The document discusses disaster management and pollution caused by oil spills. It provides details about an oil spill incident involving the MSC Chitra collision off the coast of Mumbai, India in 2010. The collision resulted in an oil spill of around 400 tonnes. The Indian Coast Guard responded by deploying ships, helicopters and aircraft to monitor the spill and guide cleanup efforts. A salvage company was also hired to salvage containers and resurface the damaged vessel. While the response was largely successful, the document notes there is still room for improvement in areas like logistics, communications and customs clearance during emergencies.

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION DUE TO OIL SPILL

2. A sudden event, such as an accident or a natural
catastrophe, that causes great damage or loss of life.

3. TYPES
Man-made
Technological – disaster National Civil war, Civil strikes,
Transportation – disaster Civil disorders, Bomb
Structure collapse Terrorist attack
Production failures International
•Conventional War between
countries, Siege,
Blockade
•Non – conventional Nuclear, Chemical,
Biological
Hybrid
Flood ravage community built in flood plain
Clearing of extensive jungles causing land slides
Locating of residential, factories etc in avalanches area
Socio - technical Warfare
MAN-MADE HYBRID NATURAL
1 2 3

4. Natutal
Natural phenomena
beneath the earth’s
surface
Natural phenomena
of complex physical
origin at earth’s
surface
Metrological /
hydrological
phenomena
Biological
phenomena

5. EFFECTS
Disasters throughout history have had significant impact on the numbers, health
status and life style of populations.
¨ Deaths
¨ Severe injuries, requiring extensive treatments
¨ Increased risk of communicable diseases
¨ Damage to the health facilities
¨ Damage to the water systems
¨ Food shortage
¨ Population movements
Health problems common to all Disasters
¨ Social reactions
¨ Communicable diseases
¨ Population displacements
¨ Climatic exposure
¨ Food and nutrition
¨ Water supply and sanitation
¨ Mental health
¨ Damage to health infrastructure

6. MAN-MADE
What’s an oil spill?
•Happen when people make mistakes or are
careless and cause an oil tanker to leak oil into the
ocean.
•If the equipment breaks down, the tanker may get
stuck on shallow land. When they start to drive the
tanker again, they can put a hole in the tanker
causing it to leak oil.
•Illegal dumpers dump crude oil into the oceans
because they do not want to spend money on
decomposing their waste oil.
•Natural disasters (like hurricanes) may cause an oil
spill. If a hurricane was a couple of miles away, the
winds from the hurricane could cause the oil
tanker to flip over, pouring oil out.

7. WHAT EFFECTS DO OIL SPILLS HAVE?
MARINE LIFE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS
(benthic organisms, fish, sea birds) (marshes, mangroves, corals)
COASTAL ACTIVITIES
(bathing, boating, diving, shoreline contamination)
(damage to sand dunes & change in natural profile of the beach)
(Impact on fisheries & aquaculture)

9. Shipname Year Location Spill size (in Tonnes)
Atlantic Empress 1979 Off Tobago, West Indies 287,000
ABT SUMMER 1991 700 nautical miles of Angola 260,000
Castillo De Bellver 1983 Off Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000
Amoco Cadiz 1978 Off Brittany, France 223,000
Haven 1991 Genoa, Italy 144,000
Odyssey 1988
700 nautical miles off Nova
Scotia, Canada
132,000
Torrey Canyon 1967 Scilly Isles, UK 119,000
Sea Star 1972 Gulf of Oman 115.000
Irenes Serenade 1980 Navarino Bay, Greece 100,000
Urquiola 1976 La Coruna, Spain 100,000
World's Top Ten Tanker oil spill

10. INDIAN CONTEXT
• Coastline of 7500 km
• 11 major, 20 intermediate
and 144 minor ports
• 2.2 million sq.km of Exclusive
Economic Zone (EEZ)
• 1100 Million Metric Tonne
Per Annum (MMTPA) of oil
demand from SEA, EA, Japan
& china, mostly from PG in
over 100,000 tankers per
annum
• India imports approx. 90
MMTPA crude
• Few major oil spills in India

11. MAJOR OIL SPILLS IN INDIAN WATERS
• Tanker : Transhuron
Year : 1974 (Laccadives)
Spilt : 36000 tons
• Sagar Vikas (blow down)
Year : 1982 (Bombay High)
Spilt : 5000 tons
• Tanker : Maersk Navigator
Year : 1992 (Andaman Sea)
Spilt : 25000 tons
• Bombay High (Offshore)
Year : 1993
Pipe line leakage
Spilt : 1600 tons

