Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
This document discusses definitions, management, conservation, and restoration of wetlands. It defines wetland creation, enhancement, and restoration. Wetland management involves protecting natural wetlands, exempting some activities, and creating/restoring wetlands for water quality. Wetland conservation aims to preserve areas where water exists near the surface due to the ecosystem services they provide like water and food. Conservation strategies include easements, land purchases, revolving land trusts, and funding. Wetland restoration renews degraded wetlands and improves water quality and wildlife habitat.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
Wetlands are defined as lands covered with water all or part of the year. They are characterized by three factors: hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation. Wetlands provide many benefits including pollutant filtration, flood control, habitat provision, and biological productivity. However, over 50% of the world's original wetlands have been lost due to human activities like development, agriculture, and pollution. This has negative environmental consequences like increased flooding and loss of biodiversity. India contains many types of wetlands, but they cover only an estimated 3% of the country's land area. Conservation efforts aim to protect remaining critical wetlands and involve local communities.
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
Wetlands are areas of land that are permanently or seasonally saturated with water. They include coastal wetlands near oceans as well as inland freshwater wetlands. Wetlands provide many benefits such as improving water quality, providing habitat for many species, and protecting coastlines from erosion. They are now recognized as important ecosystems, in contrast to past views of wetlands as worthless land. The Ramsar Convention works to conserve over 100 million hectares of wetlands globally. Wetlands have unique hydrology and processes that shape the landforms and support biodiversity, including many types of plants and animals. Water flows through wetlands in a cycle, getting cleaned by the vegetation as it moves through before flowing out and beginning the cycle again
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
Types of wetlands and wetland formationMidhun M Nair
This document summarizes the different types and formation of wetlands. It discusses two major wetland types based on soil - mineral wetlands like marshes and swamps, and organic wetlands like bogs and fens. It also describes the Cowardin and Ramsar classification systems which further categorize wetlands based on vegetation, hydrology, and other characteristics. Wetlands form through natural processes like climate, glaciation, and flooding or through human activities such as forest cutting, peat extraction, and construction.
Wetlands are... areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface
and where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such that excess
water and resulting low soil oxygen levels are principal determinants of vegetation
and soil development. wetlands will have a relative abundance of obligate
hydrophytes in the vegetation community and soils featuring “hydric” characteristics.
This document discusses definitions, management, conservation, and restoration of wetlands. It defines wetland creation, enhancement, and restoration. Wetland management involves protecting natural wetlands, exempting some activities, and creating/restoring wetlands for water quality. Wetland conservation aims to preserve areas where water exists near the surface due to the ecosystem services they provide like water and food. Conservation strategies include easements, land purchases, revolving land trusts, and funding. Wetland restoration renews degraded wetlands and improves water quality and wildlife habitat.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the land either permanently or seasonally. They are defined by having wetland vegetation and hydric soils that are saturated with water for long periods. Wetlands provide many benefits and can be classified by their location and type of vegetation. The document provides details on two important wetlands in India - Keoladeo National Park and Sambhar Lake. Keoladeo National Park is an important habitat for over 370 bird species and hosts thousands of migratory birds during winter. Sambhar Lake is India's largest inland saltwater lake and is an ecologically important site for flamingos and other migratory birds. It also produces over 90% of Rajasthan's salt through evaporation
Wetlands are defined as lands covered with water all or part of the year. They are characterized by three factors: hydrology, hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation. Wetlands provide many benefits including pollutant filtration, flood control, habitat provision, and biological productivity. However, over 50% of the world's original wetlands have been lost due to human activities like development, agriculture, and pollution. This has negative environmental consequences like increased flooding and loss of biodiversity. India contains many types of wetlands, but they cover only an estimated 3% of the country's land area. Conservation efforts aim to protect remaining critical wetlands and involve local communities.
Wetlands provide many important ecological services such as regulating water regimes, sequestering carbon, and serving as biodiversity hotspots. They also help mitigate natural hazards like floods and storms. However, wetlands worldwide are being degraded and lost due to drainage and encroachment. Effective conservation requires public education on the value of wetlands and intergovernmental cooperation under treaties like the Ramsar Convention. The document outlines the types and functions of different wetland ecosystems and their importance for wildlife habitat and plant communities.
Wetlands are areas of land that are permanently or seasonally saturated with water. They include coastal wetlands near oceans as well as inland freshwater wetlands. Wetlands provide many benefits such as improving water quality, providing habitat for many species, and protecting coastlines from erosion. They are now recognized as important ecosystems, in contrast to past views of wetlands as worthless land. The Ramsar Convention works to conserve over 100 million hectares of wetlands globally. Wetlands have unique hydrology and processes that shape the landforms and support biodiversity, including many types of plants and animals. Water flows through wetlands in a cycle, getting cleaned by the vegetation as it moves through before flowing out and beginning the cycle again
wetlands. ramsar sites of kera;a..general info about the wetlands, its type, significane...etc...similarly about Ramsar sites, its criterias and detaios about 3 important sites of kerala
Types of wetlands and wetland formationMidhun M Nair
This document summarizes the different types and formation of wetlands. It discusses two major wetland types based on soil - mineral wetlands like marshes and swamps, and organic wetlands like bogs and fens. It also describes the Cowardin and Ramsar classification systems which further categorize wetlands based on vegetation, hydrology, and other characteristics. Wetlands form through natural processes like climate, glaciation, and flooding or through human activities such as forest cutting, peat extraction, and construction.
The document discusses the Ramsar Convention, which is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for wetland conservation and management. Some key details:
- The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran and focuses specifically on wetland protection. There are currently 171 signatory countries.
