This document provides a history of rural water supply in India from the 1950s to present. It discusses the various government programs and institutions involved in rural water supply over different generations. The key points are: 1) Rural water supply in India has evolved over multiple generations from an initial focus on infrastructure development to a more community-managed approach emphasizing sustainability and water quality. 2) Major government programs over the decades have included the Accelerated Rural Water Supply Program, National Drinking Water Mission, and current National Rural Drinking Water Program. 3) Implementation involves various agencies from central, state, and local levels with the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation as the nodal agency at the national level

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Submitted by
M.MICHELLE SUJATHA PARMAR KALPANA JOKHIO SAI KRISHNA RINOSH CHERIAN THOMAS TIKHAM SINGH
HISTORY(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
1ST GENERATION (1950)
INSTALLED RURAL WATER
SUPPLY SCHEMES (1950)
ARWSP (1972-73)
CENTRALIZED PUBLIC
HEALTH ENGINEERING
SYSTEM (1972-1986)
ADEQUATE DRINKING
WATER SUPPLY
2ND GENERATION
LAUNCH TECHNOLOGY
MISSION (1986-87)
RENAMED AS RAJIV
GANDHI NATIONAL
DRINKING WATER
MISSION (1991-92)
WATER QUALITY
TECHNOLOGY
INTERVENTION
HUMAN RESOURCE
DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCE OTHER
ACTIVITIES
3RD GENERATION
(1999-2000)
SECTOR
REFORM
PROJECT
INTRODUCED
PLANNING
IMPLEMENTATION
MANAGEMENT OF
RWS SCHEMES
SWAJALDHARA
(2002.)
4TH GENERATION
(SINCE 2007-08)
PRIS & COMMUNITY
ORG
SUSTAINABILITY
OF WATER
AVAILABILITY
PORTABILITY
ADEQUACY
CONVENIENCE
AFFORDABILITY
EQUITY
• India has the largest drinking water program
in the world serving nearly 742 million people
• The constitution of India ,article 47 tells about
providing clean drinking water in 1999 proposed a
paradigm shift in rural water supply
Supply
driven
Demand driven
Main traditional sources of rural drinking water.
Open wells Private wells Ponds Small-scale irrigation reservoirs
(source :-Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Gota, Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad)
RURAL DEVELOPMENT PANCHAYAT
RAJ DEPARTMENT (RDPR)
NODAL AGENCY
PLANNING
IMPLEMENTING
MONITORING
EVALUATING
DISTRICT AND LOWER
LEVELS
PANCHAYAT RAJ
IMPLEMENTING
ZILLA PANCHAYAT
PLANNING AND
MONITORING UNIT
DISTRICT PROJECT
MONITORING UNIT
TECHNICAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
PERSONNEL
SOCIAL SCIENTIST
PWD.
PLAN, IMPLEMENT &
MONITOR
TALUK PANCHAYAT
IMPLEMENT &
MONITOR OF
DEVELOPMENT WORK
GRAMA
PANCHAYAT
PREPARES OWN PLAN
& IMPLEMENT
COLLECTING WATER
CHARGES
OPERATIONS AND
MAINTENANCE
VILLAGE WATER AND
SANITATION COMMITTEE
INVOLVE LOCAL
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
WORLD BANK
ASSISTED
PLANNING
IMPLEMENT
OPERATION &
MAINTENANCE
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
INSTITUTIONS
• National Rural Drinking Water Quality
Monitoring and Surveillance Program was
implemented in February 2006
• The Accelerated Rural Water Supply
Program (ARWSP) provides financial
support for the state government.
• National Drinking Water
Mission (NDWM) was introduced as one of
the five Societal Missions in 1986.
• NDWM was later known as Rajiv Gandhi
National Drinking Water Mission
(RGNDWM) in 1991
• The prime objectives of this Mission are:
1. To ensure coverage of all rural habitations,
especially to reach the unreached, with
access to safe drinking water.
2. To ensure sustainability of the systems and
sources; and
3. To tackle the water quality problems in
affected habitations.
PROJECT FINANCE
WORLD BANK
50%
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
(EXCLUDING THE NRDWP
FUNDING)
33%
STATE GOVT CONTRIBUTION (AS
PER NRDWP GUIDELINES)
16%
COMMUNITY CONTRIBUTION
1%
(Source: Bihar state water and sanitation mission state project management unit)
• Till the 10th plan, an estimated total of Rs.50 crore had been
spent on providing safe drinking water, despite such
expenditure lack of safe and secure drinking water continues
to be a major hurdle and a national economic burden (source:
kasthuri mandal article-nistads,2008)
FINANCEOTHER INSTITUTIONS
• Various government agencies are
involved in supplying drinking water
to the rural people.
