Hydrosphere 2: freshwater

1. Hydrosphere 2:
Freshwater
ppt. by Robin D. Seamon
1
HOOK VIDEO: Last Call at the Oasis

2. E A R T H ’ S
F R E S H W A T E R
S Y S T E M S
2

3. Humans need freshwater sources
• Rivers and coastlines influence human
settlement
• We learned to control water for our benefit:
• Dams
• Irrigation systems
• Water treatment facilities
3

4. 4
D I S T R I B U T I O N
http://www.sswm.info/category/concept/water-cycle
VIDEO: Where We Get Our Water (3:46)

5. 5
Availability Scale
1. vulnerable
2. stressed
3. scarce
VIDEO1: Struggle for Water (3min)
VIDEO2: Freshwater Scarcity

6. 6
http://latestnewslink.com/2014/12/lack-of-access-to-clean-water-hampers-fight-against-aids-in-africa-trfn/
VIDEO: UN Water Video (10 min)

7. 7
http://d11parents.com/2013/09/the-big-day-ios-7-roll-out-day/
http://www.waterprojectsinternational.org/
whywater.html
http://biologyandbiologics.blogspot.com/

8. 8http://www.globaled.uconn.edu/student_water/simulation/issues_areas.html

9. Potable Water LAB
CLASS DEMONSTRATION & LESSON:
Saltwater/freshwater demonstration
Book: If the World Were a Village- by, Shelagh Armstrong; 2002
Belize, El Salvador, & Mexico stories/pictures
HOMEWORK
WRITING & ILLUSTRATION:
Write a response to the book and demonstration from class about the world's water supply. Illustrate.
CONSIDER-
What percentage of the world’s water is potable?
How does your water supply differ from people in other countries?
Who’s responsibility is it to protect those drops of water?
What can you do each day to protect the world’s water supply?
BOOK- page 18- (as of 2002)
~ 75 % world's population has access to clean drinking water
in home or within a short distance
~ 25% do not; must spend most of the day finding water;
mostly girls and women
~ 60% world's population has to sanitation/sewage disposal-
public or household
~ 40% do not
~ 68% world's population can breathe clean air
~ 32% breathe unhealthy, polluted air
CLASS DEMONSTRATION SUMMARY- (numbers are approximated)
~ 2 L water on Planet Earth - salt and freshwater
~ 70 mL freshwater - about 3% of total water on Earth
~ 50 mL frozen - about 80% of freshwater frozen in icecaps & glaciers
~ 9 mL trapped underground - not all groundwater is reachable
~ 6 mL in atmosphere- part of the water cycle
~ 5 mL in plants & animals
? pollution
... 2 DROPS CLEAN, POTABLE DRINKING WATER FOR THE PLANET
WIKI LINK
9

10. 10
SystemSystem
Environment
Closed system
Open system

11. 11
http://www.munciesanitary.org/pollutionprevention/?print=y

12. Water Cycle-
1. Water evaporates into the atmosphere
2. Condenses as it rises and cools
3. Falls back to Earth as precipitation
4. Traverses the landscape, picking up minerals,
becoming stored in ground water, frozen in ice,
or distributed into water reservoirs
5. Streams and rivers carry water back to ocean
12
Weathering: taking away of pieces of the crust in
the flow of water, wind, or ice
Deposition: dropping off of the sediments

13. 13
Water drops streams rivers
Oceans
http://waterstories.nestle-waters.com/environment/collecting-dew-during-water-shortages/

14. Tributary- stream that flows into a lake or larger
stream/river
Watershed- river systems are divided into
watersheds; areas where water runs from higher
elevations into lower basins according to the
landscape
• LARGEST in US: Mississippi watershed
• OTHERS: Rio Grande watershed, Colorado
watershed
Divide- higher ground that separates watersheds
14ADVANCEVIDEO: What’s a Watershed (1min)

