Detailed explanation of types of forest,effects and causes of deforestation on environment.

1. Forests of
Pakistan
Environmental science
,Punjab University.

2. Presented to:
• Dr. Shafiq ur Rehman.
Presented by:
• 25
• 29
• 26
• 28
• 12

3. Forests of Pakistan:
• What is forest?
• A forest is a large area dominated by tree
s. Forests are the dominant terrestrial
ecosystem of Earth.

4. Forestry in Pakistan:
• Less than 4% of land in Pakistan is covered
with forests.

5. Primary and secondary forests:
• Primary forests are ma
de up of native species
that have developed
naturally, with little or no
evidence of human activit
ies. As such, their original
ecological processes rema
in largely undisturbed.
These include forests
recovering from natural
disturbances such as
storms and landslides.
• Secondary forests are
those which are re Th
e recovery of the for
est can be natural or
by
people intervention
through reforestation
or afforestation.
covering from human
disturbances.
• Primary Forest • Secondary Forest

6. Largest forest in Pakistan:
• The forest near Ziarat district in Baluchistan
, Pakistan's largest and poorest province, is
the second-largest juniper forest in the wor
ld. Its slow-growth trees are estimated to b
e up to 4,000 to 5,000 years old.
• A 247,000-acre forest of juniper trees, som
e of which are thousands of years old, in P
akistan's southwest may soon vanish becau
se of the dearth of government conservati
on efforts and the felling of trees by village
rs seeking fuel.

7. Major forest in Pakistan.
The different types of forests found in
Pakistan.
• Temperate Forests of Nathiagali, Pakistan
• Alpine pastures of deosai, skardu, Pakistan
• Temperate Forests of Kaghan Valley
• Sub-Tropical Pine Forests, Margalla Hills
• Sub-Tropical Scrub Forests, Margalla Hills
• Dry Tropical Forests, near Kalabagh, Pakistan
• Coastal Forests, near Karachi, Pakistan
• Mangrove Forests, Karachi, Pakistan

8. Deforestation.

9. Deforestation –modern day
plague.
• Deforestation is clearing Earth's
forests on a massive scale, often
resulting in damage to the quality of
the land.
• The world’s rain forests could
completely vanish in a hundred years
at the current rate of deforestation.

10. Major drivers of deforestation
• Agriculture.
• Urbanization.
• Farming.
• Overgrazing.
• Illegal logging (timber mafia).
• Climate change.
• Forest fire.
• Fuel wood harvesting.

11. Effects
• loss of habitat for millions of species.

12. Effects.
• Deforestation also drives climate
change.
• Removing trees deprives the
forest of portions of its canopy
1. Canopy save the soil from
beating effect of rain prevent soil
erosion.
2. blocks the sun’s rays during
the day, and holds in heat at night.
• Increase Global warming.

13. Carbon pollution-Major effect

14. Importance.

15. Importance.
• They help us breathe.(source of
oxygen).
• Habitat (Nearly half of all known
species live in forests, including 80
percent of biodiversity on land).
• They keep Earth cool. (absorb CO2)
• They make it rain.
• They fight flooding.
• They keep dirt in its place.
• They clean up dirty air.

16. Importance.
• They muffle noise pollution.
• They feed us.
• They give us medicine.
• prevent soil erosion
• Over 2 billion people rely on forest
s
• Forests provide jobs for more than
13 million people across the world.
• After oceans, forests are the world’
s largest storehouses of carbon.

17. They create majesty.
(Impressive beauty)

18. Importance

19. Human Impacts On Forests
 As we know that human population
is increasing at an almost exponential
rate.
 With this growth comes an increase
in demand for land, food, water, energy
and other resources.
 To meet all these demands forests
are effected.

