The document discusses the impacts of petroleum product spills on the marine environment. It covers effects on marine life such as fish and sea creatures, as well as impacts on human health, fisheries, aquaculture, and the tourism industry. The document outlines remediation methods for oil spills in marine environments and soils/groundwater. It also discusses government policies and contingency plans in India for responding to oil spills, including the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan and international conventions on liability.

1. A
REPORT ON
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SPILL IMPACT
Date of submission: - 09 April 2018
Submitted to
Dr.S.K.Singh
HOD-Humanities
Submitted by
Vaishnavi Singh
BBA (4th
sem)
O.P.JINDAL UNIVERSITY
Punjipathra, Raigarh 496109.

2. PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SPILL IMPACT
Submitted to
Dr.S.K.Singh
HOD-Humanities
Submitted by
Vaishnavi Singh
BBA (4th
sem)
O.P.JINDAL UNIVERSITY
Punjipathra, Raigarh 496109.

3. OP JINDAL UNIVERSITY
OP Jindal Knowledge Park
Punjipathra, Raigarh [C.G.]
www.opju.ac.in
Certificate
This is to certify that the report entitled “Impact of petroleum products spill” is a piece of
project done by vaishnvai singh, BBA 4th sem .under my guidance and supervision for the degree
of Bachelor of Business Administration, O.P.JINDAL.UNIVERSITY, Raigarh.
to the best of my knowledge and belief the report
 embodies the work candidate himself;
 has duly been completed;
 is up to the standard in the respect of both contents and language;
Place: Raigarh
Date:
Vaishnavi singh
BBA,4th sem

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project file is prepared by Vaishnavi Singh of BBA. It gives me a immense pleasure to
express my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to my highly respected and esteemed
guide Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh HOD- Humanities, O.P. Jindal University, Raigarh. We are in
depth to our sir who has provided his valuable guidance and support to us in the successful
completion of the project. Their useful suggestions for this whole work and co- operative
behavior are sincerely acknowledge.
I want to thank O.P. Jindal University to give us the opportunity to prepare this project which
enhanced our skill in Fundamentals of Information Technology.
At the end I also want to thank our dearest friends and family who have supported and motivated
us to make this project a successful one and helped me indirectly or directly during this project
work. I welcome you all to use this project in the best possible manner and kindly provide us
with your feedback. I would like to apologize if your expectations are not satisfied.
I hope this project is liked and appreciated by all.....!

5. CONTENT PAGE
CHAPTER-1 MARINE OIL SPILL MANAGEMENT
USE OF OSD
CHAPTER-2 EFFECTS OF OIL ON MARINE LIFE
EFFECTS OF OIL SPILL ON HUMAN CRUDE
EFFECTS OF OIL ON FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE
EFFECTS OF OIL ON TOURISM INDUSTRY
CHAPTER-3 REMEDIATION FOR OIL SPILLS
MARINE REMEDIATION
REMEDIATION OF SOIL AND GROUND WATER
CHAPTER-4 GOVERNMENT POILICIES FOR OIL SPILLS
CHAPTER-5 NATIONAL OIL SPILL DISASTER CONTINGENCY PLAN
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR
BUNKER OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE, 2001 (BUNKER CONVENTION)
CONCLUSION

6. LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
TABLE; 1
FIG :1

7. Executive summary
An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially
marine areas, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually applied
to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also
occur on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, pipelines,
railcars, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum
products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such
as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or waste oil.
Major oil spills include, Lakeview Gusher, Gulf War oil spill, and the Deep water Horizon oil
spill. Spilt oil penetrates into the structure of the plumage of birds and the fur of mammals,
reducing its insulating ability, and making them more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and
much less buoyant in the water. Cleanup and recovery from an oil spill is difficult and depends
upon many factors, including the type of oil spilled, the temperature of the water (affecting
evaporation and biodegradation), and the types of shorelines and beaches involved. Other factors
influencing the rate of long-term contamination is the continuous inputs of petroleum residues
and the rate at which the environment can clean itself Spills may take weeks, months or even
years to clean up.