15. 15
Advance
Yadkin-PeeDee
River
BACK

16. 16
https://thewatershed.org/about-us/what-is-a-watershed/
BACK

17. 17
River basin- portion of land drained into a river; river
is the lowest elevation point of the basin
Run-off: flow of water when an excess of rainwater,
storm water, or snowmelt flows across the surface of
the land
ADVANCE

18. 18
Advance
Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin
BACK

19. STREAM EROSION
Channel- path a stream follows
1. narrow/steep
2. Rock sent downstream
3. Channel gets wider/deeper
4. Gets longer & wider= RIVER
19
Channel
erosion
http://www.montcalm.org/planningeduc0042.asp

20. 1. Gradient- measure of change in elevation over
a certain distance
• Gradient erosive Energy
20
http://surfacewater.wikispaces.com/River+Gradient

21. 2. Discharge- amount of water a river carries;
storms, snowmelt
• Discharge erosive Energy
21
http://www.bigelow.org/virtual/water_sub2.html

22. 3. Load- materials carried by stream
• Fast moving water carries larger particles
• Bed load- bounces larger pebbles or
boulders
• Suspended load- small rocks & soil in
suspension (muddy)
• Dissolved load- minerals (Na, Cl…)
22
http://www.indiana.edu/~g103/G103lectures/rivers/wk6.html*VIDEO: Stream Flow (7min)

23. F O R M A T I O N S
Deposition- dropping of sediments (eroded
rock/soil particles)
Placer deposit- heavy minerals deposited where
current slows (gold)
Delta- mouth/end of a river, current slows,
sediments drop (mud)
- form new land, coast grows
23

24. 24
http://maps.unomaha.edu/becker/EnvGeoWk10.htm

25. Alluvial fan- stream over flat land, slows down,
drops sediments
Flood plains- high rain or snow melt overflows
rivers;
- sediment is deposited
- rich farm land
25
http://www.thisoldearth.net/Geology_Online-1_Subchapters.cfm?Chapter=5&Row=4VIDEO: Bill Nye: Rivers & Streams (23min)

26. 26
1. dropping off of sediment due to erosion
2. water turning into gas form
3. stream that flows into lake or larger river system
4. path a stream follows
5. taking away pieces of the crust by water, wind, ice
6. higher ground that separates watersheds
7. water turning from gas to liquid
8. areas where water runs from higher elevations into lower
basins according to the landscape
9. water falling as a liquid
10. flow of water when an excess of rain/storm water,
snowmelt flows across land
a. evaporation b. weathering c. precipitation
d. tributary e. deposition f. condensation
g. divide h. watershed i. channel j. run-off
A
Hydrosphere 2 UNIT CHECK 1
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J

27. 27
1. amount of water a river carries
2. measure of change in elevation over a certain distance
3. materials carried by a stream
4. If discharge INCREASES what happens to the erosive energy?
5. If load DECREASES what happens to the erosive energy?
6. If gradient INCREASES what happens to the erosive energy?
Hydrosphere 2 UNIT CHECK 2
UP or DOWN?
a. load b. gradient c. discharge
7.
8.
9.
d. dissolved load
e. bed load
f. suspended load
C
B
A
D
F
E
Erosion amount goes UP
Erosion amount goes DOWN
Erosion amount goes UP

28. 28
WATER DISTRIBUTION REVIEW
1. What percentage of the
globe is water?
2. What percentage of that
is fresh water?
3. What is the water
availability scale?
4. Name a country that has
high water scarcity.
5. What is the name of our
river basin?
6. ______- amount of water
a river carries
7. ______- slope/ measure
of change in elevation
over distance
8. ______- materials carried
by a stream/river
9. Which is chemically
bound/joined-
compound or mixture?
10 -12 Decide whether each
is an element, compound, or
mixture:
Na ______
NaCl ______
NaCl plus H20 _______
Yadkin-PeeDee
3%
vulnerable, stressed, scarce
70%
discharge
gradient
load
element
compound
Mixture (solution)
Hydrosphere 2 UNIT CHECK 3

