Presented at the Basin Focal Project workshop 'Clarifying the global picture of water, food and poverty' from 18-20th September in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
The Andes Basin Focal Project aims to promote the best available science to inform water and land policy decisions for improved livelihoods. It analyzes water availability and use across the Andes, as well as institutional and socioeconomic factors. The project has produced maps, reports and a online policy support system. It has also built capacity and shared knowledge through workshops and networking events. The overall goal is to maximize economic returns and poverty alleviation while minimizing environmental degradation.
Challenges and impacts of land use and land use planning on ecosystem, biodiv...ILRI
Presented by Mohammed Said, Philip Osano, Dickson Kaelo, Shem Kifugo, Leah Ng'ang’a, Florence Landersberg, Norbert Heninger, Gordon Ojwang, Patrick Wargute, Lucy Njino, Polly Ericksen, and Jan de Leeuw at the Sustainable Growth and Adaptation in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya, Nairobi, 6-7 November 2013
Securing Water & Food: Opportunities in Irrigation by Dr. Peter McCornickicidciid
The document summarizes the vision, mission, approach and areas of focus of the Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at the University of Nebraska. The institute aims to achieve global food security while ensuring sustainable water resources through research, partnerships, and programs. It focuses on closing water and agricultural productivity gaps, groundwater management, and other areas. The document also outlines several challenges, including food insecurity, climate change, and sustaining water resources like groundwater. It provides examples of irrigation opportunities and management in places like Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Nebraska.
This document provides an overview of an evaluation of Community Gardens programs administered by the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension. It describes the different types of community garden programs (rental, youth, and food pantry gardens) and introduces the specific gardens that were selected for evaluation. The selected gardens included four rental gardens (one being newly established), two youth gardens, and one food pantry garden across Milwaukee, Waukesha, and Kenosha counties. The summary describes the characteristics and contexts of each selected garden site, including land access challenges some have faced.
The document provides the agenda and notes for the Baltimore Urban Waters Partnership meeting on December 10, 2015. The agenda includes welcoming remarks, a strategic session to discuss the structure of the partnership going forward, and a tactical session with updates on projects like the Green Pattern Book and mapping efforts. The document also lists several announcements of upcoming grant opportunities from the EPA, USFS, and other organizations.
1. The UNEP water policy and strategy aims to implement UNEP's mandates on water as defined by resolutions from the UNEP Governing Council and UN General Assembly.
2. Key mandates include contributing to integrated water resources management and the Millennium Development Goals.
3. The strategy outlines strategic principles, key components of UNEP's freshwater work, and mechanisms for operationalizing and monitoring progress in assessment, management, and cooperation on freshwater issues.
The document summarizes the development of a payments for watershed services scheme in Lantapan, Philippines. Key steps included:
1) An integrated watershed assessment using a rapid hydrological appraisal tool to understand land use impacts on water supply.
2) Negotiations between upstream farmers and downstream hydropower plant that resulted in an agreement for the plant to fund watershed rehabilitation in exchange for continued water provision.
3) Implementation of the agreement through a reforestation project providing farmers incentives to adopt sustainable practices and protect the watershed.
The Andes Basin Focal Project aims to promote the best available science to inform water and land policy decisions for improved livelihoods. It analyzes water availability and use across the Andes, as well as institutional and socioeconomic factors. The project has produced maps, reports and a online policy support system. It has also built capacity and shared knowledge through workshops and networking events. The overall goal is to maximize economic returns and poverty alleviation while minimizing environmental degradation.
Challenges and impacts of land use and land use planning on ecosystem, biodiv...ILRI
Presented by Mohammed Said, Philip Osano, Dickson Kaelo, Shem Kifugo, Leah Ng'ang’a, Florence Landersberg, Norbert Heninger, Gordon Ojwang, Patrick Wargute, Lucy Njino, Polly Ericksen, and Jan de Leeuw at the Sustainable Growth and Adaptation in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) of Kenya, Nairobi, 6-7 November 2013
Securing Water & Food: Opportunities in Irrigation by Dr. Peter McCornickicidciid
The document summarizes the vision, mission, approach and areas of focus of the Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute at the University of Nebraska. The institute aims to achieve global food security while ensuring sustainable water resources through research, partnerships, and programs. It focuses on closing water and agricultural productivity gaps, groundwater management, and other areas. The document also outlines several challenges, including food insecurity, climate change, and sustaining water resources like groundwater. It provides examples of irrigation opportunities and management in places like Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Nebraska.
This document provides an overview of an evaluation of Community Gardens programs administered by the University of Wisconsin Cooperative Extension. It describes the different types of community garden programs (rental, youth, and food pantry gardens) and introduces the specific gardens that were selected for evaluation. The selected gardens included four rental gardens (one being newly established), two youth gardens, and one food pantry garden across Milwaukee, Waukesha, and Kenosha counties. The summary describes the characteristics and contexts of each selected garden site, including land access challenges some have faced.
The document provides the agenda and notes for the Baltimore Urban Waters Partnership meeting on December 10, 2015. The agenda includes welcoming remarks, a strategic session to discuss the structure of the partnership going forward, and a tactical session with updates on projects like the Green Pattern Book and mapping efforts. The document also lists several announcements of upcoming grant opportunities from the EPA, USFS, and other organizations.
1. The UNEP water policy and strategy aims to implement UNEP's mandates on water as defined by resolutions from the UNEP Governing Council and UN General Assembly.
2. Key mandates include contributing to integrated water resources management and the Millennium Development Goals.
3. The strategy outlines strategic principles, key components of UNEP's freshwater work, and mechanisms for operationalizing and monitoring progress in assessment, management, and cooperation on freshwater issues.
The document summarizes the development of a payments for watershed services scheme in Lantapan, Philippines. Key steps included:
1) An integrated watershed assessment using a rapid hydrological appraisal tool to understand land use impacts on water supply.
2) Negotiations between upstream farmers and downstream hydropower plant that resulted in an agreement for the plant to fund watershed rehabilitation in exchange for continued water provision.