8. Chapter-1
Marine Oil Spill Management
Introduction
Marine Oil Spill is one of the major threats for marine environment. The consequences
of an Oil Spill are profound and can adversely affect harbors, beach, wild life,
fisheries, human health, tourism and industrial plants. When these resources are
affected, there may be a serious impact to the local economy of the affected costal area.
Therefore, Oil Spill incidents need to be addressed by way of advance preparedness or
contingency planning.
In our country, the major sources of Oil Spill are marine tankers, oil installations &
SPM etc. With the capacity addition in oil exploration and refining the threat for oil
spill is increasing day by day. The issue of marine oil spill in India is given in
Merchant Shipping Act -1958 partly as it doesn’t address the entire chain of command
in case of such contingencies.
Promulgation of NOS DCP
The committees of secretaries to the Govt. of India while allocating functional
responsibilities to various ministries and departments for oil spill response in the
marine zones of India have approved the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan
(NOS DCP) in Nov.’93. The Director General Coast Guard was designated as the
Central Coordinating Authority (CCA) to implement the plan, and coordinate response
activities in the event of oil spill at sea. The Ministry of Shipping, the Department of
Ocean Development, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, oil companies, Port
authorities and Maritime States are also the stake- holders in the plan.
Tiered system for Oil Spill Response (OSR)
Based on the IMO guidelines following Tier system has been adopted to deal with the
contingencies arising out of oil spill in the marine area.
 The oil spill up to 700 MTs is considered as the Tier-I oil spill
 The oil spill up to 10,000 MT is considered as Tier-II oil spill and
 The oil spill of more than 10,000 MT is considered as Tier-III oilspill
Appearance of Floating Oil on Sea Surface

9. Based on the appearance i.e. colour of the oil spill on the sea surface it is possible to
arrive at a rough estimate of the quantity of oil spill. The table below depicts the
appearance of oil spill on sea and quantity of oil spill.
Table 1:-
Oil type Appearance Approximate
thickness
Approximate
volume (litres/km2)
Oil sheen Silver > 0.0001 mm 100 Litres
Oil sheen Iridescent
(rainbow)
> 0.0003 300
Crude and
fuel oil
Brown to black > 0.1 mm 100000
Water-in-oil
emulsion
Brown/orange > 1 mm 1000000
Oil Spill Response Equipment
The prime Strategy for oil spill response is containment, collection and disposal of the oil
spill. The equipment required for the oil spill response are:
 Boom – for containment of the oil
 Skimmer - for pumping the contained oil
 Floating storage for collection of spilled oil
 Disposal facility at shore
 Tugs for laying the booms etc.
Figure above shows the lowering of skimmer from boat to sea

10. Figure above depicts the laying of containment boom with the help of tug
A list of OSR Tier-I equipment as advised by Coast
Guard is given in annexure-I.
Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD)
Dispersants are also used as a measure to combat Oil Spill. Dispersant are chemical
agents that include surface active agents which are partly oil and water soluble.
Dispersants facilitate the breakdown of an oil slick into tiny droplets, which are
suspended and disseminated in the water mass. Dispersed oil degrades more rapidly
than oil in a surface slick resulting into lesser threat to environment than oil.
However, the dis-advantage of using dispersant is, it is not environment friendly. The
toxicity of dispersant in some cases pollutes the eco system and offset the
environmental gain.
Role of dispersant
The mechanical response has limitation like poor recovery rate etc. The use of booms
and skimmers is usually effective only at moderate seas with lesser current. Even for
calm conditions, it may be not be feasible to use mechanical equipment alone to deal
with large spills in which oil spreads rapidly over large areas. For this reason use of
chemical dispersant is considered a complementary option in responding to an oil spill
emergency.

11. The dispersant breaks oil into tiny droplets which disperses & distributes the tiny
droplets in water column. The surface slick is prone to drift due to winds and waves. It
increases local oil toxicity unless the suspension is sufficiently diluted in the water
column.
Types of Dispersant
Following types of dispersants are normally used:
 Type – I Conventional Hydrocarbon base: - These are normally used in
undiluted form and application rate is generally one part of OSD to 2-3parts of oil.
 Type – II Water Dilute-able Concentrate: – These dispersant are used after
dilution with sea water normally 1:10 ratio and application rate (diluted OSD) is
similar as above.
 Type – III Concentrate: - These are alcohol/glycol solvent based dispersant
containing higher concentration of surface active agents. These are primarily used in
undiluted form and generally used from aircrafts and ships using appropriate spray
gear.
Good oil dispersant should be highly effective, less toxic and should not increase the
toxicity of oil. The OSD should be safe for personnel handling the product.
Use of OSD
When physical methods of recovery of oil like mechanical deployment of OSR
equipment are not safe / practical then, approved OSD with prior permission of Indian
Coast Guard should be used. The use of dispersant should be documented in respective
contingency plans and only dispersant which are approved must be used.