29. G R O U N D W A T E R
• Zone of aeration- upper layer of soil & rock;
water passes through
• Zone of saturation- water collects- spaces
between rock particles are filled with water
• Water table- where those two zones meet;
rises & lowers with rainfall & drought from
above
29

30. 30http://www.ustudy.in/node/2927

31. Aquifer- sandstone, limestone, sand/gravel
Rock layer that stores groundwater
Percolation- how water filters through the
ground
Porosity- more open spaces/pores can hold
water
• Depends on the size of rock particles
1. Same sized particles= high porosity
2. Different sized particles= low porosity
POROSITY DEMONSTRATION 31

32. 32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer

33. Permeability- rock’s ability to let water pass
• Larger particles increase permeability
• Friction
Recharge zone- ground surface where water
enters an aquifer (how permeable?)
33http://rmccs.org/sitecharacterization/experimental3.html

34. Spring- water table reaches surface; can make a
lake
Artesian spring- spring whose water flows from
crack in cap rock of aquifer
• Sloping layer of permeable rock (aquifer)
sandwiched between two layers of
impermeable rock (cap rock)
34
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/waterquality/springs.html

35. Well- human-made hole, deeper than water table
• Must be drilled deep enough so that when
water table drops, well still has water
35VIDEO: What is groundwater? (5min)

36. 36
GROUNDWATER REVIEW
1.
2.
3.
4. Which jar has higher porosity?
5. Which jar has higher
permeability?
A B
Label.
Zone of aeration
water table
Zone of saturation
B
B
Hydrosphere 1 UNIT CHECK 4

37. 37
W A T E R
Q U A L I T Y

38. W A T E R Q U A L I T Y
• 3 % of Earth’s water is freshwater (drinkable)
• 75% of that is frozen
• Pollution- introduction of harmful substances
into the environment
• Point-source pollution: pollution from one
specific site (wastewater from a factory)
• Nonpoint-source pollution: pollution comes
from many sources (runoff from agriculture,
urban areas, land clearing, construction,
logging)
38
VIDEO: Nonpoint Source Pollution (5min)

39. 39
H E A L T H Y R I V E R S
Water quality depends upon:
• Habitat structure
(riparian vegetation, width/depth, bank stability, channel morphology,
gradient, instream cover, canopy, substrate, current)
• Flow regime
(ground water, land use, velocity, high/low extremes, precipitation, runoff)
• Chemical variables
(nutrients, pH, DO, temperature, organics, solubles, hardness, absorption,
turbidity)
• Biotic factors
(disease, parasitism, feeding, predation, competition, reproduction)
• Energy source
(sunlight, nutrients, seasonal cycles, organic matter inputs)

40. 40
HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE THE WATER?
Instream conditions:
• Litter/garbage-
• Algae- floating, attached, color
• Water color- clear, muddy, milky, tea-colored,
red, gray, green black
• Water appearance- oily sheen, foam/bubbles,
scum
• Water odor- sewage, gas, rotten eggs, fishy,
chlorine, soapy
• Discharge pipes- storm drain, industry,
municipal wastewater, sewer,

41. M O N I T O R I N G W A T E R Q U A L I T Y
PHYSICAL
turbidity,
temperature
CHEMICAL
measure pH, nitrates,
DO, metals
BIOLOGICAL
count species
41VIDEO: Ecosystems on the Edge (8min)

42. Turbidity-
• Measure of the concentration of particles
suspended in water
• High turbidity = cloudy/ low light penetration
• Suspended sediments of silt, clay, wastewater,
high phytoplankton
42
PHYSICAL INDICATORS
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/mudcreek/6594
*VIDEO: Turbidity (5min)

43. 43
Habitat structure
Natural river flow
is more productive
a habitat than
man-made
channels.