3) Implementation of the agreement through a reforestation project providing farmers incentives to adopt sustainable practices and protect the watershed.
2012 status report on the application of integrated approaches to water resou...Christina Parmionova
UNEP-DHI Centre -
http://www.unepdhi.org/Publications.aspx
2012 Status Report on the Application of Integrated Approaches to Water Resources Management in Africa [English]
IWRM in Practice - Operationalising IWRM at Basin Level: Niger River Basin Ca...Iwl Pcu
Presentation by Ousmane Diallo, Water Resources & Environment Specialist, GEF Project & Shared Vision Coordinator (NBA) at the International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo - December 2004
This document provides information about the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). It discusses the importance of soils, current challenges with soil management, and the need for a global partnership to address soil degradation. The GSP aims to improve global governance of soil resources to ensure healthy and productive soils. Its goals are to develop stakeholder capacities, facilitate knowledge exchange, and promote sustainable soil management. The key elements proposed for the GSP include an open partnership of organizations, an intergovernmental technical panel, and regional partnerships to implement activities at national and local levels. Progress made so far includes establishing working groups, planning for the Rio+20 conference, and starting regional soil information systems and partnerships.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to define the issues and roadblocks facing the growth and development of hill settlements in India and suggests strategies to make them rational and supportive of sustainability
Enhancing adaptive practices in the semi arids_Nambi, Water Research Institue...India Water Portal
This document summarizes a workshop on enhancing adaptive capacity to climate change in semi-arid areas of India. It discusses lessons learned from a project conducted by MSSRF that assessed vulnerability and enhanced adaptive capacity in rural communities. The project focused on agriculture, water, rural energy, and livestock. It developed interventions related to land use, water management, and livestock. It also emphasized knowledge management and community participation to build adaptive capacity.
This document discusses integrated agricultural production systems in dryland areas to improve food security. It outlines two target areas for intervention along transects in West Africa. Historically, these systems integrated livestock, annual crops, and tree crops. The document identifies constraints like inadequate rainfall, depleted soils, and poor markets. It proposes activities and intended impacts organized under intermediate development outcomes. These include improved resilience options, intensification options, and strategies for post-harvest management. The document discusses governance challenges and opportunities for partnerships with organizations to achieve the goals of increased resilience and sustained intensification.
This document provides a summary of Kenneth Andrasko's professional experience and qualifications. He has over 35 years of experience in natural resource management, climate change mitigation, and low emissions development strategies. Some of his roles include developing the $1 billion Forest Carbon Partnership Facility program at the World Bank, managing 35 staff and $32 million projects at Winrock International, and authoring chapters for the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He has extensive experience managing projects, staff, and budgets around the world.
Presented by IWMI Soumya Balasubramanya (Researcher – Environmental Economics) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
This document outlines the strategy of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for 2019-2023. It discusses IWMI's history and mandate to provide innovative water solutions for sustainable development. The strategy addresses the major global challenges of food security, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and inclusive economic growth through sustainable water management. IWMI's work is organized around three strategic programs focusing on water, food and ecosystems; water, climate change and resilience; and water, growth and inclusion. The strategy also emphasizes the role of digital innovation and problem-solving partnerships to achieve impact at scale.
This document discusses challenges facing management of the Lake Chad Basin, including declining water levels, increased vulnerability to erosion, and human causes like deforestation, bush burning, and unsustainable agriculture. A GEF project aims to address these issues by completing a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Program, strengthening regional cooperation, and demonstrating solutions through pilot projects to gain support for long-term implementation. The project establishes coordination mechanisms and seeks to enhance policies, stakeholder engagement, and regional institutions for managing the shared water resources.
This document proposes creating a Federal Green Infrastructure Community of Practice (CoP) to benefit the Metro Atlanta area. A survey of 10 federal agencies found differing definitions of green infrastructure and identified needs like education, funding opportunities, and planning models. The CoP would allow federal staff to share expertise, collaborate, and promote a consistent approach to incorporating green infrastructure at all scales. Doing so could provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to the Atlanta region through services like improved water quality and increased recreation. Next steps proposed forming a steering committee and focusing initial CoP discussions on projects within Atlanta.
This document discusses watershed management in Nepal. It begins with definitions of watershed and watershed management. It then provides context about Nepal's population, geography, forests, rivers, and agriculture. It outlines Nepal's legal and institutional framework for watershed management. It describes the history and stages of watershed management approaches in Nepal. It provides examples of specific watershed management initiatives and challenges faced. These include issues around participation, coordination between agencies, poverty, urbanization, and transboundary water management. The document emphasizes an integrated approach to watershed management and its relevance to spatial planning.
The document introduces a sourcebook on Water Smart Agriculture (WaSA) in East Africa that was developed to consolidate knowledge on improving water productivity and resilience in crop-livestock systems. The sourcebook compiles existing scientific and practical knowledge, simplifies it for various audiences, and includes newly written articles. It addresses topics like managing water resources, conserving soils, and strengthening gender-based approaches. The organizers aim to disseminate and promote the use of the sourcebook, update its content over time based on social learning, and explore how to apply the WaSA approach more broadly in East Africa and other regions to strengthen food and water security for smallholders.
Wetland conservation in China and Asia: Protection, management, and restoration.
Presentation given at a wetland conservation workshop in Heilongjiang, China. Prepared in connection with the UNDP CBPF Main Streams of Life (MSL) project, Strengthening the Management Effectiveness of the Protected Area Landscape in the Altai Mountains and Wetlands.
The document discusses climate resilience projects in several countries. It provides the following key points:
1. The SEARCH project works in 5 countries to develop frameworks for climate resilience planning at the local level. It establishes national, sub-national, and community platforms to identify vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies.
2. Case studies of the project in Jordan and Morocco show communities face increasing temperatures, less rainfall, and more extreme weather. Pilot projects assess impacts and develop initial adaptation plans focusing on agriculture, water, and the environment.