- The Ramsar Secretariat coordinates the treaty's implementation from its headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.
- The Convention encourages designation of Ramsar sites, which are wetlands of international importance that receive protections. There are currently over 2,400 Ramsar sites globally covering over 250 million hectares.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year, providing habitat for wildlife and plants. They filter and store water, absorb flood waters and winds, and offer recreational activities. Wetlands are classified as marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, or palustrine, and examples of each type found in Trinidad and Tobago include the Bon Accord lagoon, Caroni swamp, Godineau river, and Buccoo Bay freshwater marsh.
This document discusses rangeland management. It defines rangelands as areas of native vegetation suitable for grazing. It describes different types of rangelands around the world including grasslands, steppes, prairies, savannas, and tundra. Rangelands provide benefits like livestock forage, wildlife habitat, recreation and more. The document outlines management techniques for rangelands such as invasive species control using herbicides, replanting overgrazed areas, rotational grazing, and fencing off protected areas. It also discusses pioneers in the field like Arthur Sampson and different grazing methods.
Applied ecology studies how ecological concepts can solve environmental problems. It aims to relate ecological theories to managing natural resources and addressing issues like land use, pollution, and wildlife conservation. Phytoremediation uses plants to extract or stabilize pollutants like heavy metals from soils and water. It occurs through processes like phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizodegradation. Soil science is the study of soil, which is the layer where geology and biology intersect. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, water, and microorganisms. Sustainable development meets current needs without limiting future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Wetlands provide many benefits. They act as natural sponges that help control flooding by absorbing and slowly releasing water. They also filter and purify surface water. Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that provide food and refuge for wildlife. They have economic value through activities like fishing, hunting, and recreation. Mangroves in particular can help buffer against storms and tsunamis as demonstrated in one Indian village.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It involves improving ecosystem structure and functions to emulate the original, indigenous ecosystem. Approaches include rehabilitation, reclamation, re-creation, and enhancement. The ultimate goal is to enhance ecosystem functioning through increasing nutrient cycling, productivity, and trophic interactions. Successful restoration also requires addressing issues like degraded soil and hydrology. Many restoration efforts aim to restore critical habitats for endangered species or improve water quality in degraded rivers and lakes. Large-scale examples in India include programs to restore the Ganges and Yamuna rivers through reducing pollution and improving sanitation.
USE & MISUSE OFWATER RESOURCES& LAND RESOURCESSushanta Gupta
Land and Land Resources refer to a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface, climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater and geo-hydrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity
The document discusses the causes and consequences of wetland destruction. It notes that over 50% of original wetlands in areas like the US and Asia have been lost due to human activities like agriculture and development. Major causes of wetland loss include draining and filling of wetlands for farming or construction, as well as pollution from agricultural and residential runoff. The loss of wetlands leads to negative environmental impacts such as reduced habitat for fish and waterfowl, lower flood control capability, and increased erosion.
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It aims to re-establish the structure, functions, and species diversity of the original ecosystem. The director of the Gurukula Botanical Center demonstrates how 40 years of conservation techniques, gardening, and restoration practices have helped restore habitats and species in the degraded Western Ghats region of India. She advocates an approach of diagnostic healing and restoration rather than simply conserving what remains or "greening" areas, in order to recreate a healthy alliance between people and their environment.
Joint forest management (JFM) involves village communities and state forest departments regenerating and conserving forests through contracts specifying shared authority, responsibilities, and benefits. Two early pilot experiments took place in the 1970s in West Bengal and Haryana. JFM projects now operate in Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, providing employment and environmental benefits by increasing forest cover and biodiversity protection through community involvement.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
Integrated coastal zone management md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
Bangladesh has over 734 km of coastline along the Bay of Bengal with a population of around 50 million people living in the coastal zone. The coastline is difficult with many rivers and is affected by natural hazards like cyclones. The coastal zone is classified into interior and exterior coasts and three regions: eastern, central, and western. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) aims to balance environmental, economic, and social concerns through a coordinated management process. ICZM in Bangladesh focuses on managing coastal resources and people sustainably while addressing issues like population growth, infrastructure needs, and environmental challenges.
Natural ecosystems provide numerous ecosystem services that are essential to human well-being and economic activity. These services include provisioning services like food, fiber, fuel and medicines; regulating services like climate regulation, flood and drought mitigation, soil formation, and pest control; and cultural services like inspiration, recreation, and spiritual fulfillment. However, many of these services are being degraded or lost due to human activities like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Properly valuing ecosystem services and incorporating their value into policy and economic decisions is crucial for ensuring their continued supply for future generations.
Social forestry aims to achieve environmental benefits and rural development through afforestation on barren lands. It involves managing and developing forests to meet the basic needs of rural populations like fuel, fodder, and manure. The objectives of social forestry in India are to increase forest area, restore ecological balance, meet rural needs, ensure better land use, generate employment, and check pollution. The components of social forestry include farm forestry, extension forestry, rural forestry, community forestry, and agroforestry.
Potential threats to rangelands include overgrazing, invasive plants, human population growth, soil erosion, desertification, wildland fires exacerbated by climate change, complex land ownership issues, and a lack of institutional support. Overgrazing damages the land by exceeding the carrying capacity and allowing inferior plants to take over. Invasive plants outcompete native species and alter soil and fire regimes. Human population growth increases demands for food and fuel, resulting in conversion of rangelands and degradation through overexploitation of vegetation and soil erosion.