21. Types of Forests In
PakistanThe following forest types are
found in Pakistan:
 Tropical dry deciduous forests
 Littoral and Swamp forests
 Topical thorn forests
 Coniferous forests
 Irrigated plantations

22.  Mangrove forests
 Rivarian forests
 Sub-tropical pine forests
 Sub-tropical broad-leaved
evergreen forests
 Himalayan moist temperate forests
 Himalayan dry temperate forests
 Sub-alpine forests
 Alpine scrub

23. Tropical dry deciduous
forest:
• These are the forests of low or moderate height
consisting almost entirely of deciduous species.
• Their canopy is typically light though it may
appear fairly dense and complete during the short
rainy season.
• Distribution:
• This type does not occur extensively in Pakistan
but there are limited areas in the Rawalpindi foothills
carrying this vegetation type, all much adversely
affected by close proximity to habitation or
cultivation. The forests occur at elevation1200-2000
ft.t

24. Tropical dry deciduous forest
• Example:
• Acacia catechu (Kath), gymnosporia,
flacourtia, bombax ceiba.

25. Littoral and Swamp
Forests
• Littoral forests and Swamp forests are also
called the wetland forests.
• Classification of Littoral Forests:
1) Beach forests
2) Tidal forest
i. Tree mangrove forests
ii. Low mangrove forests
iii. Salt water forests and
iv. Brackish water forests

26. Examples
Littoral Swamp

27. Importance
• Forest is evergreen
• These forests occur at elevation 0-20 ft
• Cover 257500 hectares in Pakistan, which
is 7th largest in the world
• These forests of low height which occur
in the Arabian sea around the coast of
Karachi and along the coast of Gawader.
• The main species is Avicennia marina.
other species like Rhizophora have
disappeared over a period of time due to
heavy cutting.

28. Tropical Thorn Forests
• The tropical thorn forests are dominated by
xerophytic shrubs.
• They are most widespread in the Punjab
plains but also occupy small areas in
southern Sindh and western Balochistan.
• They are mainly used for grazing purposes,
watershed protection and fuel wood.
• Common species are vann (Salvadora
oleoides), khejri (Prosopis cineraria), kair (Cap
paris aphylla), etc.

29. Examples

30. Coniferous Forests
• Occur from 1,000 to 4,000 m altitudes.
• Chitral, Swat, Malakand, Mansehra,
Upper and lower Dir and Abbottabad districts of
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir and
Rawalpindi district of the Punjab are the main
areas covered with coniferous forests.
• Also occur in Baluchistan hills.
• Chilghoza pine and Juniper are the two most
common species of Baluchistan.

31. Examples

32. Irrigated Plantations
• They were first developed in 1
866 at Changa Manga in Kasur.
• Today they occupy about 226,
000 ha.
• Sheesham, mulberry/Shahtoot,
babul and species of Eucalyptu
s are the common tree species
grown in the irrigated plantati
ons.

33. Example

34. Rivarian Forests
• The rivarian forests grow in narrow
belts along the banks of River
Indus and its tributaries.
• They are more commonly found in
Sindh and to some extent in the
Punjab.
• Babul , Shisham and Khagal are
the most common species.
Uses:
• They are mainly used for lumber.

35. Rivarian Forests

36. Mangrove Forest
• Found in coastal and
delta areas.
• Indus and Hub areas
are covered by
Mangroves.
• Mangroves forest of
karachi.

37. Importance of Man
grove forest.
• These forests protect coastal areas from
erosion, storm surge and tidal waves.
• These serve as nurseries for marine life.
• Very important for ecology of coastal are
as.
• These can survive in brackish and saline
water.
• Preservation of these forest is very impor
tant for coastal ecology and marine life.

38. Example

39. Sub Tropical Pine Forest:
• These are open inflammable
pine forests.
• Often without dry evergreen
shrub layer.
• Have little or no underwood/un
dergrowth
• Example: Chir pine (Pinus roxb
urghii)
• Found between 900m-1700m
elevation in western
Himalayas.
• Not rich in species
• Due to lack of undergrowth ,
there is no herbivore and
carnivore species, however bird
species is present.