3. The project aims to link adaptation, low emissions development, and economic benefits through participatory approaches. Success is shown through increased water efficiency, use of renewable energy, and reduced carbon
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
This document summarizes the BFP-ANDES project. It is led by Mark Mulligan of KCL and coordinated by Jorge Rubiano of UNAL. The project aims to use the best available science to inform land and water policy formulation and testing in the Andes to improve livelihoods. It has 6 work packages focused on poverty, water availability, production, institutions, interventions, and knowledge. The project will produce maps, databases, summaries and a policy support system to help stakeholders assess impacts of policy interventions on poverty, food production, and the environment.
2012 status report on the application of integrated approaches to water resou...Christina Parmionova
UNEP-DHI Centre -
http://www.unepdhi.org/Publications.aspx
2012 Status Report on the Application of Integrated Approaches to Water Resources Management in Africa [English]
IWRM in Practice - Operationalising IWRM at Basin Level: Niger River Basin Ca...Iwl Pcu
Presentation by Ousmane Diallo, Water Resources & Environment Specialist, GEF Project & Shared Vision Coordinator (NBA) at the International Conference on IWRM in Tokyo - December 2004
This document provides information about the Global Soil Partnership (GSP). It discusses the importance of soils, current challenges with soil management, and the need for a global partnership to address soil degradation. The GSP aims to improve global governance of soil resources to ensure healthy and productive soils. Its goals are to develop stakeholder capacities, facilitate knowledge exchange, and promote sustainable soil management. The key elements proposed for the GSP include an open partnership of organizations, an intergovernmental technical panel, and regional partnerships to implement activities at national and local levels. Progress made so far includes establishing working groups, planning for the Rio+20 conference, and starting regional soil information systems and partnerships.
Promoting Sustainable Development of Hill Areas- Issues and OptionJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to define the issues and roadblocks facing the growth and development of hill settlements in India and suggests strategies to make them rational and supportive of sustainability
Enhancing adaptive practices in the semi arids_Nambi, Water Research Institue...India Water Portal
This document summarizes a workshop on enhancing adaptive capacity to climate change in semi-arid areas of India. It discusses lessons learned from a project conducted by MSSRF that assessed vulnerability and enhanced adaptive capacity in rural communities. The project focused on agriculture, water, rural energy, and livestock. It developed interventions related to land use, water management, and livestock. It also emphasized knowledge management and community participation to build adaptive capacity.
This document discusses integrated agricultural production systems in dryland areas to improve food security. It outlines two target areas for intervention along transects in West Africa. Historically, these systems integrated livestock, annual crops, and tree crops. The document identifies constraints like inadequate rainfall, depleted soils, and poor markets. It proposes activities and intended impacts organized under intermediate development outcomes. These include improved resilience options, intensification options, and strategies for post-harvest management. The document discusses governance challenges and opportunities for partnerships with organizations to achieve the goals of increased resilience and sustained intensification.
This document provides a summary of Kenneth Andrasko's professional experience and qualifications. He has over 35 years of experience in natural resource management, climate change mitigation, and low emissions development strategies. Some of his roles include developing the $1 billion Forest Carbon Partnership Facility program at the World Bank, managing 35 staff and $32 million projects at Winrock International, and authoring chapters for the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He has extensive experience managing projects, staff, and budgets around the world.
Presented by IWMI Soumya Balasubramanya (Researcher – Environmental Economics) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
This document outlines the strategy of the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) for 2019-2023. It discusses IWMI's history and mandate to provide innovative water solutions for sustainable development. The strategy addresses the major global challenges of food security, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and inclusive economic growth through sustainable water management. IWMI's work is organized around three strategic programs focusing on water, food and ecosystems; water, climate change and resilience; and water, growth and inclusion. The strategy also emphasizes the role of digital innovation and problem-solving partnerships to achieve impact at scale.
This document discusses challenges facing management of the Lake Chad Basin, including declining water levels, increased vulnerability to erosion, and human causes like deforestation, bush burning, and unsustainable agriculture. A GEF project aims to address these issues by completing a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Program, strengthening regional cooperation, and demonstrating solutions through pilot projects to gain support for long-term implementation. The project establishes coordination mechanisms and seeks to enhance policies, stakeholder engagement, and regional institutions for managing the shared water resources.
This document proposes creating a Federal Green Infrastructure Community of Practice (CoP) to benefit the Metro Atlanta area. A survey of 10 federal agencies found differing definitions of green infrastructure and identified needs like education, funding opportunities, and planning models. The CoP would allow federal staff to share expertise, collaborate, and promote a consistent approach to incorporating green infrastructure at all scales. Doing so could provide environmental, social, and economic benefits to the Atlanta region through services like improved water quality and increased recreation. Next steps proposed forming a steering committee and focusing initial CoP discussions on projects within Atlanta.
This document discusses watershed management in Nepal. It begins with definitions of watershed and watershed management. It then provides context about Nepal's population, geography, forests, rivers, and agriculture. It outlines Nepal's legal and institutional framework for watershed management. It describes the history and stages of watershed management approaches in Nepal. It provides examples of specific watershed management initiatives and challenges faced. These include issues around participation, coordination between agencies, poverty, urbanization, and transboundary water management. The document emphasizes an integrated approach to watershed management and its relevance to spatial planning.
The document introduces a sourcebook on Water Smart Agriculture (WaSA) in East Africa that was developed to consolidate knowledge on improving water productivity and resilience in crop-livestock systems. The sourcebook compiles existing scientific and practical knowledge, simplifies it for various audiences, and includes newly written articles. It addresses topics like managing water resources, conserving soils, and strengthening gender-based approaches. The organizers aim to disseminate and promote the use of the sourcebook, update its content over time based on social learning, and explore how to apply the WaSA approach more broadly in East Africa and other regions to strengthen food and water security for smallholders.
Wetland conservation in China and Asia: Protection, management, and restoration.
Presentation given at a wetland conservation workshop in Heilongjiang, China. Prepared in connection with the UNDP CBPF Main Streams of Life (MSL) project, Strengthening the Management Effectiveness of the Protected Area Landscape in the Altai Mountains and Wetlands.