The document discusses different types of wetland ecosystems, including marine/saltwater wetlands and freshwater wetlands. It describes key characteristics of different wetland types such as marshes, swamps, and bogs, including dominant vegetation, hydrology, and examples from locations in Delaware and Maine. The document also briefly discusses mangrove forests and questions to consider about the importance of wetlands.
This document discusses wetlands and challenges with biodiversity offsets. It begins by defining wetlands and describing Canada's five main wetland classes: bogs, fens, swamps, marshes, and shallow open waters. It then discusses key challenges with wetland offsets, including issues with equivalency between impacted and offset wetlands, the scale at which wetland benefits accrue, differences in how quickly benefits develop, and ensuring offsets are additional to what would occur anyway. The document also provides examples of wetland offset policies from Atlantic Canada and Alberta, and notes that finding an appropriate organization to deliver offset projects can be a challenge.
The document discusses the Ramsar Convention, which is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for wetland conservation and management. Some key details:
- The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran and focuses specifically on wetland protection. There are currently 171 signatory countries.
- The Ramsar Secretariat coordinates the treaty's implementation from its headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.
- The Convention encourages designation of Ramsar sites, which are wetlands of international importance that receive protections. There are currently over 2,400 Ramsar sites globally covering over 250 million hectares.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present near the surface for all or part of the year, providing habitat for wildlife and plants. They filter and store water, absorb flood waters and winds, and offer recreational activities. Wetlands are classified as marine, estuarine, lacustrine, riverine, or palustrine, and examples of each type found in Trinidad and Tobago include the Bon Accord lagoon, Caroni swamp, Godineau river, and Buccoo Bay freshwater marsh.
This document discusses rangeland management. It defines rangelands as areas of native vegetation suitable for grazing. It describes different types of rangelands around the world including grasslands, steppes, prairies, savannas, and tundra. Rangelands provide benefits like livestock forage, wildlife habitat, recreation and more. The document outlines management techniques for rangelands such as invasive species control using herbicides, replanting overgrazed areas, rotational grazing, and fencing off protected areas. It also discusses pioneers in the field like Arthur Sampson and different grazing methods.
Applied ecology studies how ecological concepts can solve environmental problems. It aims to relate ecological theories to managing natural resources and addressing issues like land use, pollution, and wildlife conservation. Phytoremediation uses plants to extract or stabilize pollutants like heavy metals from soils and water. It occurs through processes like phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizodegradation. Soil science is the study of soil, which is the layer where geology and biology intersect. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, water, and microorganisms. Sustainable development meets current needs without limiting future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
Wetlands provide many benefits. They act as natural sponges that help control flooding by absorbing and slowly releasing water. They also filter and purify surface water. Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that provide food and refuge for wildlife. They have economic value through activities like fishing, hunting, and recreation. Mangroves in particular can help buffer against storms and tsunamis as demonstrated in one Indian village.
Marine Resources: Physical and biological resources, marine energyihn FreeStyle Corp.
Marine resources are physical and biological entities that are found in seas and oceans that are beneficial to man. They include fish, coral reefs and crabs, fungi, etc. A lot of conservation effort is required to protect these resources from human destruction activities like pollution and over fishing. Marine natural resources include both biological and physical sources. Biological sources include anything attributed to life forms whereas physical sources are considered to be those things that are not part of life processes. In a few instances some resources are both biological and physical. In considering the outlook of our oceans it is important to first identify the main natural resources and their status.
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
Restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It involves improving ecosystem structure and functions to emulate the original, indigenous ecosystem. Approaches include rehabilitation, reclamation, re-creation, and enhancement. The ultimate goal is to enhance ecosystem functioning through increasing nutrient cycling, productivity, and trophic interactions. Successful restoration also requires addressing issues like degraded soil and hydrology. Many restoration efforts aim to restore critical habitats for endangered species or improve water quality in degraded rivers and lakes. Large-scale examples in India include programs to restore the Ganges and Yamuna rivers through reducing pollution and improving sanitation.
USE & MISUSE OFWATER RESOURCES& LAND RESOURCESSushanta Gupta
Land and Land Resources refer to a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or below this surface, including those of the near-surface, climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including shallow lakes, rivers, marshes and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater and geo-hydrological reserve, the plant and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity
The document discusses the causes and consequences of wetland destruction. It notes that over 50% of original wetlands in areas like the US and Asia have been lost due to human activities like agriculture and development. Major causes of wetland loss include draining and filling of wetlands for farming or construction, as well as pollution from agricultural and residential runoff. The loss of wetlands leads to negative environmental impacts such as reduced habitat for fish and waterfowl, lower flood control capability, and increased erosion.
Ecological restoration is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed. It aims to re-establish the structure, functions, and species diversity of the original ecosystem. The director of the Gurukula Botanical Center demonstrates how 40 years of conservation techniques, gardening, and restoration practices have helped restore habitats and species in the degraded Western Ghats region of India. She advocates an approach of diagnostic healing and restoration rather than simply conserving what remains or "greening" areas, in order to recreate a healthy alliance between people and their environment.
Joint forest management (JFM) involves village communities and state forest departments regenerating and conserving forests through contracts specifying shared authority, responsibilities, and benefits. Two early pilot experiments took place in the 1970s in West Bengal and Haryana. JFM projects now operate in Orissa, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka, providing employment and environmental benefits by increasing forest cover and biodiversity protection through community involvement.
Lakes are helpful in controlling weather and local climate. Lakes are helpful for creating irrigation facilities and recreation. In some places, lakes are good sources for water supply for drinking. Every lake, is unique in terms of its size, morphometry, water availability, water chemistry, physics, hydrology and biology. There are several type, kinds and categories of lakes in the world.