40. Himalayan Moist Temperate F
orest: • These are ever green forests
of conifers.
• With some admixture of oak
and deciduous broad leaved
trees.
• Undergrowth is rarely dense.
• These forests are found
between 1500m-3000m
elevation in Western Himalayas
.
• Mainly found in Murree,
Kaghan ,AJK, Nathiagali and
Shogran.

41. • These forests receives heavy rainfall in monsoon.
These forests are divided into two zones:
lower zone
upper zone ,in each of which oak and conifers do
minate.
In the lower zone, Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichi
ana, Picea smithiana and Abies pindrow (Partal) a
re the main conifer in order of increasing altitude.
In the upper zone, Abies pindrow and Q.semecarp
ifolia are the dominant tree species.

42. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests:
• These are open evergreen forests
• With open shrub undergrowth
• These forests include conifers and broad leaved
species
• They lie in steep rocky slopes where annual rainfall
is less than 30 inches.
• They grow in North west areas like Chitral, Neelam
, Kaghan valley and in higher parts of Suleiman
Range like Ziarat.
• Pinus gerardiana (chilgoza) and Juniperus
macropoda are main species. Higher up, blue pine
community occur.

43. Sub Alpine Forests:
• Evergreen conifers and mainly broad
leaved trees that occur relatively in
low canopy.
• Have deciduous shrubby undergrowth
of Viburnum and Salix.
• Sub alpine forest zone is topmost tree
formation in Himalaya being
developed between 1100-1200ft on
northern aspect.
• These are found in Kashmir, swat and
Chitral and receive appreciable amount
of rain and snowfall.
• Dwarf junipers are abundant.

44. Alpine forests.
• These forest are called alpine because they grow in
conditions similar to those in the Alps, a mountain
range in Europe. Alpine forests are found on the
mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan. In the region of high
mountains there is snow, so little or no vegetation is
found here.
• Due to the very cold climate above a height of 4000 me
ter, trees do not grow properly. Some dwarfed
trees of silver fir, juniper, and birch grow here. Alpine
forests are found in a limited area in Chitral, Dir, Swat, and
Gilgit.
• These forests are found in the lower parts of the mount
ains of the north, for example, above Murree
and Nathia Gali, and in parts of the hills of
Balochistan. In these forests there are fir, spruce, deodar,
and kail trees.

45. Alpine forest.

47. Climate Change In Pakistan
Pakistan is a country with one of
the lowest forest cover of the world.
This is mainly due to the arid and
semi-arid climate in most parts of the
country.

48. Forest and Climate Change
The climate is also effected by forest.
• Global Warming.
• Carbon Sink.
• Precipitation.
• Water Cycle.

49. Climate Change
Climate changes directly and indirectly
affect the growth and productivity of
forest through changes in
• Temperature.
• Rainfall.
• Weather.

50. CONSERVATION
OF FORESTS

51. Conservation Of Forests
The maintenance and upkeep of forest
s is known as forest conservation.
Categories of Conservation:
There are two categories of conservatio
n.
• Natural Conservation.
• Artificial Conservation.

52. Naturally Protected Forest

53. Artificially Managed Forests

54. Conservation Of Forests
Following are the steps we should ta
ke to conserve our forest.
• Massive afforestation work should
be undertaken to cover large areas
of land with useful plants.
For example:
They are planted along the highways
and rivers, around the playgrounds a
nd parks.

55. Conservation Of Forests
• Large scale cutting of forests should be
stopped. If it is essential to cut a few, then you
make sure
that you plant more trees in their place.
• Forest fire should be prevented.
• Overgrazing by cattle's, sheep's and goats
should be prevented.
• Forests should be protected from insects and
pests. In case of infected plant it should be
treated or removed as soon as possible.

57. Conservation Of Forests
• People should be made aware of the impact
of forest on their life through advertisements
, TV, radios and plays.