The document discusses climate resilience projects in several countries. It provides the following key points:
1. The SEARCH project works in 5 countries to develop frameworks for climate resilience planning at the local level. It establishes national, sub-national, and community platforms to identify vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies.
2. Case studies of the project in Jordan and Morocco show communities face increasing temperatures, less rainfall, and more extreme weather. Pilot projects assess impacts and develop initial adaptation plans focusing on agriculture, water, and the environment.
3. The project aims to link adaptation, low emissions development, and economic benefits through participatory approaches. Success is shown through increased water efficiency, use of renewable energy, and reduced carbon
Presentation by Claudia Ringler, Hartwig Kremer and Cheikh Mbow at the UNEA Science Policy Interface, May 19-20
Presentation focuses on the concept of the water, food and energy nexus and its importance within the development context. It also provides a number of cases highlighting nexus issues.
This document summarizes the BFP-ANDES project. It is led by Mark Mulligan of KCL and coordinated by Jorge Rubiano of UNAL. The project aims to use the best available science to inform land and water policy formulation and testing in the Andes to improve livelihoods. It has 6 work packages focused on poverty, water availability, production, institutions, interventions, and knowledge. The project will produce maps, databases, summaries and a policy support system to help stakeholders assess impacts of policy interventions on poverty, food production, and the environment.
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
1. California has a Mediterranean climate with wet winters and dry summers, creating major water needs for agriculture which uses 80% of human water usage.
2. The state has decentralized water management across multiple state and federal agencies and thousands of local water agencies, making policy changes difficult.
3. Major droughts and floods periodically test California's water infrastructure and policies, spurring innovation and progress on issues like groundwater management and conservation.
The document discusses the challenges at the water-energy-food nexus by 2030 if current trends continue. It notes projections that energy and water demand will increase by 40% and food demand by 50%, putting pressure on scarce land and water resources. Meeting these competing demands through single sector approaches is limiting sustainability. Integrated governance and public-private collaboration will be needed to promote resource efficiency and manage these interconnected systems. Science can contribute by better understanding feedbacks within the nexus and linking global changes to local conditions to inform effective policymaking across scales.
The document summarizes key features and challenges of water management in the Volta River Basin in West Africa. It covers the basin area and countries, population and poverty levels, rainfall and water availability, reservoirs and land use, and major challenges including rainfall variability, land degradation, poor infrastructure, and weak institutions. It then describes the CPWF's response which is a project aiming to improve integrated management of rainwater and small reservoirs to contribute to poverty reduction and livelihood resilience while considering upstream and downstream water users and ecosystems. It raises questions for discussion around measuring and improving resilience at different scales in the social-ecological system.
The document provides a case study on drought risk management, preparedness and response in Cluster One region of the IGAD region. It includes a contextual analysis of the region which describes it as arid/semi-arid with scarce vegetation dominated by shrubs. The population relies on pastoral and agro-pastoral livelihoods making them highly vulnerable to frequent and prolonged droughts. Recurrent droughts also often lead to inter-ethnic conflicts over scarce resources. The case study aims to assess spatial-temporal analysis of drought hazard, vulnerability and risk from 2009-2013 using rainfall data, vulnerability maps and population data. It provides relevant policy summaries and lists various data sources that can be utilized for the analysis. The technical
Title: Bridging Science and Local Communities for Sustainable Agriculture
Description: This presentation explores the potential of bridging the gap between the scientific community and local communities, with a focus on farmer organizations and the utilization of local resources in Egypt. It discusses the impact of climate change on agriculture and the implementation rate of new adaptation solutions among large producers and smallholder farmers. The presentation aims to highlight the importance of leveraging scientific research and local knowledge to ensure that interventions are not only scientifically sound but also culturally appropriate and economically viable. It underscores the need for a more inclusive, effective, and sustainable path towards agricultural advancement. This presentation is intended for researchers interested in sustainable agriculture, climate change adaptation, and community-based solutions. It also provides insights into the work of EASD, an NGO actively seeking scientific partners for implementing sustainable agricultural practices.
This document provides an overview of several topics related to watershed and conservation issues, including:
1) Wildfires and other natural hazards are worsening due to climate change, damaging watersheds.
2) Green infrastructure is often more cost-effective than traditional "grey" infrastructure for stormwater management and provides additional benefits.
3) Agriculture is facing challenges including farm consolidation reducing smaller farms, losses for corn farmers, and widespread land degradation impacting productivity.
Nile Basin Development Challenge: Rainwater Management SystemsILRI
The document discusses the Nile Basin Development Challenge (NBDC) which aims to improve rainwater management systems in the Ethiopian highlands. It notes the significant potential of the Blue Nile Basin but current underutilization due to lack of knowledge, technologies, and complex transboundary issues. The NBDC will focus on increasing rainwater productivity through innovations, addressing poverty and degradation, and building institutional capacity. It will involve partnerships across different organizations and scales to identify best practices, target interventions, and ensure research is linked to development goals.
Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting 2011: CARBON Project Update (J. ...Colorado State University
An update on the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP CARBON Project (A cost-effectiveness framework for landscape rehabilitation and carbon sequestration in North Kenya) and the current status of the project. Presentation given by J. Belnap (USGS) at the Livestock-Climate Change CRSP Annual Meeting, Golden, CO, April 26-27, 2011.
Forms of Water Supply, Conservation and use in Banigbe District, Municipality...IJAEMSJORNAL
Rural populations in underdeveloped countries like Benin have difficult access to safe drinking water. This research aims to study the forms of water supply, conservation and use in Banigbé district. The methodological approach revolves around data collection through documentary research; data processing and results analysis. It appears that 88.75% of the 80 households selected for the survey in Banigbé, use at-risk sources (rivers; Private PEA; traditional wells). Only 11.25% have access to water from conventional sources such as the National Water Society of Benin (SONEB) and the Drilling of Human Motric Pumps (FPM). 88.75% of those selected for the survey also said that they do not treat drinking water at any source. It is therefore necessary to improve the quality of the water to which the populations of Banigbé have access to, and this through the disinfection of water from at risk sources and the proliferation of village hydraulic equipment in the district of Banigbé.