Integrated coastal zone management md. yousuf gaziMd. Yousuf Gazi
Bangladesh has over 734 km of coastline along the Bay of Bengal with a population of around 50 million people living in the coastal zone. The coastline is difficult with many rivers and is affected by natural hazards like cyclones. The coastal zone is classified into interior and exterior coasts and three regions: eastern, central, and western. Integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) aims to balance environmental, economic, and social concerns through a coordinated management process. ICZM in Bangladesh focuses on managing coastal resources and people sustainably while addressing issues like population growth, infrastructure needs, and environmental challenges.
Natural ecosystems provide numerous ecosystem services that are essential to human well-being and economic activity. These services include provisioning services like food, fiber, fuel and medicines; regulating services like climate regulation, flood and drought mitigation, soil formation, and pest control; and cultural services like inspiration, recreation, and spiritual fulfillment. However, many of these services are being degraded or lost due to human activities like habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change. Properly valuing ecosystem services and incorporating their value into policy and economic decisions is crucial for ensuring their continued supply for future generations.
Social forestry aims to achieve environmental benefits and rural development through afforestation on barren lands. It involves managing and developing forests to meet the basic needs of rural populations like fuel, fodder, and manure. The objectives of social forestry in India are to increase forest area, restore ecological balance, meet rural needs, ensure better land use, generate employment, and check pollution. The components of social forestry include farm forestry, extension forestry, rural forestry, community forestry, and agroforestry.
Potential threats to rangelands include overgrazing, invasive plants, human population growth, soil erosion, desertification, wildland fires exacerbated by climate change, complex land ownership issues, and a lack of institutional support. Overgrazing damages the land by exceeding the carrying capacity and allowing inferior plants to take over. Invasive plants outcompete native species and alter soil and fire regimes. Human population growth increases demands for food and fuel, resulting in conversion of rangelands and degradation through overexploitation of vegetation and soil erosion.
The document discusses different types of wetland ecosystems, including marine/saltwater wetlands and freshwater wetlands. It describes key characteristics of different wetland types such as marshes, swamps, and bogs, including dominant vegetation, hydrology, and examples from locations in Delaware and Maine. The document also briefly discusses mangrove forests and questions to consider about the importance of wetlands.
This document discusses wetlands and challenges with biodiversity offsets. It begins by defining wetlands and describing Canada's five main wetland classes: bogs, fens, swamps, marshes, and shallow open waters. It then discusses key challenges with wetland offsets, including issues with equivalency between impacted and offset wetlands, the scale at which wetland benefits accrue, differences in how quickly benefits develop, and ensuring offsets are additional to what would occur anyway. The document also provides examples of wetland offset policies from Atlantic Canada and Alberta, and notes that finding an appropriate organization to deliver offset projects can be a challenge.
The effects of wetland degradation on the socio economic welfare of rubaga di...Dennis Kateregga
This research study investigates the effects of wetland degradation on the socio – economic welfare. In Uganda, wetland degradation has been going since 1940’s on a small scale; it was not until in the 1980’s that wetlands become a subject of large scale interventions, most notably for crop cultivation. In the Rubaga division, wetland degradation started in the late 1970’s.
The study was carried out in Rubaga division where a sample of 60 people was selected as respondents. The sample was based on purposeful and multi – stage random sampling designs enhanced by the inclusion of key respondents. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview techniques reinforced by field observations, photography and informal discussions with local people. Data collected was there after analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively (using descriptive statistics and by computation of Chi – square tests).
In thee investigated sample, the study revealed that wetland degradation has resulted in serious effects such as changes in micro – climate and hence loss of biological diversity, lowered water tables leading to drying of wells, shortage of raw materials for handcraft and some medical plants. The study revealed a number of factors that influence wetland degradation such as high population densities and declining yields on land. Hence the influence on education levels, awareness and shortage of land could not be confirmed.
Basing on the above findings, the study therefore recommends environmental education and public awareness campaigns, legislative controls provision of alternative sources of income, practice of family planning and use of collaborative management of the wetland resources.
Wetland and Water Bodies Atlas of Jammu and kashmirShakil Romshoo
This Atlas is prepared at 1: 50, 000 scale based on remote sensing and detailed fieldwork. The Atlas was developed by my research group with financial support of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
World Wetlands Day is celebrated on February 2nd to raise awareness of wetlands and the Ramsar Convention. Wetlands are broadly defined and provide numerous benefits, including biodiversity, economic benefits, and ecological functions. However, wetlands face threats such as development, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Two important Ramsar sites in Uzbekistan are described - the Aydar-Arnasay Lakes System, an important stopover for migratory birds, and Lake Dengizkul in Bukhara, also important for migratory birds in an arid region.
Wetlands-classification, Intertidal zone-study in flora and FaunaMegha Majoe
Wetlands are diverse ecosystems that provide many benefits but are under threat. They include marshes, mangroves, and other areas that are periodically flooded. Mangroves in particular stabilize coastlines, provide habitat for fish and crustaceans, and sequester large amounts of carbon. However, mangroves have been cleared for development and degraded by pollution, with losses occurring three to four times faster than inland forests. To help protect these important ecosystems, further destruction of remaining wetlands must be prevented.
Siltation refers to the pollution of water by fine particulate terrestrial material like silt and clay. This leads to increased suspended sediment concentrations and accumulation of fine sediments in undesirable locations. Siltation is often caused by soil erosion or sediment spill. The main pollution source in water is sediment spill from dredging, dredged material transportation, and dredged material deposition near water. Siltation is measured by turbidity near the source, which is correlated to sediment concentration. Background turbidity is subtracted from spill plume turbidity. Repeated measurements integrate over the entire variable plume to reduce uncertainty. Siltation impacts bottom communities by interfering with filter feeding and burying organisms.