• Besides, the efforts of the Central
and State governments
,international organisations such
as the World
Bank, WHO, UNICEF (Water and
sanitation programme-South Asia),
UNDP and the European Union
(i.e.)External Support Agencies
(ESA) have made invaluable
contributions to the sectorPARADIGM SHIFT

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Submitted by
M.MICHELLE SUJATHA PARMAR KALPANA JOKHIO SAI KRISHNA RINOSH CHERIAN THOMAS TIKHAM SINGH
GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES
(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008 & water aid background paper, 2008)
GOVT OF INDIA
(CENTRAL)
MINISTRY OF RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
DEPT OF RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
DEPT OF LAND
RESOURCES
DEPT OF
DRINKING WATER
SUPPLY
ACCELERATED
RURAL WATER
SUPPLY
PROGRAMME
(ARWSP)
(1972-1973)
TECHNOLOGY
MISSION WAS
LAUNCHED IN
(1986)
RENAMED AS RAJIV
GANDHI NATIONAL
DRINKING WATER
MISSION (1991-92 )
NATIONAL RURAL
DRINKING WATER
PROGRAMME (NRWDP)
SAFE DRINKING
WATER FOR ALL
DEPT OF
DRINKING
WATER
SUPPLY (1999)
DEPT OF
DRINKING
WATER AND
SANITATION
(2010)
RENAMED AS
MINISTRY OF
DRINKING
WATER AND
SANITATION
(2011)
NODAL
DEPARTMENT
POLICY
PLANNING
FUNDING
COORDINATIO
N OF
PROGRAMMES
FUNCTIONS (source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)
SCHEMES AND
PROGRAMMES
(CENTRAL)
PLANNING
IMPLEMENTATION
MONITORING
R&D INITIATIVES
PARTNERSHIP
OTHER SECTOR
PARTNERS
ORGANIZATION
UN AGENCIES
NGOS
R&D
INSTITUTIONS
CIVIL SOCIETY
ASSIST
STATES
RESOURCE
MOBILIZATION
TECHNICAL
SUPPORT
SEMINARS
INTERACTIONS
DOCUMENT OF
BEST PRACTICES
INNOVATIONS
PROVIDE INPUTS TO
DEPTS/ MINISTRIES
FORMULATION OF
POLICIES
AWARD
PANCHAYATS &
ORGANIZATIONS
EXCELLENT
WORK
GOVERNMENT BODIES
( Source: water aid background paper, 2008)
TO BE NOTED-HAZARDOUS RURAL WATER SUPPLY
(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)
The approach paper for the 11th Five Year Plan calls for a comprehensive approach which encompasses
individual health care, public health, sanitation, clean drinking water, access to food and knowledge
about hygiene and feeding practice. It also states the need to upscale more schemes related to community
management of water reducing the maintenance burden and responsibility of the state. It is envisaged to
provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there are no slip-backs by the end of the 11th Plan.
WHAT TO EXPECT?
(source : ministry of water supply and sanitation,2008)
launched with technical support from UNICEF and Rs.254.90 crore is spent during this phase, with 1.2
million bore wells being dug and 17,000 piped water supply schemes being provided.
1949: The Environment Hygiene Committee
Early Independence (1947- (1947---1969)
recommends the provision of safe water supply to cover 90 per cent of India’s population in a timeframe of
40 years.
1950: The Constitution of India
confers ownership of all water resources to the government, specifying it as a state subject, giving citizens
the right to potable water.
1969: National Rural Drinking Water Supply programme
Central Water Commission (CWC):
Responsible for regulating the use of surface water
Central Groundwater Board (CGWB):
Monitors and checks for the quality of ground
waterNational Rivers Conservation Directorate (NRCD):
Implements action plans to protect rivers in
India
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
Deals with pollution control and treatment
Department of Drinking Water Supply (DDWS):
Formulates policies, sets standards, and provides funds and
technical assistance to the states for rural water supply
Ministry of Agriculture (MoA):
Monitors and reviews various watershed based developmental
project activities.
Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI):
Monitors health conditions in the country
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):
Is responsible for drafting of standards pertaining to drinking water
quality.
• The 2001 Census reported that 68.2 per cent of households in India have access to safe drinking water.
According to latest estimates, 94 per cent of the rural have access to safe drinking water.
• 1.6 million rural habitations in the country, 1.06 million are fully covered (FC), 0.34 million are partially
covered (PC) and 0.19 are not covered (NC).
• Coverage refers to installed capacity, and not average actual supply over a sustained period or the quality of
water being supplied which is the most essential part.
• A 2006 World Bank report notes that piped, treated water is available only for short periods daily, leaving
poor populations vulnerable to other generally polluted sources.