12. PHASES OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Response: includes actions taken to
save lives and prevent property damage,
and to preserve the environment during
emergencies or disasters. The response
phase is the implementation of action
plans.
Recovery: includes actions that assist a
community to return to a sense of
normalcy after a disaster.
Mitigation: any activity that reduces
either the chance of a hazard taking
place or a hazard turning into disaster.
Risk reduction: anticipatory measures
and actions that seek to avoid future
risks as a result of a disaster.
Prevention: avoiding a disaster even at
the eleventh hour.
Preparedness: plans or preparations made to save lives or property, and help the
response and rescue service operations. This phase covers implementation/operation,
early warning systems and capacity building so the population will react appropriately
when an early warning is issued.

13. • International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response
and Co-operation (OPRC) adopted by IMO (International Maritime Organization)
• Promulgated in 1995
• India accepted OPRC on promulgation
OPRC CONVENTION PROVISIONS:
• Designation of the competent national authority.
• National operational contact point for receipt of oil pollution reports.
• An authority to act on behalf of the state.
• A national contingency plan for preparedness and response.
• A minimum level of pre-positioned oil combating equipment commensurate
with risk involved.
• Exercises for oil pollution response & training of relevant personnel.
• Detailed plans & communication capabilities for responding to oil pollution
incidents.
• Up gradation of data in regional & local contingency plan with up-to-date
information.
• Risk assessment & first response capabilities accordingly by industries & ports.
MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION:
A BACKGROUND

14. NATIONAL OIL SPILL DISASTER
CONTINGENCY PLAN (NOS-DCP)
• India promulgated NOS – DCP in the year 1996.
• Approved by Committee of Secretaries to Government of India.
• Coast Guard designated as Central Coordination Authority.
OBJECTIVES:
• Intended to delineate entire national preparedness & response system
including both public & private resources for responding to all spill emergency.
• Provides the basic framework & guidelines for a national response to a
significant spill at sea.
NOS – DCP
• Earlier Ministry of Defence was nodal agency for coordination.
• Now Ministry of Home Affairs is the entity / nodal agency.
• NOS – DCP promulgated to all agencies after consent of Ministry of Shipping
Road Transport & Highways, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Ministry of
Earth Sciences, Ministry of Environment & Forests during 1996.

15. NOS – DCP CONTAINS:
• Duties of Indian Coast Guard.
• Scope & objective of plan.
• Organizational structure.
• Reporting & alerting procedures.
• Assessment.
• Disposal of oil.
• Capabilities of resource agencies.
• Tier 1 – Arrangement by the Individual ports & oil handling facilities to deal
effectively with small operational spill up to 700 tons.
• Tier 2 – The pooling of government or privately owned resources at a local level
to respond incident which may exceed, either in size, complexity or due to its
remote location.
• Tier 3 – Arrangements for a combined national or international response to a
major oil spill that cannot be dealt with effectively under the tier 2
arrangements. Cooperative arrangements have been established between
groups of oil companies for responding to such events.
TIRED RESPONSE CONCEPT – IMO CLASSIFICATION

16. NOS – DCP RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Port authorities responsible action within port limits.
• Oil industries in & around their area of operation.
• Coastal State PCB for inter tidal zones, beaches & up to depth beyond which CG
ships & craft cannot operate.
• Coast Guard responsibilities lies beyond port limits.
• Director General, Indian Coast Guard has overall responsibility for appropriate
response to oil spill incidents.
NOS – DCP PROGRESS:
• Industries & ports advised to develop & establish Tier – 1 capability of oil spill
response by end 2008.
• State PCB have been requested by NOSDCP to prepare the contingency plans
for their coastal waters for mitigating the effect of oil pollution.
• ICG maintains stockpile of PR equipment capable of combating oil spills up to
Tier – 2 level.
• MoU’s between resource agencies being encouraged for pooling of resources
and manpower.
• All Indian flag ships, oil handling facilities in ports, coastal oil refineries &
offshore oil platforms operating in the maritime zones of India will have
onboard the coast guard approved oil pollution emergency plan by end 2006.
• ICG plans to develop its capabilities up to Tier – 3 level of oil spill response.

17. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION:
• India surrounded by seven maritime neighbouring countries.
• None have any specific oil spill response capability.
• Only India has Tier – 2 capability.
• India progressing for multilateral agreement for South Asia region.
• Regional oil spill contingency plan under the auspices of SACEP
for coordinating quick response in the region.
NOS – DCP RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT:
• Formulated guidelines for use of oil disperant.
• Formulated guidelines for inspection of equipment, contingency plan etc.
for ports & resource agencies.
• Associated with MoES for –
a) Development of oil spill modeling system
b) Development of environmental risk assessment guidelines
for oil spill management in costal waters
c) Mapping of eco-sensitive areas
d) Development of data base on environmental parameters

18. TECHNICAL CO - OPERATION:
• ICG conducts frequent programme for industry & port personnel.
• Conducts frequent mock drill & pollution response exercises to evolve
common working / response philosophy & to maintain the response
preparedness.
• Conducted IMO level – 1 (equivalent) training programme for Sri lanka &
short courses for other neighbouring countries.
• Conducts frequent exercises with neighbouring countries to fulfill the
requirement of regional oil spill emergency plan.
• Effort in hand to undertake IMO level 2 & 3 training on oil spill response
with assistance from IMO.
TECHNICAL CO – OPERATION PROPOSED TRAINING UNDER SACEP:
In order to enhance the regional capabilities in compliance with OPRC
conventions following proposed –
• Conduct of OPRC level – 2 & 3 course for supervisors & on scene
commanders in the region
• Regular regional seminar & workshop on
a) Implementation & enforcement of marpol 73 / 78
b) Ship recycling
c) Ratification & implementation of the international convention on
OPRC – HNS protocol

19. • Cross deputation of personnel for training / seminars / workshops among
South Asian countries to enhance coordination & cooperation
• Conduct of pollution response exercises with participating members in the
South Asian region
ACHIEVEMENTS:
With accreditation to OPRC & promulgation of NOS – DCP, ICG responded to
1) 68 oil spill incidents in Indian waters.
2) Claimed recovery charges worth Rs 8.13 Crores towards cleanup cost
3) Provided assistance to the neighbouring countries in pollution
response operations
4) Successful response operations confirm usefulness and efficacy of
national oil spill disaster contingency plan
5) Able to develop trained manpower oil spill response team within the
organisation with sustained training and exercises.
6) Motivated & pursued industries & stakeholders to develop response
capabilities.
7) Able to generate awareness amongst the stakeholders about
preservation & protection of marine environment.

20. ACTION FOR FUTURE
• Tightening Flag state Implementation
• Early ratification of other International Conventions
• Strengthening Port State Control
• Improving Owner’s and Technical Manager’s Management Standards
• Elevating Seafarer’s Standards
• Enhancing Safety Culture in ship and terminal operations
• Ensuring contingency plans for coastal state for mitigation of oil spill
effects in coastal areas
• Increasing effectiveness of Coast Guard
• Special Areas and PSSA for Indian Waters

21. MSC Chitra Oil Spill off Mumbai

22. MSC CHITRA OIL SPILL OFF MUMBAI
• August 7, 2010 (09.48 hrs) – MSC Chitra collided with MV Khalijia – III
about 10 Km of Mumbai coast.
• 2662 tonnes fuel oil
283 tonnes diesel
88040 litres of lubricant
• 1200 containers (sodium hydroxide & pesticides)
• Vessel tilted 45 degree soon after collision
• Spillage of about 400 tonnes.
• Coast Guard began combating operation on 8th August using oil spill
response vessels & aircrafts for spraying dispersants
• Oil spillage on beaches of Mumbai & neighbouring Raigad areas
• Oil also sighted at Sewri & Colaba areas

23. • 300 containers tumbled into water so far
• Pesticides bottles were found in Colaba & Raigad areas
• Mumbai & JNPT ports closed for the heavier traffic
• MPT hired SMIT salvage, Netherland company to salvage the containers &
resurface the vessel.

24. MSC Chitra

28. RESPONSE OPERATION
• First of its kind to be mounted in Indian waters.
• The Indian Coast Guard deployed 5 ships, one helicopter and one small aircraft to
monitor the oil spill & guide the response efforts.
• The Dutch company, SMIT Salvage carried out salvage operations.
• The assessment of areas affected by the oil spill was carried out by Maharashtra
Pollution Control Board.
• The response was an overall success, further improvements can be made by addressing
the aforementioned issues such as logistics, communications and the need for
expediting customs clearance in the event of an emergency, by the Indian authorities.
• In India, appropriate guidelines and policies such as the National Oil Spill Contingency
Plan are in place which provides the guidelines for response for the incidents like this.
• Though the review and implementation of the lessons learned, further improvements
can be made to the existing plans to address any further events more efficiently.