The Rio Grande once supported over 500 species of plants and animals but many native fish species have disappeared from the river. The Rio Grande Campaign aims to restore the river's ecosystem in southern New Mexico and west Texas to support native species once again. The La Mancha Project Design creates two connected ponds and landscaping on private land to provide habitat when the river floods, helping in the effort to restore the Rio Grande.
This document discusses the importance of soil science knowledge for performing wetland delineations. It provides background on regulations like the Clean Water Act and wetland delineation manuals. It then presents a case study from Florida examining three sites, determining if each meets the three criteria (hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, wetland hydrology) to be considered a jurisdictional wetland. The case study demonstrates how soil scientists' expertise in soils, hydrology, and landforms helps delineate wetlands more accurately.
Benefits of Wetland and Its Well -being Supports: A Review on Behula Wetland ...Susanta Mahato
The document summarizes information about the Behula Wetland located in Malda District, West Bengal, India. It describes the wetland's location, land uses over time (1975 vs. 2014), biological characteristics, and how local communities utilize the wetland's resources. The wetland provides important ecosystem services like water supply, fishing, agriculture, and habitat. However, it also faces threats like sediment deposition from human activities that are degrading the wetland over time.
Wetland restoration, enhancement and creationPari Doll
This document discusses wetland restoration, enhancement, and creation. It defines key terminology like restoration, enhancement, and creation. It outlines 9 design principles for wetland restoration projects, including making systems self-sustaining, using a systems approach, and restoring structure and function. Considerations for restoration and enhancement projects are described, such as site selection, understanding degradation, and stakeholder input. Both active and passive approaches to wetland restoration are covered, as well as the use of treatment wetlands to improve water quality.
Wetlands in Bangladesh encompass a wide verity of dynamic ecosystems ranging from mangrove forest (about 577, 100 ha), natural lakes, man-made reservoir (Kaptai lake), freshwater marshes (about 400 haors), oxbow lakes (about 54488 ha, locally known as baors), freshwater depressions (about 1,000 beels), fish ponds and tanks (about 147, 000 ha), estuaries and seasonal inundated extensive floodplains (Akonda, 1989; cited in Akbar Ali Khan 1993 and DoF 1985).
The Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. Some key points:
- It was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran and aims to conserve and protect wetlands internationally.
- It requires signatory countries to designate at least one wetland for a list of Wetlands of International Importance called the "Ramsar List."
- Countries must also make efforts to conserve Ramsar sites within their territory and report any ecological changes to sites. Changed sites are added to the Montreux Record.
- India has designated 26 Ramsar sites since joining in 1981, including Chilika
Christian Aid has developed a Resilience Framework to help empower marginalized communities manage risks and improve well-being. The framework is based on principles of community-led processes, power and inclusion, accountability, and do no harm. It recognizes that communities face various interconnected risks at different levels. The framework guides programs to support communities in identifying risks, taking action, and accessing resources to build sustainable resilience through interventions that address issues like power relations, agriculture, markets, health, and conflict.
Examining wetland loss and potential restoration opportunities in the Sandusk...James Ashby
This document outlines a methodology for assessing wetland functions in the Sandusky watershed of Ohio using GIS. It discusses modeling historic wetlands, enhancing the National Wetlands Inventory with hydrogeomorphic descriptors, and assigning wetland functions. Historic wetland mapping found over 78% loss since pre-settlement, with forested wetlands declining 90% and scrub-shrub 85%. Functions like floodwater storage and nutrient transformation were assigned significance levels of high, medium, low based on wetland type, location and other criteria. Comparing current to historic conditions provides targets for wetland management.
Communication for development in Climate Field School: the case of Livelihood...Csdi Initiative
Livelihood adaptation is the key element of the support that CSDI is doing to FAO projects in Bangladesh to develop CCA. CSDI is developing a communication action plan for: institutionalization of the learning process; replication of good adaptation practices through the Climate Field School approach; up-scaling and mainstreaming successfully pilot tested livelihood adaptation options into development planning and policy decision making.
This document provides an overview of different economic growth theories including classical, neoclassical, and new growth theories. It summarizes key points about each theory and how they explain sources and factors of economic growth. The document also provides an example of Thailand's economic growth rates in recent years from 2009 to present and previews next week's topic on regulation, antitrust policy, and trade theories.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and lists various sources of solid waste including municipal, domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and e-waste. It then discusses the effects of solid waste on the environment. The key aspects of solid waste management are reducing, reusing, and recycling waste. The document outlines the functional elements and various treatment methods for solid waste including segregation, composting, landfilling, incineration, and pyrolysis.
- Jammu & Kashmir has a strong tourism sector focused on recreational, adventure, pilgrimage, and health tourism. It is a global tourist destination.
- The state has a leader position in agro-based industries like fruits, with the highest share of apple production in India. Horticulture and floriculture also have considerable potential.
- Key industries include handicrafts, and Jammu & Kashmir has attractive incentives and policies to promote investment and business opportunities across sectors like infrastructure, transport, industries and tourism.
This document discusses wetlands in Pakistan. It begins by defining wetlands and describing different types, including natural wetlands like rivers and marshes, and man-made wetlands like ponds and fish farms. It then discusses four major wetland complexes in Pakistan and provides details on several important wetlands. The document also addresses threats to wetlands from degradation and loss, and provides suggestions for sustainable management and conservation.
