The document discusses biodiversity and the threats it faces. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity of genes, species, and ecosystems. It notes that while scientists have identified over 1.4 million species, many more remain unknown. The document then discusses several threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction, overexploitation of resources, climate change, human overpopulation, pollution, and deforestation. It provides examples of how each of these threatens species and ecosystems. The document concludes by noting the impacts of biodiversity loss, such as increased species extinctions and ecological imbalances.

1. MANEESH P
DEPT: OF APPLIED
ECONOMICS

2. • The earth is the only planet in the solar system that support
life . Life on the earth exist on the biosphere, a narrow zone made
up of land, air and water expanding up to a few kilometer above
and below the earth s surface.
• The physical components of the environment include materials
such as rocks, soil, air and water.
• Long ago men lived with the environment without disturbing its
components. Human beings are dependent for their subsistence,
health, well being and enjoyment of life on fundamental biological
systems and processes.
• Humanity derive all of its food and many medicines and
industrial products from wild and domesticated components of
biological diversity.

3. •Now a days man has started extensively changing the
environment surroundings, thus transforming the
environment and consequently effecting the balance of
ecosystem, which is very essential for life on this
planet.
• Biodiversity is on the verge of ruin due to their ever
expanding needs. People need food, water and space to
live, air to breathe, and energy to drive their machines.
• Now we realize the importance of biodiversity and its
value and concentrate on various issues and
conservative strategy of biodiversity.

4. What do you think biodiversity means?

5. Bio =
Biodiversity
What does “Bio” mean?

6. Biodiversity
Diversity = Variety
What does “Diversity” mean?

7. • Biodiversity is the variety of life on
Earth and the essential
interdependence of all living things
• Scientists have identified more than 1.4 million
species. Tens of millions -- remain unknown
(www.thecatalogueoflife.org)
•The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made
possible by complex interactions among all living
things including micro- oganisms.

8. There are 3 components of
biodiversity
1. Diversity of genes
Chihuahuas, beagles, and rottweilers are all the same
species —but they're not the same because there is
variety in their genes.
Chihuahua Beagle
Rottweilers

9. 2. Diversity of number of species
For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and
meadow beauties are all different species.
Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty
There are 3 components of
biodiversity

10. 3. Variety of ecosystems
Lakes, Ponds, and Rivers are all Freshwater
Ecosystems.
Rocky coast, Sand Dune, Estuary, Salt Marsh ,
Coral Reef are all Marine Ecosystems.
There are 3 components of
biodiversity

11. ECOSYSTEM DEFINITION
“ A self-contained community of
microorganisms, animals and plants, that
interact with each other and with their
physical environment.”
e.g. a rock
pool

13. Benefits to humans
 Direct use value = marketable
commodities
◦ Food
◦ Medicine
◦ Raw materials
◦ Recreational harvesting
◦ Ecotourism

14. Benefits to humans: food
 About 3,000 species (ca. 1% of
300,000 total) of flowering plants
have been used for food
 About 200 species have been
domesticated
 Wild relatives source of genes for
crop improvement in both plants
and animals

15. Benefits to humans: medicine
 Organisms as chemists
 About 25% of all medical
prescriptions in the India are
based on plant or microbial
products or on derivatives or on
synthetic versions
 Some medicinal products from
animals (e.g., anticoagulant from
leeches)

18. Benefits to humans: raw
materials
 Industrial materials:
◦ Timber
◦ Fibers
◦ Resins, gums
◦ Perfumes
◦ Adhesives
◦ Dyes
◦ Oils, waxes, rubber
◦ Agricultural chemicals

19. Benefits to humans: recreational
harvesting
 Recreational harvesting:
◦ Hunting
◦ Fishing
◦ Pets
◦ Ornamental
plants

20. Benefits to humans: ecotourism
 By definition based on biodiversity
 Growing portion of the tourism
industry
•Affluent tourists pay good money
to see wildlife, novel natural
communities, and protected
ecosystems.

21. Indirect Use Value
 Indirect use value = services
provided by biodiversity that are
not normally given a market value
(often regarded as free)
 Include primarily ecosystem
services: atmospheric, climatic
and hydrological regulation;
photosynthesis; nutrient cycling;
pollination; pest control; soil
formation and maintenance, etc.

22. Indirect Use Value
•Supported in many different
religious or cultural traditions

23. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
• Major
factors
impacting
biodiversity

24. THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY

25. 1. HABITAT
DESTRUCTIONHabitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions,
especially related to tropical forest destruction. Factors
contributing to habitat loss
are: overconsumption, overpopulation, land use
change, deforestation,pollution (air pollution, water
pollution, soil contamination) and global warming or
climate change

26. OVEREXPLOITATIO
N Overexploitation occurs when a resource is
consumed at an unsustainable rate. This occurs
on land in the form of overhunting,
excessive logging, poor soil conservation in
agriculture and the illegal wildlife trade.
 About 25% of world fisheries are now overfished
to the point where their current biomass is less
than the level that maximizes their sustainable
yield.[146]
 The overkill hypothesis, a pattern of large animal
extinctions connected with human
migration patterns, can be used explain
why megafaunal extinctions can occur within a
relatively short time period.

28. Current Pattern of Global
Endangerment
• What groups are in endangered?

29. Current Pattern of Global
Endangerment

30. 3. CLIMATE CHANGE
 Global warming – E.g. coral reefs
 Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide
certainly affects plant morphology and is
acidifying oceans, and temperature affects
species ranges, penology, and weather, but
the major impacts that have been predicted
are still just potential impacts.
 In 2004, an international collaborative study
on four continents estimated that 10 percent
of species would become extinct by 2050
because of global warming.

