Reference purpose only.

1. GROUP​​ASSIGNMENT​​​​2
LOB​​40103​​-​​INTRODUCTION​​TO​​MARINE​​POLLUTION​​CONTROL
TOPIC​​6​​​​:​​National​​Contingency​​Plan​​for​​Combating​​Oil​​Spill​​From​​Ship
&
TOPIC​​​​7​​:​​Oil​​Spill​​Clean​​Up​​Operation
TUTORIAL​​CLASS​​GROUP:​​​​LO1-T03
Submitted​ ​by:
No. NAME ID
1. Augustine​ ​Aling​ ​Anak​ ​Nabi 56212115078
2. Ahmad​ ​Wasim​ ​Talhah​ ​Bin​ ​Md​ ​Said 56212115106
3. Ahmad​ ​Faez​ ​bin​ ​Mohd​ ​Sobri 56212115036
4. Ahmad​ ​Afzan​ ​Ilmi​ ​bin​ ​Hasanudin 56212115095
under​ ​the​ ​guidelines
​ ​of
Mdm.​ ​Ismila​ ​binti​ ​Che​ ​Ishak
Universiti​ ​Kuala​ ​Lumpur,​ ​Malaysian​ ​Institute​ ​of​ ​Marine​ ​Engineering​ ​Technology
1

2. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
TABLE​ ​OF​ ​CONTENT
Acknowledgement 4
Introduction 5
A.)​ ​National​ ​Contingency​ ​Plan​ ​for​ ​Combating​ ​Oil​ ​Spill​ ​From​ ​Ship 6
1.0​ ​Introduction​ ​to​ ​the​ ​national​ ​contingency​ ​plan 6
2.0​ ​Scope​ ​of​ ​plan 6
3.0​ ​Component​ ​of​ ​Plan 6
4.0​ ​The​ ​tiered​ ​approach 7
4.1​ ​The​ ​formation​ ​and​ ​role​ ​of​ ​tier​ ​1​ ​plan 8
4.2​ ​The​ ​formation​ ​and​ ​role​ ​of​ ​tier​ ​2​ ​plan 8
4.3​ ​The​ ​formation​ ​and​ ​role​ ​of​ ​tier​ ​3​ ​plan 9
B.)​ ​Oil​ ​Spill​ ​Clean​ ​Up​ ​Operation 10
1.0​ ​Clean​ ​Up​ ​Method 10
1.1​ ​Chemical​ ​Method 10
1.1.1​ ​Dispersant 10
1.1.2​ ​Gelling​ ​Agent 11
1.2​ ​Physical​ ​Method 12
1.2.1​ ​In​ ​Situ​ ​Burning 12
2.3​ ​Biological​ ​Method 13
2.3.1​ ​Bioremediation 13
2.4​ ​Mechanical​ ​Method 13
2.4.1​ ​Booms 13
2.4.2​ ​Sorbents 14
2.4.3​ ​Skimmers 17
2.4.4​ ​Mechanical/Manual​ ​Treatment 19
2.0​ ​Effect​ ​of​ ​Oil​ ​Spill 20
2.1​ ​Human​ ​Impact 20
2.2​ ​Environment 22
2.3​ ​Marine​ ​Life 22
Conclusion​ ​and​ ​Recommendation 24
References 25
2

3. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
List​ ​of​ ​figures:
Picture​ ​1:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​application​ ​of​ ​dispersants​ ​by​ ​using​ ​plane​ ​and​ ​the​ ​duration​ ​for​ ​oil​ ​degradation.……….10
Picture​ ​2:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​gelling​ ​agent​ ​are​ ​stored​ ​properly​ ​in​ ​a​ ​drum………………………………………………….11
Picture​ ​3:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​using​ ​skimmers​ ​after​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spilled​ ​turns​ ​into​ ​rubbery……………...11
Picture​ ​4:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​in​ ​situ​ ​burning​ ​method​ ​applied​ ​after​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​was​ ​skimmed…………………………...12
Picture​ ​5:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​smoke​ ​can​ ​effect​ ​ozone​ ​layer​ ​and​ ​causes​ ​air​ ​pollution……………………………………..12
Picture​ ​6:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​mechanisms​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​bioremediation​ ​of​ ​toxic​ ​compounds……………………………...13
Picture​ ​7:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​boom​ ​method…………………………………………………………………………….……….14
Picture​ ​8:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​general​ ​dry​ ​sorbent​ ​for​ ​oil​ ​spill………………………………………………………………..14
Picture​ ​9:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​pad​ ​use​ ​as​ ​sorbent​ ​in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​operation……………………………………………….………….15
Picture​ ​10:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​blankets​ ​used​ ​as​ ​sorbent​ ​in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​operation……………………………….………..15
Picture​ ​11:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​roll​ ​is​ ​used​ ​as​ ​sorbent​ ​in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​operation……………………………………….…...15
Picture​ ​12:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​using​ ​pillows​ ​sorbent………………………………..16
Picture​ ​13:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​socks​ ​sorbent​ ​used​ ​​ ​in​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation……………………………….16
Picture​ ​14:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​using​ ​mops​ ​and​ ​pom​ ​-​ ​pom…………………….…...16
Picture​ ​15:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​absorbent​ ​sweep…………………………………………………………………..17
Picture​ ​16:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​image​ ​of​ ​typical​ ​floating​ ​weir​ ​skimmer……………………………………………………...17
Picture​ ​17:​ ​​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​floating​ ​oil​ ​skimmer​ ​operation………………………………………………………………18
Picture​ ​18:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​drummer​ ​skimmer…………………………………………………………………………….…...18
Picture​ ​19:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​belt​ ​skimmer​ ​is​ ​installed​ ​on​ ​the​ ​vessel​ ​aft………………………………………………….19
Picture​ ​20:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​manual​ ​cleanup​ ​using​ ​shovels​ ​and​ ​trucks​ ​to​ ​clean​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill………………………….20
Picture​ ​21:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​air​ ​pollution​ ​come​ ​from​ ​in​ ​situ​ ​burning​ ​give​ ​harmful​ ​effect​ ​to​ ​human…………………20
Picture​ ​22:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​proper​ ​suit​ ​are​ ​used​ ​during​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​at​ ​beach………………………………..21
Picture​ ​23:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​shellfish​ ​are​ ​covered​ ​by​ ​oil​ ​spill……………………………………………………………..21
Picture​ ​24:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​beach​ ​is​ ​polluted​ ​by​ ​oil​ ​spill…………………………………………………………………22
Picture​ ​25:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​kingfisher​ ​are​ ​affected​ ​by​ ​oil​ ​spill…………………………………………………………..22
Picture​ ​26:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​small​ ​fish​ ​died​ ​because​ ​affected​ ​by​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill.​ ​……………………………………………...23
List​ ​of​ ​table:
Table​ ​1:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​geographical​ ​reach​ ​by​ ​each​ ​tier​ ​capability……………………………………………………...7
Table​ ​2:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​summary​ ​provision​ ​of​ ​Tier​ ​1​ ​for​ ​a​ ​response……………………………………………………..8
Table​ ​3:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​summary​ ​provision​ ​of​ ​Tier​ ​2​ ​for​ ​a​ ​response……………………………………………………..9
Table​ ​4:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​summary​ ​provision​ ​of​ ​Tier​ ​3​ ​for​ ​a​ ​response……………………………………………………..9
3

4. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
Acknowledgement
We would like to convey my sincere appreciation to the almighty Allah in giving us full
strength to complete this task. We also would like to express our deepest thanks to Mdm. Ismila
binti​ ​Che​ ​Ishak​ ​for​ ​showing​ ​us​ ​some​ ​example​ ​that​ ​related​ ​and​ ​contributed​ ​tremendously.
Special appreciation to the authority of UNIKL MIMET for providing us with a good
environment​ ​and​ ​facilities​ ​to​ ​complete​ ​this​ ​task.
Not only that, I would like to express my deepest thank to my families and friends for their
supporting and understanding me mentally and physically while completing this task. Without
their helps of the particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this
assignment.
4

5. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
​ ​Introduction
Oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially
the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually given
to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur
on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling
rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their
by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or
waste oil. The most popular issue that relate to oil spill accident is the Deepwater Horizon Oil
Spill (BP Oil Disaster) in April 2010 whereby killing 11 peoples. In this assignment, our group
will discuss on three tier of contingency plan for combating oil spill from ships and oil spill clean
up​ ​operation.
5

6. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
A.) National Contingency Plan for Combating Oil Spill From
Ship
1.0​ ​Introduction​ ​to​ ​the​ ​national​ ​contingency​ ​plan
The process of establishing contingency plan provides the opportunity to determine the
role and responsibilities and to investigate the response strategies and operational procedures
without​ ​the​ ​intense​ ​pressures​ ​that​ ​inevitably​ ​arise​ ​at​ ​time​ ​the​ ​of​ ​a​ ​spill.
Contingency​ ​plans​ ​provide​ ​the​ ​structure​ ​for​ ​the​ ​management​ ​of​ ​the​ ​response​ ​operations.
2.0​ ​Scope​ ​of​ ​plan
The scope of contingency plan is identify by the risks of oil pill within the geographic area
that the plan is intended to cover. Different agencies may adopt different criteria for escalating a
response team from one tier to the next. It may be based on the estimated amount of oil spilled or
on the need for additional equipment and manpower beyond that available under the lower tier
plan.
3.0​ ​Component​ ​of​ ​Plan
There​ ​are​ ​four-stage​ ​process​ ​of​ ​the​ ​component​ ​plan:
1. Risk​ ​Assessment
- To​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​likelihood​ ​of​ ​a​ ​spill​ ​occurring
- To​ ​investigate​ ​expected​ ​consequences
- To​ ​determine​ ​likely​ ​spill​ ​scenarios
- Gauge​ ​the​ ​benefits​ ​of​ ​developing​ ​a​ ​contingency​ ​plan
2. Strategic​ ​Policy
- To​ ​identify​ ​the​ ​role​ ​and​ ​responsibilities
- To​ ​determine​ ​the​ ​response​ ​techniques
- Response​ ​resources
3. Operational​ ​Procedures
- To​ ​establishing​ ​procedures​ ​when​ ​a​ ​spill​ ​happened
- To​ ​initiate​ ​the​ ​response​ ​and​ ​identify​ ​response​ ​team
4. Information​ ​Directory
- Collating​ ​supporting​ ​data
- Contact details and remit of relevant government agencies and other
response​ ​organisations
6

7. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
4.0​ ​The​ ​tiered​ ​approach
Tiered preparedness and response provides a structured approach to establishing oil spill
preparedness and a mechanism to build the required response effort. The three level of tier provide
a basic framework from which the oil response capabilities can be determine to reduce any
potential​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​accident​ ​effect.
Response capabilities are defined as the resources required to deal with the spill incident
and​ ​can​ ​be​ ​broadly​ ​considered​ ​in​ ​three​ ​categories:
1. Response​ ​personnel
2. Equipment
3. Additional​ ​Support
Collectively these resources combine to establish response capability and can be
categorised​ ​according​ ​to​ ​the​ ​capability​ ​held​ ​locally,​ ​regionally​ ​and​ ​internationally.
Table​ ​1:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​geographical​ ​reach​ ​by​ ​each​ ​tier​ ​capability
Capability Geographical​ ​reach
Tier​ ​1 Local
Tier​ ​2 Regional​ ​or​ ​national
Tier​ ​3 International
7

8. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
4.1​ ​The​ ​formation​ ​and​ ​role​ ​of​ ​tier​ ​1​ ​plan
Tier 1 describe the capabilities describe the operator’s locally held resources used to
mitigate spills that are typically operational in nature occurring on or near an operator’s own
facility.
Table​ ​2:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​summary​ ​provision​ ​of​ ​Tier​ ​1​ ​for​ ​a​ ​response
Responders Equipment Additional​ ​Support
- Trained​ ​response​ ​staff
on-site​ ​and​ ​available
for
emergencies​ ​in
addition
to​ ​their​ ​normal​ ​duties.
- Local​ ​contractors
trained
in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​response.
- On-site​ ​or​ ​locally
available​ ​arrangements
in​ ​place​ ​for​ ​rapid​ ​and
effective​ ​mobilization.
- Amount​ ​and​ ​type​ ​is
commensurate​ ​with
risk,​ ​including​ ​location
factors​ ​(e.g.​ ​weather,
seasonality​ ​or
logistical​ ​constraints
due​ ​to​ ​remote
geographies).
- Deployment​ ​times​ ​and
methodologies)​ ​are
often​ ​predetermined.
- Supporting​ ​logistics
provided
- Some​ ​elements​ ​of​ ​Tier
1​ ​capability​ ​may​ ​not
be​ ​kept​ ​permanently
on​ ​site,​ ​but​ ​are​ ​readily
available​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of
need,​ ​such​ ​as:
1. Non-specialized
equipment​ ​such​ ​as
waste​ ​skips,​ ​storage
trucks,​ ​personnel
transport,​ ​etc.;
2. Support/infrastructure
elements​ ​such​ ​as
additional​ ​security,
accommodations,​ ​etc.;
3. Technical​ ​advice
and/or​ ​specialized
resources.
4.2​ ​The​ ​formation​ ​and​ ​role​ ​of​ ​tier​ ​2​ ​plan
Tier 2 spills were assumed to extend outside the remit of the Tier 1 response area and
possibly be larger in size, where additional resources are needed from a variety of potential
sources​ ​and​ ​a​ ​broader​ ​range​ ​of​ ​stakeholders​ ​may​ ​be​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​the​ ​response.
Table​ ​3:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​summary​ ​provision​ ​of​ ​Tier​ ​2​ ​for​ ​a​ ​response
Responders Equipment Additional​ ​Support
- Dedicated​ ​response
staff
and​ ​additional
responders.
- Locally-sourced
workforce​ ​may​ ​be
supervised​ ​by​ ​the
Tier​ ​2​ ​provider.
- Tier​ ​1​ ​resources​ ​used
to​ ​mount
initial​ ​response​ ​and
industry’s
response​ ​toolbox,
including:
1. Dispersant​ ​capabilities
2. Offshore​ ​containment
- Designated​ ​oil​ ​spill
response
Cooperatives.
- Specialized​ ​Tier​ ​3
services.
- Cooperation​ ​at​ ​the
local/regional
government​ ​level.
- Network​ ​of​ ​additional
8

9. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
and​ ​recovery
equipment
3. Protection​ ​booms
4. Shoreline​ ​and​ ​inland
clean-up​ ​equipment
5. Recovered​ ​oil​ ​storage
capabilities.
- Amount​ ​and​ ​type
appropriate​ ​for
potential​ ​scenarios.
responders.
4.3​ ​The​ ​formation​ ​and​ ​role​ ​of​ ​tier​ ​3​ ​plan
Tier 3 capabilities are globally available resources that further supplement Tiers 1 and 2.
The resources held at the three tiers work to complement and enhance the overall capability by
enabling​ ​seamless​ ​escalation​ ​according​ ​to​ ​the​ ​requirements​ ​of​ ​the​ ​incident.
Table​ ​4:​ ​Below​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​summary​ ​provision​ ​of​ ​Tier​ ​3​ ​for​ ​a​ ​response
Responders Equipment Additional​ ​Support
- Dedicated​ ​response
staff​ ​equipped​ ​with
specialized​ ​skills.
- Tier​ ​3​ ​responders
integrate​ ​with​ ​local
and​ ​Tier​ ​2​ ​responders
at​ ​all​ ​levels,​ ​including
the​ ​incident
management​ ​structure.
- Tier​ ​1​ ​and​ ​Tier​ ​2
resources​ ​used
to​ ​mount​ ​an​ ​initial
response​ ​and
industry’s​ ​response
toolbox,
including:
1. High-volume​ ​aerial
and​ ​subsea​ ​dispersant
capabilities.
2. Large-scale
containment​ ​and
recovery​ ​equipment;
3. Protection​ ​booms
4. In-situ​ ​burning
capabilities.
5. Specialized​ ​shoreline
and​ ​inland​ ​clean-up
equipment
6. logistics​ ​capabilities.
- Amount​ ​and​ ​type
appropriate​ ​for
potential​ ​scenarios.
- Dedicated​ ​industry
Tier​ ​3​ ​response
centres.
- Governmental​ ​or
cooperative​ ​Tier​ ​3
capabilities.
- Network​ ​of​ ​additional
expert​ ​responders.
9

10. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
B.)​ ​Oil​ ​Spill​ ​Clean​ ​Up​ ​Operation
Oil spills are a very dangerous occurrence for marine ecosystem is affected and the marine
life-forms existence gets unnecessarily threatened. Since exploration of oil from oceanic resources
has become a must and oil spills end up occurring accidentally. As a result, it is becomes
important​ ​to​ ​employ​ ​various​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​cleanup​ ​methods.
Oil spill clean up operation is very crucial in order to ensure that the coastal area and ocean
cleanliness can be maintained. In this topic, our group will identify various oil spill cleanup
response​ ​technique​ ​and​ ​method.
1.0​ ​Clean​ ​Up​ ​Method
1.1​ ​Chemical​ ​Method
Chemical method is the cleanup method by using the chemical substances to break up the
oil​ ​spill.​ ​The​ ​chemical​ ​method​ ​also​ ​can​ ​be​ ​use​ ​to​ ​speed​ ​up​ ​its​ ​natural​ ​biodegradation.
1.1.1​ ​Dispersant
Dispersant is type of chemical such as detergent that break apart floating oil into small
particles or drops so that the oil is no longer in a layer on the water’s surface. Dispersants can
break the slick into droplets of oil, which makes it easier for the oil and water to mix, and for the
slick​ ​to​ ​be​ ​absorbed​ ​into​ ​the​ ​aquatic​ ​system.
Dispersants should not be used when it can affect marine organisms, as the chemicals and
broken-down oil can be absorbed by marine life including sub-tidal seafood that can enter into the
food​ ​chain.
However, dispersants often harmful marine life and dispersed oil remain in the body of the
water.​ ​This​ ​method​ ​is​ ​not​ ​appropriate​ ​for​ ​all​ ​oil​ ​spills,​ ​and​ ​especially​ ​not​ ​in​ ​all​ ​locations.
Picture​ ​1:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​application​ ​of​ ​dispersants​ ​by​ ​using​ ​plane​ ​and​ ​the​ ​duration​ ​for​ ​oil​ ​degradation.
10

11. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
1.1.2​ ​Gelling​ ​Agent
Gelling agent is a chemical used to solidify the oil spilled. Using the motion of the sea, the
gelling​ ​agent​ ​turns​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​into​ ​a​ ​rubbery​ ​substance​ ​that​ ​can​ ​be​ ​easily​ ​remove​ ​from​ ​water​ ​with​ ​nets.
The problem with this method is one of quantity. Three times as much gelling agent as oil
is needed for the desired effect to take place, and if BP's worst-case estimate is correct, then the
slick in the Gulf of Mexico would require nearly half a billion gallons of solidifier. This is simply
too​ ​impractical​ ​to​ ​transport​ ​and​ ​apply​ ​to​ ​the​ ​affected​ ​area.
Picture​ ​2:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​gelling​ ​agent​ ​are​ ​stored​ ​properly​ ​in​ ​a​ ​drum
Picture​ ​3:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​using​ ​skimmers​ ​after​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spilled​ ​turns​ ​into​ ​rubbery.
11

12. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
1.2​ ​Physical​ ​Method
Physical method is refer to the method that physically remove the oil using physical
method​ ​such​ ​as​ ​burning​ ​from​ ​the​ ​water.
1.2.1​ ​In​ ​Situ​ ​Burning
Approximately, in situ burning can remove 98% of oil spill from the water. The oil can be
contained​ ​by​ ​fire-resistant​ ​booms​ ​at​ ​the​ ​spill​ ​site,​ ​then​ ​set​ ​on​ ​fire​ ​and​ ​burned​ ​away.
In order to undertake burning, the oil must be concentrated and an ignition source applied.
This works really well with light oils, since they give off more vapors that burn. The spill must be
minimum​ ​at​ ​3​ ​milliliters​ ​thicks​ ​and​ ​it​ ​must​ ​be​ ​relatively​ ​fresh​ ​method​ ​to​ ​work.
Under certain circumstances, in-situ oil burns can be a very effective means of spill
cleanup. Unburned residue is often thick, resembling the consistency of toffee. It is very difficult
to​ ​remove​ ​from​ ​the​ ​water​ ​—​ ​and​ ​from​ ​land,​ ​should​ ​it​ ​drift​ ​to​ ​shore.
Picture​ ​4:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​in​ ​situ​ ​burning​ ​method​ ​applied​ ​after​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​was​ ​skimmed.
Picture​ ​5:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​smoke​ ​can​ ​effect​ ​ozone​ ​layer​ ​and​ ​causes​ ​air​ ​pollution
12

13. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
2.3​ ​Biological​ ​Method
Biological method refer as organisms that increase the rate at which natural biodegradation
occurs.
2.3.1​ ​Bioremediation
The use of microorganism, fungi or bacteria to decompose pollutants into simple
compound is called bioremediation. Microbes breaking down different substances into water,
carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​and​ ​other​ ​compound.
The main goal of bioremediation is to create an optimal environment for the microbes to
degrade pollutants. Bioremediation is cost effective alternative but it is very slow process until
taking​ ​month​ ​to​ ​obtain​ ​the​ ​result.
An advantage of bioremediation is that the microbes are able to completely destroy the
toxic hydrocarbon compounds and do not transfer them to another area. Either way,
bioremediation is commonly better for the environment and less expensive than other chemical
methods.
Picture​ ​6:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​mechanisms​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​bioremediation​ ​of​ ​toxic​ ​compounds.
2.4​ ​Mechanical​ ​Method
Mechanical method is the uses of mechanical equipment in order to remove the oil from
water​ ​surface.
2.4.1​ ​Booms
Booms (containment) temporary floating barrier used to contain an oil spill. Booms are
used to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, and to help make
recovery easier. Booms help to concentrate oil in thicker surface layers so that skimmers,
vacuums,​ ​or​ ​other​ ​collection​ ​methods​ ​can​ ​be​ ​used​ ​more​ ​effectively.
13

14. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
Booms used in oil spills can be seen as they rest on the surface of the water, but can have
between​ ​18​ ​and​ ​48​ ​inches​ ​of​ ​material​ ​that​ ​hangs​ ​beneath​ ​the​ ​surface.
This method effectively use in calm water, but as wave height increases oil or other
contaminants​ ​can​ ​easily​ ​wash​ ​over​ ​the​ ​top​ ​of​ ​the​ ​boom​ ​and​ ​render​ ​them​ ​useless.
Picture​ ​7:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​boom​ ​method
2.4.2​ ​Sorbents
Sorbents are materials used to absorb oil, and include peat moss, vermiculite, and clay. In
order​ ​words,​ ​sorbents​ ​also​ ​known​ ​as​ ​material​ ​use​ ​to​ ​absorb​ ​oil.
There​ ​are​ ​two​ ​main​ ​processes​ ​for​ ​capturing​ ​oil​ ​using​ ​sorbents
1. Retention​ ​on​ ​the​ ​surface​ ​of​ ​the​ ​sorbent.
2. Retention​ ​within​ ​the​ ​sorbent.
There​ ​are​ ​7​ ​main​ ​types​ ​of​ ​sorbents:
1. Bulk​ ​Sorbents​.​ ​These​ ​include​ ​loose​ ​powders​ ​and​ ​short​ ​fibers.
Picture​ ​8:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​general​ ​dry​ ​sorbent​ ​for​ ​oil​ ​spill
14

15. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
2. Pads​.​ ​Thin​ ​and​ ​flexible,​ ​they​ ​are​ ​sized​ ​correctly​ ​for​ ​the​ ​specific​ ​spill.
Picture​ ​9:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​pad​ ​use​ ​as​ ​sorbent​ ​in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​operation
3. Rolls and Blankets​. Long and typically unwoven, they cover a large area. When they are
reinforced​ ​with​ ​rope,​ ​they​ ​are​ ​called​ ​sheets.
Picture​ ​10:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​blankets​ ​used​ ​as​ ​sorbent​ ​in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​operation
Picture​ ​11:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​roll​ ​is​ ​used​ ​as​ ​sorbent​ ​in​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​operation
15

16. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
4. Pillows​.​ ​As​ ​the​ ​name​ ​implies​ ​they​ ​are​ ​a​ ​convenient​ ​size​ ​for​ ​smaller​ ​spills.
Picture​ ​12:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​using​ ​pillows​ ​sorbent
5. Socks​. Absorbent material contained in a permeable substance that holds the material
together​ ​and​ ​provides​ ​for​ ​easy​ ​repositioning.
Picture​ ​13:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​socks​ ​sorbent​ ​used​ ​​ ​in​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation
6. Mops and Pompoms​. Made of sorbent strands to trap oil, used just like mops to clean up
the​ ​oil.
Picture​ ​14:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​using​ ​mops​ ​and​ ​pom​ ​-​ ​pom
16

17. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
7. Sweeps​.​ ​These​ ​have​ ​a​ ​spun​ ​bound​ ​cover​ ​over​ ​the​ ​sorbent​ ​material.
Picture​ ​15:​ ​Picture​ ​above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​absorbent​ ​sweep
2.4.3​ ​Skimmers
Skimmers are often used in conjunction with booms. A skimmer is a device that collects
and removes oil from the surface of the water. Skimmers can be towed, self-propelled, moored in
river currents, or even used from shore. Many types of skimmers are available for use, depending
on​ ​the​ ​kind​ ​of​ ​oil​ ​spilled​ ​and​ ​the​ ​weather​ ​conditions.
a.)​ ​Weir​ ​Skimmer
Weir skimmers function by allowing the oil floating on the surface of the water to flow
over a weir. There are two main types of weir skimmer, those that require the weir height to be
manually​ ​adjusted​ ​and​ ​those​ ​where​ ​the​ ​weir​ ​height​ ​is​ ​automatic​ ​or​ ​self-adjusting.
Picture​ ​16:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​image​ ​of​ ​typical​ ​floating​ ​weir​ ​skimmer
17

18. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
Picture​ ​17:​ ​​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​floating​ ​oil​ ​skimmer​ ​operation
b.)​ ​Oleophilic
Oleophilic skimmers function by using an element such as a drum, disc, rope or mop to
which the oil adheres. The oil is wiped from the oleophilic surface and collected in a tank. As the
oil is adhering to a collection surface the amount of water collected when oil is not present will be
limited.
Picture​ ​18:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​drummer​ ​skimmer
18

19. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
c.)​ ​Non​ ​-​ ​Oleophilic
Non-oleophilic skimmers are distinguished by the component used to collect the oil. A
metal disc, belt or drum is used in applications where an oleophilic material is inappropriate, such
as in a hot alkaline aqueous parts washer. The skimmer is generally turned off whenever there is
no oil to skimming thus minimizing the amount of water collected. Metal skimming elements are
nearly​ ​as​ ​efficient​ ​as​ ​oleophilic​ ​skimmers​ ​when​ ​oil​ ​is​ ​present.
Picture​ ​19:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​belt​ ​skimmer​ ​is​ ​installed​ ​on​ ​the​ ​vessel​ ​aft
2.4.4​ ​Mechanical/Manual​ ​Treatment
Used in nearly every oil spill, the methods of manual or mechanical cleanup are the
down-and-dirty techniques employed when oil spills get particularly messy. Manual cleanup
consists of placing workers on the coast, armed with shovels, rakes and gloves to collect oil that
has run ashore. Mechanical cleanup requires heavy machinery and is used in areas that are plagued
by​ ​heavy​ ​oiled​ ​beaches,​ ​or​ ​areas​ ​which​ ​are​ ​thick​ ​in​ ​debris.
Although time-consuming, manual cleanup is preferred, as unskilled workers with minimal
training can be employed in large numbers to clean affected areas. The use of heavy machinery
19

20. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
can quickly clean up large areas, but the use of bulldozers, trucks and digging equipment can
damage​ ​the​ ​affected​ ​areas​ ​in​ ​addition​ ​to​ ​the​ ​oil.
Picture​ ​20:​ ​Above​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​manual​ ​cleanup​ ​using​ ​shovels​ ​and​ ​trucks​ ​to​ ​clean​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill.
2.0​ ​Effect​ ​of​ ​Oil​ ​Spill
2.1​ ​Human​ ​Impact
The effects of oil spills on humans may be direct and indirect, depending on the type of
contact​ ​with​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill.
1. Direct exposure to oil spills – occurs close to where people live or work and where they
may​ ​come​ ​in​ ​contact​ ​with​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​components:
- By breathing contaminated air - since oil and products (petroleum products) have many
volatile compounds which are emitted as gases from spilled oil, the air becomes
contaminated with those volatile oil products or vapors producing specific odors. Even
when odors are not felt, a health risk may exist for some individual compounds if residents
are​ ​exposed​ ​(breath​ ​the​ ​air)​ ​for​ ​a​ ​long​ ​time.
Picture​ ​21:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​air​ ​pollution​ ​come​ ​from​ ​in​ ​situ​ ​burning​ ​give​ ​harmful​ ​effect​ ​to​ ​human
20

21. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
- Direct contact with the skin - people may come in direct contact with oil and/or oil
products while walking in a contaminated area (e.g., beach). An initial irritation will be
obvious.​ ​Additionally,​ ​contaminants​ ​may​ ​be​ ​absorbed​ ​through​ ​the​ ​skin​ ​and​ ​enter​ ​the​ ​body.
2. Indirect exposure to oil spills ​- Occurs when people live in places far from where the
actual​ ​oil​ ​spill​ ​took​ ​place​ ​also​ ​receive​ ​the​ ​impact:
- Bathing in contaminated water - for example swimming in a contaminated water stream
even when an oil sheen may not be visible, dissolved oil contaminants may exist in the
water​ ​if​ ​it​ ​was​ ​impacted​ ​by​ ​an​ ​oil​ ​spill
Picture​ ​22:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​proper​ ​suit​ ​are​ ​used​ ​during​ ​clean​ ​up​ ​operation​ ​at​ ​beach.
- Eating contaminated food - some oil compounds bioaccumulate in living organisms and
may become more concentrated along the food chain. Humans may become exposed to
concentrations of contaminants in the food that could be orders of magnitude higher than
in​ ​the​ ​contaminated​ ​environment.
Picture​ ​23:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​shellfish​ ​are​ ​covered​ ​by​ ​oil​ ​spill.
21

22. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
2.2​ ​Environment
Oil spilled by damaged tankers, pipelines or offshore oil rigs coats oil damage beaches,
marshlands and fragile aquatic ecosystems. When an oil slick from a large oil spill reaches the
beach,​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​coats​ ​and​ ​clings​ ​to​ ​every​ ​rock​ ​and​ ​grain​ ​of​ ​sand.
If the oil washes into coastal marshes, mangrove forests or other wetlands, fibrous plants
and grasses absorb the oil, which can damage the plants and make the whole area unsuitable as
wildlife​ ​habitat.
Picture​ ​24:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​beach​ ​is​ ​polluted​ ​by​ ​oil​ ​spill
2.3​ ​Marine​ ​Life
Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals, such as sea otters, and the
water​ ​repellency​ ​of​ ​a​ ​bird's​ ​feathers,​ ​thus​ ​exposing​ ​these​ ​creatures​ ​to​ ​the​ ​harsh​ ​elements.
Picture​ ​25:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​the​ ​kingfisher​ ​are​ ​affected​ ​by​ ​oil​ ​spill
22

23. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
Without the ability to repel water and insulate from the cold water, birds and mammals
will die from hypothermia. Many birds and animals also ingest oil when they try to clean
themselves,​ ​which​ ​can​ ​poison​ ​them.
Fish and shellfish may not be exposed immediately, but can come into contact with oil if it
is mixed into the water column. When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced growth,
enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and reproduction impairment.
Oil​ ​also​ ​adversely​ ​affects​ ​eggs​ ​and​ ​larval​ ​survival.
Picture​ ​26:​ ​Above​ ​​ ​shows​ ​small​ ​fish​ ​died​ ​because​ ​affected​ ​by​ ​the​ ​oil​ ​spill.
23

24. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
Conclusion​ ​and​ ​Recommendation
As short conclusion, national contingency plan is very crucial in order to determine the
role and responsibilities and to investigate the response strategies that inevitably arise at time the
of a spill. There are three tiers approach use to establishing oil spill preparedness and a mechanism
to build the required response effort. For oil spill clean up operation method, it can be categorised
into chemical, biological, physical and mechanical method. In chemical method, the uses of
dispersants and gelling agent to speed up its biodegradation. In physical method, the uses of in situ
burning to burn the oil layer and able to remove all oil spilled. In biodegradable method, the uses
of bioremediation is crucial to increase the rate at which natural biodegradation. In mechanical
method, the uses of booms, sorbents, skimmers and mechanical treatment is use to remove the oil
spill in the water surface. The oil spill give impact to human life, marine life and environment.
There are two type of exposure to human that is indirect and direct exposure. The oil spill can
destroy bird fur and mammals will die from hypothermia. Last but not least, the oil spill also affect
the​ ​environment​ ​by​ ​damage​ ​beaches,​ ​marshlands​ ​and​ ​fragile​ ​aquatic​ ​ecosystems.
24

25. LOB​ ​40103​ ​-​ ​INTRODUCTION​ ​TO​ ​MARINE​ ​POLLUTION​ ​CONTROL
References
1. In Situ Burning Response retrieved on 2nd November 2017 from
https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/insituburning​.
2. Advance In Situ Burning Method retrieved on 1st November 2017 from
http://www.itopf.com/knowledge-resources/documents-guides/response-techniques/in-situ-burni
ng/​.
3. Oil Spill Cleaning retrieved on 5th November 2017 from
https://www.slideshare.net/shagunramola5/oil-spills-cleaning​.
4. Bioremediation of Oil Spills retrieved on 5th November 2017 from
https://www.slideshare.net/AnchalGarg8/bioremediation-of-oil-spills​.
5. Soil Bioremediation Product retrieved on 6th November 2017 from
http://www.soil-bio-remediation.com/​.
6. 10 Main Types of Sorbents for Oil Spills in Water retrieved on 10th November 2017 from
http://blog.meltblowntechnologies.com/10-main-types-of-sorbents-for-oil-spills-in-water​.
7. How does oil impact marine life retrieved on 11th November 2017 from
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oilimpacts.html​.
8. Deepwater Horizon – BP Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill retrieved on 1st November 2017 from
https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/deepwater-horizon-bp-gulf-mexico-oil-spill​.
9. What is an oil spill contingency plan retrieved on 4th November 2017 from
https://emergencymanagement.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/211411688-What-is-an-oil-spill-co
ntingency-plan-​.
10. Skimmers retrieved on 7th November 2017 from
http://www.oilspillprevention.org/oil-spill-cleanup/oil-spill-cleanup-toolkit/skimmers​.
11. Oil Contingency Planning retrieved on 2nd November 2017 from
http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionResponse/Inventory%20of%20informati
on/Pages/Oil%20Spill%20Contingency%20Planning.aspx​.
12. Deepwater Horizon Contingency Plan For Dealing With Oil Spill was Riddled With Errors
retrieved on 1st November 2017 from
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jun/09/bp-oil-spill-contingency-plan​.
25