Wetlands provide important ecosystem services but face many threats. On-site threats include draining wetlands for agriculture, dumping waste, and pollution from nearby activities. Off-site threats involve upstream deforestation, dams altering water flows, and pollution from distant sources. A key threat is conversion to aquaculture through draining or filling wetlands. Wetlands are drained and filled to make way for shrimp or fish farms, eliminating natural habitat.
Degradation of Wetland Environment: A Case Study of Dora Beel of Kamrup Distr...iosrjce
Wetland’ a relatively new term occupies a significant position as natural resources in our state. The
importance of wetland has been increasing day by day due to its role on environment and economy of a region.
But the growing pressure of human interference has been degrading the wetland environment constantly and it
has posed a serious threat to the biodiversity of the wetland. An attempt has been made in this paper to know the
status of wetland and analyze its environmental degradation. The study tries to put forth some eco-friendly
measures of conservation and management for sustainable development of the wetland habitats and the people
around the wetland. The study is based on both primary and secondary data.
The Ligawasan Marsh: Ecosystem Health, Threats and ConservationGarry D. Lasaga
The document discusses the Ligawasan Marsh ecosystem in the Philippines, which covers 288,000 hectares and provides livelihood for 278,000 people. It faces numerous threats including illegal fishing, forest conversion, pollution, and lack of enforcement of environmental laws. To increase its resilience, the document recommends habitat restoration, designating it a protected area, law enforcement, and livelihood programs to reduce pressure on its resources.
Biodiversity, Floristic Composition and Climate Change in the SundarbansWWF-India
The document summarizes biodiversity, climate change impacts, and livelihoods in the Sundarbans region of Bangladesh. It notes that the Sundarbans contains over 400 fish and crustacean species, 275 bird species including 95 waterfowl, and 42 mammal species. Major threats include cyclones, rising sea levels, soil and water salinity, and river siltation. The region supports around 6 million dependent people through fishing, honey and wax collection, and other natural resource use. Climate change is projected to further reduce Sundarbans forests and agricultural lands through flooding and salinity intrusion over the coming decades.
8th Std 2. Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources.Navya Rai
8th Std Social Science - Geography- Chapter 2. Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources.
Land is among the most important natural resources.
It covers only about thirty per cent of the total area of the earth’s surface and all parts of this small percentage are not habitable.
The uneven distribution of population in different parts of the world is mainly due to varied characteristics of land and climate.
The rugged topography, steep slopes of the mountains, low-lying areas susceptible to water logging, desert areas, thick forested areas are normally sparsely populated or uninhabited. Plains and river valleys offer suitable land for agriculture. Hence, these are the densely populated areas of the world.
Challanges in Fisheries Resource Mnagmentvagh sarman
This document discusses fisheries in India. It notes that fisheries provide employment and contribute to food security, playing a vital role in the economy. Fisheries contribute 1.07% to India's GDP. It then lists various fisheries resources and infrastructure in India like its coastline, fishing villages, and water bodies used for fishing. It identifies threats to fisheries like overfishing, pollution, habitat destruction, invasive species, and climate change. It elaborates on these threats and their impacts. The document concludes by discussing various laws in India related to wildlife protection, fisheries management, environment protection, and biodiversity conservation.
Mangroves are coastal forests found in tropical and subtropical regions that provide important ecological benefits. They act as buffers between land and sea, protecting coastlines from erosion and storms. Mangroves are rich ecosystems that are home to diverse plant and animal life. However, around half of the world's mangroves have been lost, mainly due to conversion to shrimp farms and other coastal development. The document outlines the types of mangroves found in India and their importance, and suggests actions to better protect and restore these critical coastal ecosystems.
This document discusses wetlands, including their characteristics and importance. It notes that wetlands are diverse ecosystems that are flooded by water and serve as home to much plant and animal life. The main types of wetlands are listed as swamp, marsh, bog and fen. Wetlands provide important functions such as water storage and flood protection, water purification, biodiversity habitat, and climate change mitigation. The Ramsar Convention aims to conserve and sustainably use wetlands internationally through cooperation of member countries. Pakistan has designated 19 wetland sites as being of international importance under this convention.
Murray Darling Case Study of Unsustainable Water Userbruford
The Murray-Darling Basin covers over 1 million square kilometers in southeast Australia and includes the Murray and Darling rivers. Agriculture is a major industry in the basin, accounting for 40% of Australia's agricultural production, though it uses unsustainable amounts of water. Issues facing the basin include land clearing, salinity, low water flows, and climate change impacts, which are disturbing the basin's wetlands and ecosystems. Current water usage in the basin is double what models predict would be sustainable, even after high rainfall years.
The document discusses World Wetland Day, which is celebrated annually on February 2nd. It provides background on the Ramsar Convention, which established protections for wetlands of international importance. Wetlands provide numerous benefits, including water purification, flood control, biodiversity, and carbon storage. However, many wetlands have been lost due to activities like agriculture, fishing, and pollution. The document advocates educating communities and taking steps to preserve remaining wetlands, such as by planting native species and avoiding development in wetland areas. It highlights some important wetlands in India and efforts to raise awareness and sustainably manage wetlands going forward.
This document discusses habitat modification to improve fisheries in floodplain wetlands. It begins with an introduction to wetlands, noting that they cover 12% of Earth's surface and are important ecosystems. It then discusses the classification and origins of different types of floodplain wetlands. Next, it covers the physical and chemical properties of wetland soils and waters, as well as primary production. The document then discusses fish diversity and yields in wetlands, and different fishery management approaches. It concludes with an overview of the uses and importance of wetlands, as well as the goals of the Ramsar Convention to protect wetland habitats internationally.
this is my 10th standard project wherein i have compiled information from various sources. it is a short project with useful content. hope it proves to be of good use.