Integrated landscape management: Africa RISING R4D experiences in the Ethiopi...africa-rising
Presented by Lulseged Tamene, Tesfaye Yaekob, James Ellison, Kindu Mekonnen, Kifle Woldearegay, Zenebe Adimassu, Temesgen Alene, Workneh Dubale, Mohammed Ibrahim, Biyensa Gurmessa, Girma Kassie and Peter Thorne at the Workshop and Exhibition on Promoting Productivity and Market Access Technologies and Approaches to Improve Farm Income and Livelihoods in Ethiopia: Lessons from Action Research Projects, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 8-9 December 2016
Investments, Institutions & Incentives for Food & Water Security ICARDA
This presentation discusses investments, institutions, and incentives needed to achieve food and water security according to research from IFPRI. It summarizes that irrigation is key to food supply but a major water user. The IMPACT model projects increasing water stress without productivity investments. Significant investments are needed in agriculture, irrigation, rural development, and water access. However, investments alone are not enough - policies, institutions, and incentives at all levels also matter to coordinate water management and encourage efficient use. Improved data and analysis can help design effective policies and actions to improve food and water security.
The document summarizes a participatory scenario development workshop held in Tajikistan to build capacity on climate change impacts and identify adaptation needs. The workshop brought together stakeholders from different regions to discuss observed and projected climate impacts, vulnerabilities, and potential adaptation options. Many of the identified local adaptation needs were found to align with priorities in Tajikistan's national climate adaptation plan. However, larger-scale and additional actions are still needed to improve adaptive capacity. The workshop helped strengthen collaboration between local and regional actors and identify next steps to further assess climate risks and integrate adaptation into development planning.
The document discusses the growing global water crisis, with 2.5 billion people dependent on groundwater for daily needs and 33 countries facing extreme water stress by 2040. It proposes an approach to address this that involves informing people about risks, enabling solutions, and mobilizing action. Specific initiatives discussed include the PREP platform for sharing climate risk data and insights, natural infrastructure for water to enhance security and resilience through green-gray solutions, and opportunities in Rio de Janeiro around its Guandu and Paraiba do Sul watersheds.
The drafting process the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) relating to water should resist overly rigid approaches to implementation and target setting which could limit development options for poor countries. Key challenges include realistic targets, carefully considering the local context to address the needs of the poor, and promoting sustainable water resources development in a way that values healthy ecosystems. Read IWMI’s new report here: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Books/PDF/setting_and_achieving_water-related_sustainable_development_goals.pdf
Presentation by Peter G. McCornick & Julie van der Bliek at the Water for Food Conference, Seattle, October 19, 2014.
ICT Mediated Community Water Management & Decision MakingRajat Kumar
Community based water resource management is a valuable tool that strives to sustain and improve environmental health through a natural resource management approach that integrates locally driven initiatives. It seeks to bring together stakeholders to identify issues, needs & strategies; integrate social, economic & ecological concerns towards generating comprehensive solutions. The increasing penetration of Information & Communication Technologies (ICTs) presents a great potential for communities to connect with government officials, policy makers and other relevant stakeholders that would have; under normal circumstances; been inaccessible for them. What is important is that this ease of sharing information through ICTs should also decrease the time taken for members in a community to acquire equal knowledge about the issue at hand and to encourage faster collaboration & quicker and more informed decision making about these community water resources.
This paper seeks to examine this claim by examining literature and feedback from the “Neerjaal” portal, developed by the Digital Empowerment Foundation in association with Social Work Resource Centre and the Barefoot College, in Rajasthan.
Similar to Water and Poverty in the Andes: Results from the CPWF Andes Basin Focal Project (20)
El documento presenta un índice de ambiente institucional para evaluar las instituciones relacionadas con los recursos hídricos en cuatro países andinos. Define las instituciones y describe cómo se estructuran las relaciones sociales. Explica cómo se puede observar el comportamiento institucional a nivel nacional y describe las variables consideradas en el cálculo del índice para cada país.
Este documento resume las principales conclusiones de un estudio sobre la pobreza y su relación con el acceso al agua en los Andes. Indica que los niveles más altos de pobreza se encuentran en las zonas andinas secas de Bolivia y Perú en comparación con las zonas costeras. También muestra que la pobreza está más concentrada en las zonas aguas arriba de las cuencas y que el acceso al riego reduce la probabilidad de pobreza. Finalmente, recomienda abordar la pobreza de manera multifacética y
The document summarizes outputs from the BFPANDES project, which include:
1. Capacity building for students, institutions, and project members through training and dissemination of tools and data.
2. Freely available reports, maps, and baseline data on water issues in the Andes, as well as the AguAAndes policy support system - a web-based tool for understanding impacts of policy options.
3. A survey of 80 water professionals found that soil erosion, agricultural livelihoods, institutional water management, access to water, and payments for ecosystem services were top priorities. Lack of available data and training were barriers to using existing policy support tools.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes basin and competing demands on land and water resources. It then summarizes baseline data on land use, GDP, irrigation and protected areas. Several key methods are discussed for analyzing water availability, including rainfall and evapotranspiration modeling. Results show areas of water deficit and surplus. Methods for analyzing water productivity through dry matter production are also summarized. The impacts of climate change, land use change, and protected areas on water resources are assessed through modeling.
The document discusses the human impacts on water quality globally and in the Andean region from agricultural, industrial, and urban activities. It notes that land use change affects hydrological processes and downstream water users. Payment for ecosystem services schemes are one way upstream land managers can be paid to provide hydrological services like water quantity, flow regulation, and quality to downstream beneficiaries. However, spatial water quality data and models are less developed than those for water quantity and flow regulation. The document then provides methods to quantify the hydrological value of protected areas and model the human footprint on water supplies to urban areas.