31. 4. HUMAN
OVERPOPULATION
 From 1950 to 2011, world population
increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion
and is forecast to reach a plateau of
more than 9 billion during the 21st
century
.Population Growth: Estimated based on
expected human population growth
forecast a 7% increase in number of
threatened species by 2020, and a 14%
increase by 2050

33. Pollution’s effect on
Biodiversity

34. •Transport, industry, construction, extraction, power
generation and agro forestry all contribute pollutants to
the air, land and water. These chemicals can directly
affect biodiversity or lead to chemical imbalances in the
environment that ultimately kill individuals, species and
habitat
•Nitrogen and phosphorous are important nutrients for
plant growth, but when they concentrate in water
systems after being applied as agricultural fertilizers,
they can cause “dead zones” that are uninhabitable for
fish and other wildlife. Also, carbon dioxide is a “natural”
component of the atmosphere, but is considered a
pollutant when emitted by human industrial activities.

35. •The demand for international market effect the status of
biodiversity
• for example: extensive area of agricultural land have
been planted with monocultures of bananas,
Sugar cane or pulp trees, to produce commodities on a
large scale for export in order to expand the economy.
•Increasing demand for prawn and shrimp in the global
market create investment in shrimp farming. Shrimp
farming is practiced in brackish water. However , it uses
precious fresh water resources. At the same time , the
infrastructure for commercial farming pollutes the water.
As a result , mangroves, an important habitat for fish ,
have been destroyed.

36.  Deforestation, clearance or clearing is
the removal of a forest or stand of trees
where the land is thereafter converted to a
non-forest use.
 Decline in biodiversity
 Extinction of species
 Loss of habitats
 Destruction of genetic variation
 A study in Rondônia, Brazil, has shown
that deforestation also removes the
microbial community which is involved in
the recycling of nutrients, the production of
clean water and the removal of pollutants.

37.  It has been estimated that we are
losing 137 plant, animal and insect
species every single day due to
rainforest deforestation, which
equates to 50,000 species a year.
 Approximately 1 species per year from
mammals and birds which extrapolates
to approximately 23,000 species per
year for all species. Predictions have
been made that more than 40% of the
animal and plant species in Southeast
Asia could be wiped out in the 21st
century.

38. • Materialistic life style
• Demand for food, land, excessive
-consumption of minerals and
other non renewable resource.

39. BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA
Thar desert - The climate and vegetation
in this area
is a contrast to the Himalayan region.
Western Ghats - One of the two
biodiversity hotspots in India.
Sunder bans - The largest mangrove
forest in India.
Chilika - This wetland area is protected
under the Ramsar convention.
Himalayas - This majestic range of
mountains is the home of a diverse range
of flora and fauna. Eastern Himalayas is
one of the two biodiversity hotspots in
India.

40. 09/5749
25/521
72/458
88/390
244/18664
03/231

41. IS THE BIODIVERSITY OF INDIA
UNDER THREAT?
• 10% of India’s plant species are under
threat.
• More than 150 medicinal plants have
disappeared in recent decades.
• About 10% of flowering plants,20% of
mammals and 5% of the birds are
threatened.

42. Current Pattern of Global
Endangerment

43. • Increased vulnerability of species extinction
• Ecological imbalance
• Reduced sources of food, structural
materials, medicinal and genetic resources
• Cost increase to the society
IMPACT OF LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

44. Viewpoints: Biodiversity
Norman
Myers
Peter
Kareiva
“If we could safeguard
biodiversity hotspots, we
could reduce the number of
extinct species by at least
one-third. However, global
warming will shift temperature
bands and vegetation
communities, so these areas
would still be vulnerable.”
“Parks are a valuable
strategy for conservation, but
they are not the most
important strategy.
Conservation cannot just be
about setting aside nature in
parks but rather must
address working landscapes
and human use of biological

45. WHICH ROAD WILL WE TAKEWHICH ROAD WILL WE TAKEWHICH ROAD WILL WE TAKE
TO PROTECT OURTO PROTECT OURTO PROTECT OUR
ENVIROMENT?ENVIROMENT?ENVIROMENT?
WHERE WILL IT LED TO ?

46. THE WORLD WITHOUT
BIODIVERSITY

47. So, what can we do???
• Conservation methods can help protect and restore ecosystems.
CONSERVATION

48. MUST HAVE
• COMMITMENT
• PASSION
• RESPECT FOR ENVIROMENT AND
NATURE

49. • There are several ways that people can
help protect the environment.
– control population growth
– develop sustainable technology
– change practices
– protect and maintain ecosystems
CONSERVATION

50. C0NCLUSION
 Bio diversity may sound like an
abstract concept, but in reality it
touches almost every aspect of our life.
 The earth has an enormous variety of
plants and animals, both domesticated
and wild, as also wide array of habitats
and ecosystem.
 Diversity meets food, medicinal,
clothing, shelter, spiritual and
recreational needs.

51. QUESTION: Review
Which is NOT a benefit of biodiversity to
humans?
a. Economic benefits through ecotourism
b. New potential sources of food
c. New potential sources of drugs
d. Ecosystem services
e. All of the above are benefits of biodiversity.

52. QUESTION: Viewpoints
Are parks and protected areas the best strategy
for protecting biodiversity?
a. Yes; it is absolutely necessary to preserve
untrammeled habitat for species to persist.
b. No; parks won’t matter because climate
change will force the biota out of them.
c. No; it is more effective to work with local
people and give them economic incentives
to conserve nature.
Both parks and other strategies are
necessary.