Nepal has many globally significant wetland ecosystems that provide ecological, economic, cultural, and recreational value. However, wetlands are being degraded and destroyed by natural succession, pollution, dams, overexploitation, siltation, and population growth. A lack of awareness, effective policy, responsible institutions, and clear ownership has exacerbated these threats. A conservation plan is needed to protect wetlands through stronger national support, protected area management, conservation of unprotected wetlands, and clear institutional roles for wetland governance.
Brackish water is water that is more saline than fresh water but not as saline as seawater. It typically contains between 0.5-30 grams of salt per liter. India has significant areas of brackish water resources including estuaries, backwaters, and mangroves totaling around 11.4 million hectares. However, only around 1.94 million hectares of this area is currently used for brackish water aquaculture. Various crops can be grown using brackish water irrigation if properly managed through drainage, frequent irrigation, and growing salt tolerant varieties. Reverse osmosis and distillation are commonly used to desalinate brackish groundwater for agricultural and domestic purposes.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on biodiversity in the Indian Sundarbans region of West Bengal. It provides background on the unique ecosystem and biodiversity found in Sundarbans, including 334 plant species, 49 mammal species, and over 400 fish species. Climate change is having serious effects like increased salinity, reduced freshwater flows, and rising sea levels. This is depleting biodiversity as species like the Javan rhino have gone extinct and tiger populations have declined. Conservation efforts are needed to protect the region's biodiversity from the threats of climate change.
This document provides information on mangroves in India. It notes that 54 species of true mangroves are found across 16 families. Mangroves are distributed across several Indian states, especially Orissa, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa, and Gujarat. In Tamil Nadu, mangroves are found mainly in Pichavaram, Muthupet, and Gulf of Mannar. The document outlines the dominant mangrove species in each region and associated flora and fauna. It discusses the ecological importance of mangroves and various threats to them, as well as conservation efforts and relevant laws and policies.
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIIISantosh Kumar
The document discusses land as an important natural resource. It notes that only 30% of the Earth's surface is land, and not all of that is habitable. Population distribution is uneven due to varying land characteristics and climate. Steep, rugged, or forested areas tend to be sparsely populated, while plains and river valleys are more densely populated for agriculture. Land is used for purposes like agriculture, forestry, housing, and industry. It can be privately or communally owned. Growing populations are putting pressure on limited land resources and leading to issues like degradation. Conservation methods like afforestation and regulated chemical use aim to preserve land.
Land,soil,water,natural vegetation and wildlife VIIISantosh Kumar
The document discusses land as an important natural resource. It notes that only 30% of the Earth's surface is land, and not all of that is habitable. Population distribution is uneven due to varying land characteristics and climate. Steep, rugged, or forested areas tend to be sparsely populated, while plains and river valleys are more densely populated for agriculture. Land is used for purposes like agriculture, forestry, housing, and industry. It can be privately or communally owned. Growing populations are putting pressure on limited land resources and leading to issues like degradation. Conservation methods like afforestation and regulated resource use aim to preserve land.
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season. View the presentation to know more!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
3. What are WETLANDS ?
“Wetlands are area of marsh, fen, peat land
or water, whether natural or artificial,
permanent or temporary, with water that is
static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt,
including areas of marine water, the depth
of which at low tide does not exceed six
metres.’
(RAMSAR CONVENTION)
4. Key Attributes (Helps in identification)
Hydrology which is a degree of flooding
of soil saturation
Wetland vegetation (hydrophytes)
Hydric soils
5. Ramsar Convention --- path of recognizing
importance
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, an intergovernmental
treaty which deals with conservation aspects of inland
waters and the near-shore coastal areas.
Signed on Feb 2, 1971, in Iranian city of RAMSAR this
provides a framework for national action and
international cooperation for the conservation and wise
use of wetlands and their resources.
There are at present 159 contracting Parties to the
Convention, with 1634 wetland sites, totaling 145.73
million hectares, designated for inclusion in the
Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
6.
The Convention has 12 Articles which deal with the
various aspects of wetlands, including their definition,
criteria for designation of wetlands, wise use of
wetlands, establishing nature reserves, research,
monitoring, management of wetland species,
international cooperation and transboundary wetland
issues.
India is a signatory to Ramsar Convention and plays an
important role in conservation and wise use of
wetlands.
9. The Mission of the Ramsar Convention
‘The conservation and wise use of wetlands by
national action and international cooperation as
a means to achieving sustainable development
throughout the world.’
Source : Conservation of Wetlands in India: A Profile
10. Types
Glaciatic Wetlands (e.g., Tsomoriri in
Jammu and Kashmir, Chandertal in
Himachal Pradesh)
Tectonic Wetlands (Bhimtal in Uttaranchal)
Oxbow Wetlands (Wullur lake, Kashmir)
Lagoons (Chilka lake, Orissa)
Crater Wetlands (Lonar lake, Maharastra)
Salt water Wetlands (Sambhar, Rajastan)
Urban Wetlands (Dal lake, Kasmir)
Creeks (Thane , Maharastra)
14. Extent of Degradation of Wetlands
More than ½ of the worlds remaining wetlands
have been destroyed in the 20th century,
especially in developing countries by the
demands of industrialization.
1/3rd of Indian wetlands has already been wiped
out or has been severely degraded.