44. 44
Embeddedness: How much of the streambed that
is under sediment

45. 45
Riparian Habitat: land/bank between the water &
upland hills
Vegetation on
the bank
decreases
embededness

46. 46
Sediment impacts streams:
• Heat is absorbed by particles
• Clarity is lower
• Organic material can change the chemistry
• Extra fertilizer (phosphorus, nitrogen) causes
HABs (harmful algal blooms)
• Heavy metals leach into water
ppm- parts per million
*one inch in 16 miles *one ounce in 32 tons
*one cent in $10,000 *one minute in two years
THAT’s LIKE:

47. 47
DO- Dissolved
Oxygen
Temperature
• Affects DO levels:
• Cold water holds more O
• Thermal pollution: Factories increase lake
temperatures
• Loss of shade trees on riparian bank
REMEMBER: Colder water
absorbs more gas
2
Habitat Assessment
(14 min)

48. • Fish- respond to chemical, physical, biological
change
• Aquatic plants
• Insects
• Mussels
• Leeches
• worms
48
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS

49. 49

50. 50*VIDEO: Biotic Index (11min)

51. 51
Pathogens
Bacteria: e coli
• Enter water systems when septic systems leak
or municipal sewage systems fail & through
factory farm waste
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/20-sickened-by-e-coli-in-nc-toddler-dies/VIDEO: Ganges Pollution (1:30)

52. Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Organisms in water need oxygen
• Low DO can stress/kill organisms
• Pollution reduces DO
• Anoxia- lack of oxygen
52
CHEMICAL INDICATORS
1. Temperature (lower temp, more O2)
2. Altitude (pressure affects gas)
3. Plant growth (respiration, transpiration,
photosynthesis cycles gases)
4. Decay (cycles gases)
5. Turbulence (rough water, catches air bubbles)
*VIDEO: Dissolved Oxygen (13 min)

53. 53
1. Temperature (lower temp, more O )
 DO Thermal pollution
 DO changes with seasonal temp. changes
2. Altitude (pressure affects gas)
3. Plant growth (respiration, transpiration,
photosynthesis cycles gases)
• Time of Day:
 DO day b/c of plant respiration
 DO night
4. Decay (cycles gases)
 DO Lots of bacteria/decay
5. Turbulence (rough water, catches air bubbles)
What time of the day/year will water
have more DO due to temperature?
What time of the day/year will water
have more DO due to plants?
When will there be more DO due to
decay?
2

54. 54
pH- power of Hydrogen
• The acid/base balance
• Normal: 6.5-8.5
• Lower or higher pH disrupts availability of
nutrients in water system
VIDEO: Strengths & Weaknesses of acids & bases (3:50)
VIDEO: Crash Course Chemistry#30 pH & pOH (11min)

55. 55
NEUTRAL
Solubility of heavy
metals
Algal blooms
More Hydrogen Less Hydrogen
HIGHER
TEMP.
pH

56. 56
Polarity of water makes it an excellent solvent
• As water molecules travel through the water
system & over land, the minerals it comes into
contact with are pulled apart by the polarizing
affect of water & ‘dissolve’ into water solution
W A T E R A N D S O L U T I O N S
Polar- having a negative side and a positive side
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/chemistry/energy/bsp/revision/2/

57. 57
+ ions pull toward
negative side of water
molecule
Water surrounds charged particles and
pulls them apart
- ions pull toward
positive side of water
molecule
http://www.chemistryland.com/CHM107/Water/WaterTutorial.htm#
VIDEO: How polarity makes water behave strangely (4min) CC VIDEO #2 Water (10 min)

58. 58
Dissolved solutions of water can be hard to
separate & so collect in Earth’s water supply.
A lot of metals are
TOXIC… can become
dissolved into
drinking water
http://thisismyfinalyearproject.blogspot.com/2010/07/critique-2-research-and-analysis.html
Industrial
storage/contaminated land
transpiration
Manure spreading
Uncovered road salt
Septic tank
Oil
storage
tanks
Public
Water
Pesticides
& fertilizers
Gas
station
landfill
Urban runoff
Leaking
sewers
plowing