12. Chapter -2
Effects of Oil on Marine Life
Oil waste poisons the sensitive marine and coastal organic substrate, interrupting the food chain
on which fish and sea creatures depend, and on which their reproductive success is based.
Wildlife other than fish and sea creatures, including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds
that live in or near the ocean, are also poisoned by oil waste. The hazards for wildlife include
toxic effects of exposure or ingestion, injuries such as smothering and deterioration of thermal
insulation, and damage to their reproductive systems and behaviors. Long-term ecological effects
that contaminate or destroy the marine organic substrate and thereby interrupt the food chain are
also harmful to the wildlife, so species populations may change or disappear.
“In 2000, several thousand penguins were affected by a fuel oil spill after the iron-ore
carrier Treasure sank off South Africa. Many oil-soaked birds had to be cleaned and
released”
Effects of Oil Spill on Human Crude
oil is made up of thousands of chemical compounds. Some of the lighter ones, including benzene
and toluene, are known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and tend to evaporate soon after
they reach the water’s surface. These chemicals can cause respiratory problems as well as
temporary central nervous system troubles. And some VOCs have been linked to cancers at high
exposure levels. When oil comes into contact with skin, it can also cause dermatitis and other
skin infections. The Population residing near the oil spill region and rescue worker in charge of
cleaning up oil spills are most likely to be affected with health problems such as: chest pain,
coughing, dizziness, headaches, respiratory distress and vomiting. These symptoms are typical of
acute exposure to hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide.
Effects of Oil on Fisheries and Aquaculture
Fishing and aquaculture are important industries which may be affected by oil spills in various
ways. Commercially exploited animals and plants may be killed as a result of oil smothering and
toxicity. Catches and cultivated stock may become physically contaminated or may acquire an
objectionable oil derived taste known as ‘tainting’. Fishing and cultivation gear may be oiled,
leading to the risk of catches or stock becoming contaminated or fishing being halted until gear is
cleaned or replaced. The interruption of subsistence, recreational and commercial fishing activity
and the disruption of seafood cultivation cycles can have important economic consequences. The
reluctance of consumers to purchase seafood products from an affected region can also result in a
loss of market confidence.
Effects of Oil on Tourism Industry
Coastal areas are usually thickly populated and attract many recreational activities and related
facilities that have been developed for fishing, boating, snorkeling and scuba diving, swimming,
nature parks, beaches, and other resident and tourist attractions. Oil waste that invades and
pollutes these areas, negatively effects human activities and has devastating and long-term
effects on the local economy and society.

13. Chapter -3
REMEDIATION FOR OIL SPILLS
Remediation of oil spills is a serious issue because of its adverse effects on the biosphere. Oil
spreads on the top surface of water and form a horizontal smooth and slippery surface known as
slick. It forms thin coating on the bird’s feathers which loses its insulating properties and results
in freezing death. It will also reduce the amount of oxygen dissolving from air in water which is
necessary for marine life. Oil spill has toxic impact on aquatic animals and damages their food
resources and habitats. Therefore, proper remediation must be done after oil spillage.
Marine remediation
Effective attempts have been made in remediating the marine environment. Many of these
attempts have been made by the major E&P companies.
a) Boomers – They are used for both containment and recovery. They are floatation device
which act like physical barriers which would not allow the oil to spread in water so that oil could
be recovered. During recovery period, they are sailed through the heaviest sections of the spill at
slow speed and a shipping vessel scoops the oil and traps it between the angle of the boom and
the vessel hull. They are also characterized into fence boomer, curtain boomer
and fire-resistant boomer on the basis of floating tendency, material with which they are made
weight and stopping tendency.
(b) Skimmers– They helps in the recovery of spread oil with the help of boomers. Lyophilic
skimmers try to trap the oil from the surface with help of belts, disks, continuous chain of
lyophilic material and then oil is squeezed out in the recovery tank. Weir skimmers use dam for
trapping the oil inside and then it can be pumped out through a pipe or hose to storage tank for
recycling purpose. Type and the thickness of oil spill determine the success of skimming.
Skimmers are effective and work efficiently in calm water [9]. They are clogged by the debris in
floating water.
(c) Adsorbent materials - Absorbents which are lyophilic and hydrophobic in nature come out
as a good controller of oil spills. After skimming operation, adsorbent are used to clean the
remaining oil. These adsorbents can be natural organic, inorganic or synthetic materials. Natural
organic sorbents includes peat, hay, feathers, ground corncob etc. They can soak up from 3 to 15
times their weight in oil. Natural inorganic sorbent includes perlite vermiculite, glass, clay, wool,
sand and volcanic ash. They can absorb up to 4 to 20 times their weight in oil. Synthetic
absorbents include materials similar to plastic like polyethylene, and nylon fibers. They can
absorb up to 70 times weight in oil but cannot be cleaned and reused.
Remediation of soil and ground water
Remediation technique for soil and water are different. Many factors are responsible which
determine the type of remediation technique that should be used. Type of contamination present
and where the contamination has taken place are the two main factors that have to be considered
in determining the remediation. Cleaning contaminated soil is not an easy process and needs time
to get clean. The remediation’s that can be used as on-site contamination are: soil vapor
extraction, Pump and Treat Systems, Degradation, and Bioremediation Soil vapor extraction is
the technique in which contaminates present in the soil are made to vaporize at the soil
temperature only by applying vacuum in soil .This creates pore spaces and increases the air flow