Este documento presenta un modelo para estimar la escasez y el costo de acceso al agua a nivel de cuencas en los Andes, considerando factores ambientales, sociales y económicos. El modelo evalúa la calidad del agua, disponibilidad, demanda y acceso para clasificar la escasez como baja, media o alta. También estima el costo de infraestructura requerida para llevar el agua a usuarios agrícolas y domésticos, considerando parámetros hidráulicos y costos asociados a tuberías
The document discusses climate change and its impacts on water resources and management. It summarizes a presentation on the Climate and Water Programme (CPWC) which started in 2001 to build awareness of climate change impacts and has since 2005 worked on operational responses. It notes that climate change is one of the most fundamental challenges facing humanity and water will be greatly impacted. The IPCC 2007 report projects significant impacts on water resources from climate change by mid-century. Adaptation is a top priority and was discussed at the Copenhagen climate summit, but commitments to mitigation and financing remain uncertain. The document emphasizes the need to mainstream climate change into water management and adaptation strategies.
This document discusses water availability and productivity in the Andes region. It provides context on the heterogeneous nature of the Andes in terms of climate, land use, and competing demands on water resources. It then presents various methods and results from analyzing water availability and productivity at different spatial scales. Key findings include areas of current and potential future water deficit, the influence of dams on water storage and use, impacts of climate and land use change on hydrology, and relationships between water availability/climate factors and agricultural productivity. Complexities and uncertainties in the analyses are also acknowledged.
This document discusses strengthening scientific capacity for water resources management in developing countries facing climate change. It summarizes that developing countries lack capacity to cope with climate impacts and need to build infrastructure. Scientific capacity can be strengthened through well-defined programs involving local stakeholders, appropriate technology, and financial mechanisms with monitoring and evaluation. Such programs provide research funding, equipment, literature access, fieldwork support, training, and dissemination to generate results and inform decision-making.
Este documento resume los efectos del cambio climático en la salud pública según un experto. El cambio climático ha causado un aumento de las temperaturas globales y la concentración de CO2 en la atmósfera. Estos cambios amenazan la salud humana a través de olas de calor más frecuentes, enfermedades transmitidas por vectores como la malaria, y desastres relacionados con el clima. El cambio climático también exacerbará las desigualdades sociales y económicas. Se necesitan acciones urgentes a
1. El documento discute el impacto del cambio climático en la biodiversidad y la agrobiodiversidad en América Latina.
2. Explica que el clima se volverá más cálido y húmedo en general, aunque los modelos climáticos difieren en los detalles.
3. El escenario más pesimista predice un aumento de temperatura de 6-8°C y una disminución de precipitación de 200-1000 mm/año en algunas áreas.
This document discusses hydroinformatics and its role in addressing climate variability. It begins by noting the increasing variability in climate and need for water management strategies that account for climate uncertainties. Hydroinformatics is then defined as the application of modeling, information and communication technologies, and computer sciences to problems of the aquatic environment. The key roles of hydroinformatics include developing better observation systems, predictive models, analytical methods to handle uncertainty, and changes to design and management practices in light of climate change. Hydroinformatics aims to integrate data, models, and people to support proper water resource management decisions.
The document discusses the global water and food crisis, with several key points:
1. Population growth and increased demand for food and water are straining limited water resources, exacerbating water scarcity in many regions.
2. Analysis of 10 major river basins found four water-related factors influencing poverty levels: water availability, access to water, exposure to water-related hazards, and how effectively water is used and managed.
3. While water scarcity is a concern, it is not always the primary driver of poverty - other social and economic factors also play important roles. Access to water and how water is shared between groups can be more influential on livelihoods than absolute water availability alone.
The document discusses several topics related to water integrity, gender equity, and climate change. It notes that corruption in the water sector puts lives and livelihoods at risk, slows development, and disproportionately affects the poor. It also discusses the costs of corruption, including waste of resources and failure to lead by example. The document argues that billions of dollars of new climate change-related investments will be at high risk of corruption. It advocates for integrating anti-corruption platforms into policy agendas and streamlining corruption and environment policies. Finally, it describes the Water Integrity Network's efforts to advocate for water integrity on a global level through partnerships and country-based activities.
This background report presents the methodology for a DFID/PASS project studying the role of fisheries in poverty alleviation and growth. The study will use a case study approach in 8 countries. Section 1 introduces the objectives. Section 2 outlines the study approach, including a literature review, consultation, briefing papers, development of a study template and case study terms of reference. Section 3 synthesizes the key issues around poverty, economic growth, fisheries development, and policy. Section 4 presents the study template for case reports. Section 5 provides the case study terms of reference. The case studies will be synthesized to produce a final report identifying links between fisheries and poverty reduction under different policies.
A report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
INVESTIGATING THE LINKAGES BETWEEN FISHERIES, POVERTY AND GROWTH: A SUMMARY AND SYNTHESIS OF EIGHT NATIONAL CASE-STUDIES INCLUDING MOROCCO, INDIA, BANGLADESH, THAILAND,
MALAWI, PACIFIC ISLANDS, MAURITANIA AND CANADA
A report prepared for the Department for International Development (DFID) Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
This Bangladesh case study analyzes the linkages between fisheries, poverty, and economic growth. It examines the current status and trends in Bangladesh's fishery system to understand the key role fisheries has played in reducing poverty. The study uses various published and unpublished literature sources. It provides background on Bangladesh's population, poverty levels, economic growth, fisheries production and management, and policies around fisheries. The fisheries sector accounts for over 5% of GDP and involves millions of people. Improved aquaculture techniques have increased fish farming productivity. The study aims to inform DFID's efforts to increase fisheries' contributions to poverty reduction in Bangladesh.
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
A report prepared for the
Department for International Development (DFID)
Project: ‘The Role of Fisheries in Poverty Alleviation
and Growth: Past, Present and Future’
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Water and Poverty in the Andes: Results from the CPWF Andes Basin Focal Project
1. Water and Poverty in the Andes: Results from the
CPWF Andes Basin Focal Project
Mark Mulligan and Jorge Rubiano, King’s College London
and the BFPANDES team : Condesan, CIAT, National University, Colombia
mark.mulligan@kcl.ac.uk
2. The Andes ‘basin’ (all basins above 500 masl) and the 13 key CPWF
sub-basins
Context:
1.Not a single basin!