59. 59
Halogen: ‘salt’ ‘make’ (F, Cl, Br, I)
When in contact with a metal-Group 1, they turn it
into a powdery salt… can dissolve in water
Halogens
Alkali
Metals

60. 60
Eutrophication-
nutrient overload
Nitrates
• Soil particles
• Decay
• Man-made:
• Detergents
• Fertilizers
• Industry
waste

61. 61
Phosphates-
http://reefkeeping.com/issues/2006-08/cj/testpop.htm?images/image003LG.jpg
VIDEO 1: Eutrophication (2min)
VIDEO 2: Haber Process

62. 62
WATER QUALITY REVIEW
1. Which bottle is most turbid?
2. How is temperature affected by
high turbidity? A B C
3. Which river shows the healthiest
habitat?
4. How does temperature affect dissolved
oxygen content?
5. Will turbulence increase or decrease
DO?
6. What is neutral on the pH scale?
7. What is nutrient overload?
8-9 Name two periodic table groups/families that join readily
to make salt solutions in water.
10. How does man add nitrates into the water system?
A B
A
Higher turbidity, higher
temperature of water
B
Fertilizers on land join run-off
increase
7
Run-off from farms, factories, lawns
enter the stream causing HABs
Halogens (grp 17) & Alkalis (grp 1)
Cooler water holds more
dissolved gases
Hydrosphere 1 UNIT CHECK 5

63. 63
NEWS- Flint, Michigan
• April 2014- Flint’s officials shift to Flint River
water from Detroit system to save money
• Foul-smelling tap-water reported; E.coli found;
corrodes metal; city tells residents to boil
water
• Lead- anti-corrosive chemicals were not added
to the water to prevent corrosion of old pipes
• Lead poisoning & brain damage
• Citizens on bottled water
• Charges being issued for government failure in
Flint

64. 64
LeeAnne Walters displays tap water samples at a public meeting in January
2015. Ryan Garza/Detroit Free Press/ZUMA
FLINT VIDEO

65. Y O U R
W A T E R
65

66. 66
Yadkin
River
Basin

67. 67
Y A D K I N R I V E R ‘ S C U R R E N T I S S U E S
Yadkin-PeeDee River currently supports 1.6 million
people
• Urbanization- building of roads, buildings, &
parking lots replace natural vegetation and soil
• High Rock Lake most threatened section
• High levels of nutrients, chlorophyll, turbidity, DO,
toxic levels of mercury in fish
• Swimming advisories in upper watershed
• Global climate change- droughts
• Coal Ash- Duke Power

68. 68
SOURCES OF THE POLLUTION:
• Point source- piped discharges from local
municipal wastewater treatment plants, local
industrial facilities, large storm water systems
• Non-Point source- timber harvesting, agriculture,
road, building & parking lot construction, failing
septic systems

69. 69
Industry in the Yadkin-PeeDee Watershed
• American Drew
• Weyerhauser
• ABTCO
• RJR Tobaccoville
• RJR Winston-Salem
• ASMO
• International Paper
• Freightliner
• Duke Power
• Arteva Kosa
• National Starch
• AlCOA
• Solite

70. 70
Coal Ash Spills-
• Duke Power spilled 39,000 tons of coal ash into the
Dan River Feb 2014 (Dan feeds into the Yadkin)
• 2015- it was discovered that 200 seeps were
occurring at 14 of Duke Power’s retired storage
plants- seeping 3 million gallons a day of coal ash
into the river
http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-
news/82-000-tons-coal-ash-spill-plant-
north-carolina-river-n23401
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/01/us/coal-ash-spill-reveals-transformation-of-
north-carolina-agency.html?_r=0