14. in soil. That is why this process is also called vacuum extraction, or enhanced in situ
volatilization. Contaminates are sucked by the vacuum blower in gaseous form through a vapor
extraction well which is further transported for separator.
Pump and treat system is a very usual technique which is used for remediation. In this method,
the pumping well is drilled which brings out the contaminated water to the surface which is
further treated in surface water facilities. The water that is obtained after treatment can be reused
or is supplied for use. The further treatment depends on the kind of contaminants present in the
groundwater. If non- aqueous phased liquid is resent, then phase separation is done by adding
other pumping unit. This technique can also be used with vapor extraction technique.
Degradation remediation is of two types: a) chemical degradation and b) biological degradation.
In chemical degradation, neutralization of the contaminants is accelerated by using chemicals
and transforming them into a state which is less harmful. These chemicals oxidize the metals and
reduce the oxidation state of contaminants while in biological degradation, the organic reagents
work as a chemical entity like in chemical degradation. It is a type of bioremediation technique
which converts the hydrocarbon present in soil into carbon dioxide,
Water and harmless products.
As discussed already, in remediation of marine oil spill, bioremediation is healthy environmental
technique in which microorganisms are being added with the soil which accelerates the natural
remediation process. It is a slow process but is the best fruitful remediation technique that is in
use now days. Ground itself remediates of the contaminants slowly. The first step in
bioremediation is to determine the type and kind of microorganism that should
Be added for remediation which depends on the soil type.

15. Chapter 4
GOVERNMENT POILICIES FOR OIL SPILLS
Governments of various countries have shown interest to solve problems produce by oil spills.
For this, governments have firmed many polices which is mandatory for every company to
adopt. Developed country like U.S.A has especially setup National Institute of Environmental
Health Sciences under the department of Health and Human Services to handle the oil spillage
problem. They are running regular educational courses and training programs of oil spill for their
workers in coordination with Occupational Safety and Health Administration [23].
They have also developed National Contingency Plan for responding to both hazardous
substance and oil spill releases. Areal Contingency plans are developed for smaller area which
describes the responsibilities and actions of operators, company and the government agencies for
prevention of hazardous discharges .The third level is the Facility Contingency Plans for quick
remediation responses for oil facilities likes refineries, petroleum storages etc.
Developing country like India has also developed contingency plans like National Oil spill
Disaster Contingency Plan under Ministry of Defense in cooperation with Directorate of
Fisheries & Environment and Coast Guard. India is a part of United Nation Convection on the
Law of the Sea and therefore has obligation to protect marine environment. The Forty-second
amendment to the Constitution of India obliges the States for protection
of environment. Here States coordinate with coast guards for response actions during oil spillage.
Many countries like turkey, France, United Kingdom, Dutch etc. have form a proper contingency
plan for handling of oil spillage.
Fig :1hierarchy of contingency plan
There are some common policies which the governments of various countries have accepted
1. Pre-plan to act in case of oil spills and releases.
2. To notify the respective departments if there is any kind of spill occurrences.
3. Take respective remediation technique to stop those spills and releases.
4. Cease the spill or release of the pollution substance.
5. Prevent the migration of oil from the site of the spill or release.
6. Prevent the oil from reaching or impacting surface water or groundwater.