70 – 80 percent of individual fresh water marshes
and lakes in the Gangetic flood plains have been
lost in the last five decades.
(Sustainable Wetlands, Environmental Governance-2, 1999).
15.
80 to 98% of wetlands immediately within or
adjacent to many of Canada's urban centers have
been lost (Govt. of Cannada, 1991)
Rate of loss is 2-3% per year
Indian mangrove areas have been halved almost
from 700,000 hectares in 1987 to 453,000 hectares
in 1995 (Sustainable Wetlands, Environmental
Governance-2, 1999).
16. Threats to wetlands
Uncontrolled weed infestation
Anthropogenic invasion or Encroachment on
wetland areas for various purposes leading to
habitat destruction
Hydrological interventions
Pollution
Climate Change
18.
Study on the effects of agricultural run-off in Frankline Bog,
Vermont, USA has revealed that forested and agricultural
runoff from the nearby watershed created differential
vegetation patterns in the wetland, including weedy species
introductions. The study also reported the nutrient induced
excessive vegetative growth in the study site.( Gustafson &
Wang, 2002)
Soil salinization is also reported to be a serious cause of
wetland degradation in the Yellow River Delta region of
china. (Jian-feng & Qi-xiang, 2005)
Climate change is predicted to threaten the wetland
ecosystems by its effect on wetland biodiversity
(Temperature), shrinkage of wetland area due to reduced
water availability and geographical distribution of
wetlands. (Tiwana et al. 2008)
19.
Of the estimated 58.2 million hectares of wetlands in
India, 40.9 million hectares are under rice cultivation
(Anon. 1993).
Most of the coastal mangroves in Sunderbans & Andaman
in India are facing threat arising from economic demand
on shrimps.(P
rasad et al. 2002)
L of marine and coastal wetlands in Australia has been
oss
linked with human interference in E
stuaries, bays and
Gulfs for various activities . (Zann, 1995)
In US, that more than 53% of naturally occurring
wetlands (more than 117 million acres or 47.4 million
hectares; 1 acre = 0.405 hectare) have been converted
into urban and agricultural uses (B
endor & B
rozovic
2007).
20. Zhaou et al , Environ Model Assess (2009) 14:101–111
21.
22. WETLAND SERVICES
Wetland products
Groundwater replenishments
Maintenance of water tables
Water storage and flood control
Shoreline protection and stabilization
Sediment and nutrient retention
Water purification - Kidneys of Nature
Habitats for biodiversity
Ecosystem functions
Recreation and tourism
23. Implications
Reduction in terrestrial carbon sequestration
Reduction in economic products
Reduction of Ground Water Recharge Potential
Reduced Water supply
Flood
Erosion of shoreline
Interrupted nutrient cycling
Loss of Water Quality
Biodiversity Depletion
Ecosystem Disruption
24. Study on Hadejia–Jama’are and Hadejia–Nguru wetlands
of Nigeria has revealed that loss of the wetland area has
resulted in drying up of many wells that are used by the
inhabitants.(Uluocha & Okeke, 2004)
27.
Location : (lat. 26°03′26″–26°09′26″N and long.
90°36′39″–90°41′25″E) , 10 km southwest of
Guwahati town, Kamrup District .
The Beel has a perennial water-holding area of
about 10.1 km2, which extends up to 40.1 km2
during floods. (Bera et al., 2008)
Notified a Wildlife Sanctuary (proposed) under the
Wildlife Protection Act of India, 1972
Declared a Ramsar Site in August 2002
Recognized as a Important Bird Area site by
Birdlife International.
28. Justification for declaring a Ramsar Site:
Deepor Beel and is a representative wetland type found
within the biogeographic province, 'Burma Monsoon
Forest‘ .
Supports threatened species of birds like Spot billed
pelican, Lesser adjutant stork, Greater adjutant stork,
Black necked stork, and Large whistling teal.
The lake is one of the staging grounds on the migratory
flyways for several species.
31. Greater adjurdent stork
Spot billed pelican
Great blue heron
Asian elephants in B
eel
L
arge whistling teal
B
lack necked stork
32.
A large no. of wetland fruits and vegetables and
medicinal plants are identified in the wetland.
Source of water for the wild animals from the
adjuscent Rani – Garbhanga Reserved Forest
including the Asiatic Elephants.
The only major storm water storage basin for the
city of Guwahati.
Resident rural community of nearby area (14
Village/1200 families) mostly dependant on the
natural wetland resources for their livilihood.
33. Degradation of Deepor B
eel
Present reported area is 9.27 sq. km. but the
actual water body is only 4.1 sq. km.
Heavily infested with water hyacinth and other
aquatic weeds, indicating high eutrophication.
Deterioration of water quality – pH - 4.7- 6.9,
DO -1.6 mg/l to 5.2 mg/l
Heavy metal content reported to be high.
(Report, Planning Comission, India, 2008)
36. Conservation M
easures
Demarcation of the boundary
Construction of embankment
Control of industrial activity
Control of commercial exploitation of aquatic
resources
Water quality restoration
Increasing water retention capacity
Complete stoppage of garbage dumping
Awareness campaign
Implementing sustainable wetland management
strategies.
37. Conclusion
Wetlands are very important ecosystems from the point of
global and local environmental conservation.
Human encroachment and developmental activities are
accelerating the degradation process of wetlands.
Conservation of wetlands should be given a prime
importance in all the environmental conservation policies.
38.
Greater participation of local people, use of
indigenous knowledge in the management
strategies and application of scientific
techniques are needed.
Most importantly, we must be sincere enough
to increase awareness among public regarding
the importance of wetlands.