2.All mountains
3.Transnational, globally important
4.Heterogeneous (hyper humid to hyper
arid)
5.Steep slopes, competing demands on
land use
6.Environmentally sensitive
7.Hydropower is important
8.Complex water legislation
9.Climate change
3. Statistics : Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru
Area: 3.8 million km2
Population: of 95 million (Col, Ecu, Peru, Bol, 2005)
Pop growth: 2.5% p.a. (1980-2005)
Highly urbanised: (<15% of population is rural)
46.9 million considered poor (income<essential needs)
People below poverty line (US$1/day) 15-20%: Bolivia, 14%; Colombia, 14%;
Ecuador, 20%; Peru 15.5% (reporting year varies by country; mid- to late 1990s).
Contribution of agriculture to GDP: 10-20% : Bolivia, 20%; Colombia, 13%;
Ecuador, 11%; Peru, 10% (2002 est.)
Climate: varies from humid and tropical to cold and semi-arid
Annual precipitation: 1,835 mm (average) but range from approx. 0 to >10,000mm
Total renewable water resources: 5,100 km3/yr (total)
Annual water use by sector, Andean sub-region (includes Argentina, Chile and
Venezuela): agriculture, 36.5 km3 (73% of total); domestic consumption, 10.5 km3
(21%); industry, 3.1 km3 (6%)
Agricultural area and fertiliser use increasing since the 1960s
Cultivated land: 3.7 % of total
Irrigated land: 30,870 km2
Rainfed land: 108,750 km2 (2000)
Protected areas: 434,058 km2
4. Andes : baseline
FAO Percentage of Area sum GDP for 1990
land areas irrigated (millions USD/yr)
Ramankutty Ramankutty CIESIN WCPA WDPA
CIESIN
1. Much pasture and cropland, especially in the N and W
2. Large urban areas throughout but especially in the N
3. Complex network of large and globally important protected areas
4. Significant irrigated agriculture especially in coastal Peru and the drier parts of
Ecuador and Colombia
5. Highest GDPs concentrated around urban centres, large rural areas with low
GDP
5. Most countries on the way up....
Latin America is comparatively water rich and some sub-regions have developed
nicely. But areas such as northeast Brazil, the maize-beans farming system in Meso-
america and the Andes mountain region face natural resources limitations, including
drought and poor access to, and use of, water. These sub-regions are the ones that have
been by-passed by overall improvement in well-being in the region and poverty in the
Andean region persists.
7. WP5 Intervention analysis; (Analysis of change and potential
change in basins)
What do water policy makers in the region need?
Questionnaire of 80 water professionals from 7 Andean countries. Of the
respondents: 46% were development workers, 26% scientists, 21% as
students, and 9% public sector employees.
1.Highest priority in Andean watersheds is soil erosion (71%),
2.44% said that the effects of soil erosion on agricultural livelihoods should
be considered more in the policy making process ,
3.48% said reform in the institutional approach regarding the management
of water resources is important,
4.66% of respondents observed that equality of access to water is important,
5.58% said the implementation of Payment for Environmental Services is a
priority.
8. How can we help?
questionnaire of 80 water professionals from 7 Andean countries
Q. In your experience which phrase best describes the use of
scientific data/informatiopn in policy formulation in the Andes?
A. Data are not used (46%), spatial analysis and modelling are
encouraging wider use, decisions are taken using local or expert
knowledge
Q. What are the reasons for the low uptake of policy support tools
such as for example SWAT in the Andes?
A. Lack of knowledge of them, lack of or expensive data, lack
of training/capacity
Q. What are the most important factors for successful use of PSS?
A. Availability of good data, level of detail
see www.bfpandes.org
9. BFPA DES : Aim
The aim of the BFPANDES is “to have the best available
(social) science used by local institutions in the formulation
and testing of land and water policy for improved water
productivity and better livelihoods in the Andes”.
BFPA DES : Key issues
Institutions. Are the institutions using and sharing the best available
information and if not why not?
Optimal allocation. What are the biophysical, knowledge and
power/equity barriers to optimal least-conflict allocation of water?
Sustainability. Which (soft/hard) management interventions
maximize economic returns (production) whilst minimizing
degradation of water, soil and environment?
10. Colombia Complex
institutional
structures for
water
Ecuador
12. WP4 Institutional analysis (How people manage water and the
agricultural system that consumes it).
U DERSTA DI G I STITUTIO AL CAPACITY :
THE I STITUTIO AL E VIRO ME T I DEX
1. IEI : A selection of key social, economic and political variables that indicate
where an intervention will require higher effort and more investment because
of a lack on institutional capacity.
2. Can also be used as indicators of progress in development and poverty
reduction strategies.
3. Developed with the most reliable country data at municipal level. Methods
for data processing include PCA, cluster and spatial analyses.
4. Variables considered:
•Social : Poverty measures (UBN and Poverty lines), Current status of education,
health (Chronic and Total Malnutrition), demography, public services infrastructure,
social and non social investment (including potable water and irrigation)
•Economic : Per capita consumption, purchasing power (di), number of
financial institutions.