16. Chapter-5
National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan
The salient features are:
1. It gives the Indian Coast Guard the mandate to coordinate with state departments, ministries,
port authorities and environmental agencies to assist in oil spill cleaning operations.
2. It mandates that all major ports in India should have basic, minimum equipment, like
inflatable booms and oil skimmers, to tackle oil spill.
3. It highlights the responsibilities for individual Ports.
The NOS-DCP was revised in 2015 to meet international standards.
Online Oil Spill Advisory System was set up.
It places India amongst the select few countries that have:
1. An indigenously developed capability of prediction of trajectory of oil spills
2. Mapping of environmental sensitivities in coastal zones.
3. Deployment of aerial dispersant spray system.
4. Facilitating regional oil spill contingency plans.
International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage,
2001 (Bunker Convention)
In 2015 India ratified the International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution
Damage, 2001 (Bunker Convention). Convention ensures adequate, prompt and effective
compensation for damage caused by oil spills.
An international forum on oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response and restoration
systems was constituted in 2011 viz. Oil Spill India (OSI).
In 2016 September there was a convention in Mumbai of OSI.
 The theme was “Commitment, Synergy, and Excellence (CSE)”
Convention showcases best practices in the world for oil spill preparedness.

17. Conclusion:-
There are different remediation techniques for both marine and soil, ground and water oil spills.
The most suitable remediation for spill is being determined by physical and chemical properties
of oil. Act quickly and firmly to remove oil from the ground, is the basic of minimizing the
environmental effects of a sub-surface oil spills or leakage. The techniques which are used for
marine remediation are physical, chemical, thermal and biological, and for soil groundwater
remediation are soil vapor extraction, Pump and Treat Systems, degradation, and bioremediation.
The techniques used for remediation depends on factors like oil type, physical, biological and
economical characteristics of the spill location, weather and amount of spill. Bio remediation has
come out to be the best environment friendly and successful remediation technique. Government
policies are also playing a crucial role in the success of remediation techniques and disaster
managements. More researches are still required for the development of advances techniques for
the remediation of oil spill.
We could not collect all information of the spill in view of some limitations. However, we found
that the spill features observed by the CG were in agreement with the model simulations. This
has given us an opportunity to understand the capabilities of the model, and use of this model in
predicting possible spill scenarios for the west coast of India for preparedness and planning
suitable response strategies.
Today we are Exploring, Extracting & Consuming More Oil than ever before. With This High
Demand, The Incidences of Oil Spills is bound to Increase. Since “Prevention is better then
Cure”, Oil Companies & Governments across the world should work on Strategies to Avoid Oil
Spill incidence, as after a major oil spill disaster, no amounts of efforts, money and technology
can completely reverse the ecological balance of the effected region. In spite of these measures,
if an Oil Spill incident occurs, nations must be equipped with ‘Quick Response Team’ of Trained
Professionals to stop further spill and clean up the contamination. Oil Companies must take
responsibilities and measures to invest in recreating the ecological balance of the effected region.

18. Reference
1. http://oisd.nic.in/PDF/OSRBOOKLET.pdf
2. Indian Coast Guard Website: http://www.indiancoastguard.nic.in
3. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spill
4. International Tanker Owners' Pollution Federation Limited Website:
http://www.itopf.com
5. International Energy Agency (IEA)
6. http://www.waterencyclopedia.com
7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283644184_OIL_SPILL_REMEDIATION_AN
D_ITS_REGULATION [accessed Apr 03 2018].
8. Joye .S.B. ; University of Georgia 2000-2013 -Department of Marine Sciences ;” Oil
Spills and Industry
9. History” <http://joyeresearchgroup.uga.edu/public-outreach/marine-oilspills/history>
10. Zekri.A.Y&Chaalal.O. 2000, “Biodegradation of Oil Spills under United Arab Emirates
Conditions”, paper
11. presented at SPE , SPE-61475.
12. https://www.clearias.com/oil-spill-disasters/
13. Blue Waters, Vol.1, issue 1, p.6
14. Brebbia, C.A., (2002): In: Brebbia, C.A. (Ed.), Oil and Hydrocarbon Spills III:
Modelling, Analysis and Control (Oil Spill 2002). In: Water Studies, 11. Wessex Institute
of Technology, UK, pp. 480, ISBN: 1-85312-922-4.