• India ranks 120th out of 122 countries, in poor potable water-quality.
• The most serious malfunction in India’s water-supply system is its hazardous quality and gigantic cost to
human health.
Percentage of chemically contaminated habitations-
not covered(NC) and partially covered (PC) (as per
ASWP norms) (Source:www.Ddws.Nic.In)
Source: National Family Health Survey 3
COLLECTION TIME
Water on premises 42.1
LESS THAN 30 MINS 43.3
30 MINS OR LONGER 14.4
PERSON WHO ACTUALLY COLLECTS
DRINKING WATER
ADULT FEMALE 15+ 82.7
ADULT MALE 15+ 10.7
FEMALE CHILD UNDER AGE 15 4.7
MALE CHILD UNDER AGE 15 1.1
OTHER 0.4
Percent distribution of rural households across states
not treating the drinking water in 2000-08
(Source: NFHS 2)
ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY
Percent distribution of rural households by treatment of
drinking water in 1998-99 and 2005-06 respectively
(Source: NFHS 2&3)
BARC intervention for setting up purifiers in
rural india (source: Drinking water supply vis-
a-vis technological interventions for social
empowerment of Rural India article by India
science technology in 2008)
(source: Drinking water supply vis-a-
vis technological interventions for
social empowerment of Rural India
article by India science technology in
2008)
These figures
show the role of technological intrusion in
purifying water is very minimal in rural India
and hence the people are not accessible to
portable water although there are numerous
low cost technologies available in the country
to purify water.

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Submitted by
M.MICHELLE SUJATHA PARMAR KALPANA JOKHIO SAI KRISHNA RINOSH CHERIAN THOMAS TIKHAM SINGH
UTTARAKHAND: Case Study
• Uttarakhand state is the first state in the country to implement the
paradigm of Sector-wide Approach (SWAP) for water supply
• The project is facilitated by the Department of Drinking Water, GoUK and
executed by three agencies namely Uttarakhand Peyjal Nigam (UJN),
Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) and Project Management Unit (Swajal).
• The Project period is November 2006 to June, 2014
• The project aims to benefit about 1.2 million people or about 20% of the
rural population
• COMMUNITY
• UWSSC(ONLINE REPORTING
SYSTEM)
• GRAM PANCHAYAT
• NGO
• SOCIAL AUDIT COMMITTEE
VILLAGE LEVEL
• DIAs
• DWSC
• DWSM DISTRICT LEVEL
• State
PMU/
UJN/UJS
• SWSM
• DWD
STATE LEVEL
UNIQUENESS OF THE PROJECT
Striving to give the community a voice
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
(Source: national seminar on decentralized governance in water
& sanitation in rural India by kapil lal)
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42
Phase
Months
IMPLEMENTATION
PRE PLANNING
PLANNING
O&M
PROCESSES FOLLOWED
Monitoring & Public
Disclosure
Awareness Creation,
Organizing Community
into Groups, Trainings
Preparation of
Community Action Plan
Feasibility & Agree-To-Do
Meeting
DPR & Implementation
Phase Proposal
Collection of
Upfront
Contribution
Signing of IPQA
Record Keeping
by UWSSC Wall Writing/Hoardings
Monthly Progress Report by SO
to DIA
Community Wide Meeting
UWSSC Formation &
Opening Capital
and O&M Account
Continuous monitoring by DIA
Concurrent monitoring by Third
Party.
Web based monitoring system.
SO
YesYes
Review by
DWSC
Approval by
DWSM
PLANNING PHASE
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
Funds Release to
GP by DIA
Quality Control
Supervision by
Third Party
Preparation
of IPCR
Start of
O&M Phase
Vetting of IPCR
by GP/UWSSC
Account
Settlement
by DIA/DWSM
Transfer to Funds from
GP to UWSSC
UWSSC/GP
• Material Procurement & Construction
• Collection of balance Contribution
• Utilization of Fund
• Record Keeping
Fulfillment of Payment
Conditions by GP/UWSSC SO
• Training & Capacity Building
• Management Support to
GP/UWSSC
O&M PHASE
UWSSC/GP
• O&M of Scheme
• Collection of O&M Tariff
• Enforcing Bye Laws
• Sanction new connection
• Record Keeping
SO
• Refresher Training
• Handholding on Maintenance
of Account
• Establishment Of O&M System
• Exit
DIA
• Exit from the village
after 4 months
• Technical Support to UWSSC
IMPACTS
BUILDING LOCAL CAPACITIES
ELIMINATING LAYERS OF BUREAUCRACY
SAVINGS FOR STATE EXCHEQUER
GREATER AVAILABILITY OF TIME FOR LINE DEPARTMENTS