71. 71
May 2015-
• Duke pled guilty to 9 violations of federal Clean
Water Act despite warnings of their pollution
• Duke to pay $102 million in fines & restitutions
• 32 ash dumps; 14 power plants: Eden, Moncure,
Asheville, Goldsboro, Mt. Holly
• Coal Ash Management Act 2014: Gives Duke until
2029 to shut down and cleanup all ash ponds
• 60,000 tons being removed from Dan River site per
month: ½ to landfill in Virginia; ½ stored on-site
VIDEO 1 Toxic Waste Spill in NC pt 1 (16min)
VIDEO 2 Toxic Waste Spill in NC pt 2 (10min)

72. 72

73. Fracking-the process of injecting water &
chemicals at high pressure into underground shale
to fissure and release natural gas
73
Could this enter our
water supply?
VIDEO: Fracking explained (5min)

74. 74
East Coast
bedrock

75. 75VIDEO: Fracking in Lee County, NC (13min)

76. 76
S T E W A R D S H I P

77. 77
S T E W A R D S H I P
Clean Water Act 1972- to restore and maintain the
health of US waters to include wetlands by
preventing point and nonpoint pollution
Safe Drinking Water Act 1974- regulates US public
drinking supply; amended in 1986 & 1996 to
protect drinking water & its sources: rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, springs & ground water wells

78. Sewage treatment plants- facilities that clean
waste materials out of water
1. Primary treatment
• Dirt, water passes through screens to catch
solid objects
• 2nd tank has smaller screens for smaller
particles; sludge sinks to bottom; floating
oils skimmed off top
78
W A T E R T R E A T M E N T

79. 2. Secondary treatment-
• Water sent to aeration tank; mixed with
oxygen & bacteria; bacteria eats wastes,
use O2
• Water sent to chlorinator to disinfect
• Water released into river, lake, ocean
79

80. 80http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/env108/lesson1_2.htmVIDEO: Water Resource Recovery (10min)

81. W A T E R U S A G E
81
http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2010/06/08/triple-threat-coming-water-crisis

82. 82
http://www.verdantcommunity.com/conserve-water.html

83. Agriculture
• Evaporation
• Runoff
• Sprinklers
• BETTER: Drip irrigation systems- irrigate roots
83http://www.austinirrigationgroup.com/why-drip-irrigation-makes-perfect-sense-in-
dry-climates/
Industry
• 19% world water use
• Manufacturing goods
• Extract minerals
• Generate electricity

84. C O N S E R V I N G W A T E R A T H O M E
• Low-flow shower heads
• Low-flush toilets
• Native plants
• Shorter showers
• Turn off water while
brushing teeth
• Washing machine &
dishwasher full
before running
84VIDEO: Water Crisis (3min)

85. TURBIDITY
Which water sample in Figure 1 has the highest turbidity? __
How can turbidity affect the temperature of the water?
___________________________________________
How can this affect dissolved oxygen levels? ___________
___________________________________________
How can this affect live in this river? _______________
___________________________________________
EMBEDDEDNESS
Figure 2 shows a river bottom that has become embedded
with sediment. Which picture shows the most embedded
river bottom? ______________
Why is this a problem? ________________________
___________________________________________
How can it be prevented? ________________________
___________________________________________
pH
Circle neutral on the pH scale.
Label acids and bases.
A
B
C
D
Figure 2
85
WATER QUALITY LAB
HEADER
____________ ___________
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
Which figure would MOSTL LIKELY have higher DO?
__________________ Why? ___________
_________________________________
Figure 1
A B C
Swamp Mountain
River
What time of the day will have the
most DO due to temperature?
____________
Which month will have more DO due
to plants in NC?
(a) January (b) August
How does temperature affect DO?
________________________
________________________

86. 86
RESOURCES
• Hoosier River Watch Website & Volunteer training manual
http://www.in.gov/idem/riverwatch/files/volunteer_monitoring
_manual.pdf
• Carpenter, Brad, Scott Jackson, Hope Taylor-Guevara “A River in
Jeopardy: The Yadkin & Pee Dee Rivers of NC” 2002.
• NC Holt Science & Technology grade 8; Holt, Rinehart &
Winston, Orlando 2005.