five years by operating agency
Review of costs
Review of financial results
Arrangements for maintenance of project
Difficulties experienced in operation, marketing etc.
Repercussion of scheme
General observation of relevant department/ministry
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 34
35. VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 35
CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF PLANNING
PROCESS
Administrative
Issues
HR
capabilities
Coordinatio
n across
fora
Inadequate or
delayed
funding
Throwforwa
rd
Cost and
time
overruns
Procuremen
t delays
Lack of pre-
requisite tasks
Feasibility
study
Sector/mark
et surveys
Weak learning
process
Accountabili
ty and
learning for
monitoring
and
evaluation
Feedback
loop
36. 36
MAHBUB UL HAQ (1973)
7 Sins of
Planners
Numbers
Game
Excessive
Control
Investmen
t quality
Develop
ment
Fashions
Divorce
between
Planning &
Implementati
on
Growth
without
Justice
Neglect of
Human
Resources
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV
37. PLANNING AS A CONTINUOUS
PROCESS
Set Future Standards
(Benchmarking)
Define /
Organize Goals
Measure
Results
Implement
Empower Teams
to Act
(Resources,
processes)
Prioritize Actions
(Short/long-term)
Design Specific
Actions
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 37
38. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING– SOME
FUTURE CHOICES
Business-as-usual – federal and provinces continue to
plan in their own domains
Transforming Planning Commission into Secretariat of
CCI
Break-up Ministry of Planning, Development & SI and
offer capacities of all sectoral sections to line
ministries; strengthen planning cells at line ministries;
provinces could follow same VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 38
39. PLANNING TEMPLATES ABROAD
India – Planning Division abolished; Planning
Commission converted into NITI Ayog – policy think
tank of central government
Malaysia – Planning machinery acts as Prime Minister’s
Performance Delivery Unit at PM Office
China – National Development & Reform Commission
model with active involvement in planning and
budgeting of state resources – mini state council
VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 39
40. WAY FORWARD
Efficient planning mechanisms are necessary; parliament needs
regular discussion on future of planning
Citizens, investors & donors demand a clear vision for medium-
term
A regular functional review of all planning departments desired;
post-18th Amendment planning & coordination should be
studied together by federal & provincial planning bodies
Role of planning machinery inevitable for laggard areas,
regional connectivity, and projects involving inter-provincial
development coordination. Responding to SDGs related
international obligations
Making PC-I – PC-V reports public to inform citizens regarding
planning dynamics. VAQAR AHMED | WWW.SDPI.ORG | WWW.SDPI.TV 40
In-spite of the grave economic and financial problems which beset the Government of Pakistan soon after independence, a Development Board was established early in 1948 in Economic Affairs Division to deal with questions of rapid economic development of the country. In 1950 a Six-Year Development Plan was formulated and embodied in the Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development in South and South East Asia. This was essentially an outline plan and delineated only a broad pattern of development.
To prepare a more comprehensive national plan of development, the Government of Pakistan decided to set up a Planning Board on 18th July, 1953, with Mr. Zahid Hussain, ex-Governor of State Bank of Pakistan as its first Chairman and two other members. The purpose and terms of reference of the Board were set forth as below:-
The economic and social objectives of Government's Policy are to develop the resources of the country as rapidly as possible so as to promote the welfare of the people, provide adequate living standards, and social services, secure social justice and equality of opportunity to all and aim at the widest and most equitable distribution of national wealth.
For details: ‘Economy of Pakistan’ by Khwaja Amjad Saeed.
Qureshi. M. L. Planning & Development in Pakistan 1947-1982. Vanguard Books
E-payments
E-payments
Source: Delegation of Financial Powers Rules, 2016
Numbers Game: Endless amounts of work is wasted into fixing econometric models and not enough into policy formulation and decent project appraisal.
Excessive Control: Economic policies are made under direct administrative controls which dilute their impact. It is wrongly assumed that planning means encouragement of public sector and imposition of controls to regulate economic activity.
Investment Illusion: Planners keep a tight focus on if the investment level is going up or down. They forget about what the investment really consists of (quality of investment), how productive it is? How far investment is going in human resources in comparison to physical capital.
Development fashions: Economic planners are addicted to development fashions (sometimes dictated by donors). One must remember that constant shifts in development strategy often lead nowhere.
Divorce between planning & implementation: When pressed hard to explain failures, planners often argue that implementation is not their responsibility. A good plan must come up with a realistic blueprint for its own implementation.
Growth without Justice: Very often growth has meant little social justice. It has been accompanied by rising unemployment, worsening social services and increasing poverty.
Neglect of human resources: It is assumed that development human resources will require longer gestation period of investment. However while visiting China in 1967, I noticed that with in a short period of time, the Chinese appear to have imparted technical and vocational education to most of their population. The long gestation period was reduced by concentrating on functional short-term courses in specialized skills.