•Political : People displaced by violence
5. Feeds into the cost side of intervention cost:benefit
13. IEI-Col = ∑ (A+B+C+D+E)/5
A = o_Finance_Institutions
Composed
B = Total_enrolled_Students (2005)
C = Health_Investment (2006)
D = Potable_Water_Investment (2006)
representation of key
characteristics of
E = Total_displaced_People_received (2001-2007)
IEI-Ecu ∑ (2(A+B)+C+D+E)/5
A = Iliteracy_rate
B = Unsatisfied_Basic_ eeds
C = Global_malnutrition_in_kids<5
D = %_Poor_below_PovLine
E = %_poor_below_extreme_PovLine
IEI-Per = ∑ {(A+B+C+D+E+F) – (G+H+I)}/5
A = o_kids_primary_school_completed
B = o_kids_primary_school_finished_on_time
C = o_educated_kids_between_4&5
D = o_educated_kids_between_12&16
E = o_young_Secondary_School_completed
F = o_young_Secondary_School_finished_on_time
G = Malnutrition_rate (1999)
H = pople_no_electricity
I = Adult_Iliteracy_rate (2005)
IEI-Bol = ∑ (A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H)/5
A = Education_Units
B = o_of_teaching_rooms
C = Human_Development_Index (2001)
D = Yearly_Average_expenditure
E = PerCapita_compsumption_USD-Year (2001)
F = Social_Investments_USD (2006)
Environment Indexconditions,
G = on_Social_Invest_USD (2006)
H = o_Finance_Institutions
Tough
High : 9.4
bigger effort
(greater expense)
* required
Low : -2.4
Less difficult
* Standardized for the four countries, main capitals excluded
14.
15. WP2: Assessment of Water resources (how much water? Who uses it?)
Water availability : Methods
1. Whole-Andes analysis of water availability at 1km spatial resolution using
the FIESTA delivery model (http://www.ambiotek.com/fiesta) and long
term climatologies from WORLDCLIM (1950-) and TRMM (1996-). Per
capita supply and demand.
2. Analysis of potential impacts of historic and projected land use change
(results not presented – see www.bfpandes.org).
3. Analysis of potential impacts of multiple-model, multiple scenario climate
change and assessment of hydrologically sensitive areas.
4. Understanding uncertainty and sensitivity to change.
5. Detailed hydrological modelling for smaller areas using AguA Andes PSS
(results not presented – see www.bfpandes.org).
16. Rainfall : falling
at the
first hurdle.
Total annual
rainfall
(mm)
TRMM>
<WorldClim
trmm
wclim
Hyper humid in the N and E.
At these scales there is uncertainty even in the fundamentals such as rainfall inputs
(especially because of complex topography/wind driven rain).
17. Wind-driven rainfall is very heterogeneous in a
mountainous environment – even at the scale of individual slopes...
CQ
See at www.ambiotek.com/fiesta (Google Earth viewer required)
18. ...but even in the Andes rainfall stations are sparsely distributed....
WorldClim precipitation stations in Peru and Bolivia
19. WorldClim precipitation stations in central Peru
The points are transparent and an image lies beneath, but what image?
Do the points give a good impression of the complexity which lies
beneath?
If we cannot understand the distribution of rainfall how are we to
understand water resources?
21. Per capita water balance
CIESIN
Per capita water availability is high throughout the N and W
Lowest in coastal Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina
22. Water demand vs. supply
Annual water demand Annual water supply (m3) Annual water
(m3) surplus/deficit (m3)
Agricultural demand (green water) is accounted for in the ET/water balance calculation.
Industrial demand highly localised. Domestic demand estimated from mean p.c. water use
and population density. Deficits in the S.
23. Areas of current water deficit (demand>supply)
Water deficits (millions of m3 annually)
24. WP3 Assessment of Water productivity
(How much do people gain from agricultural water use?).
Water productivity : Methods
Water productivity : often defined as the crop per drop or yield per
unit of water use but in BFPANDES defined more broadly as the
contribution of water to human wellbeing through production of food,
energy and other goods and services
1. Whole-Andes analysis of plant production based on dry matter
production calculated from SPOT VGT (1998-2008), masked to
exclude trees.
2. Whole Andes analysis of production per unit rainfall (crop per drop,
not shown).
3. Accurate digitisation of all dams in the Andes using Google Earth
Dams Geowiki
(http://www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/sspp/geography/research/emm/geodat
a/geowikis.html)
4. Calculation of dam watersheds using HydroSHEDS
25. Results : water productivity Dry matter
production
(Kg/Ha./yr)
[without trees]
26. Dry matter
production
DMP (in kg/ha/yr)
<Averaged in
500m elev. bands
Averaged by
Catchment>
By elevation : lowest elevations have highest productivity.
By catchment : Colombian and Ecuadorian Andean catchments have highest
productivity along with Eastern foothill catchments in the South
27. DMP (kg/ha/yr) by land use [trees excluded]
Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity
(kg/ha/yr), for pasture (kg/ha/yr), for irrigated (kg/ha/yr), for cropland
cropland
Productivity for pasture highest in Colombia and Ecuador. Highly productive irrigated
cropland in Chile and Argentina. Cropland also productive in E. Bolivia, lowland
Argentina.
28. If we look at the entire countries, not just the Andes, then the lowlands
are clearly more productive [trees excluded]
Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity Dry matter productivity
(kg/ha/yr) crops (kg/ha/yr) irrigated crops (kg/ha/yr) pasture
29. WP1 Poverty analysis: (What is the linkage between water, agriculture and poverty in basins?)
But, there are noNBI vs. Productivity
relationships between productivity andEcuador Rural Productivity vs. Headcount Index
poverty metrics (by municipality)
50000 45000
45000
40000
Colombia 40000
35000
Ecuador
35000 30000
Productivity
Productivity
30000
MEAN 25000
25000 MEAN
Linear (MEAN) 20000
20000
15000
15000 y = -65.416x + 30132
10000 R2 = 0.035 10000
5000 5000
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000 0.8000 1.0000 1.2000
NBI Headcount Index
Peru Rural Productivity vs Malnutrition Bolivia Rural Productivity vs. Headcount Index
50000 50000
45000
40000
Peru 45000
40000
Bolivia
35000 35000
Productivity
Productivity
30000 30000
25000 MEAN
25000
20000
20000
15000
15000
10000
10000
5000
5000
0
0 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
% of municipio poor
% malnourished
Note different indices for each country. Analysis by Glenn Hyman, CIAT
30. What about other forms of water productivity : dams turn
water into energy or extra productivity
KCL GLOBAL GEOREFERE CED DAMS DATABASE
Tropics : land areas draining into dams by: Leo Saenz
The first georeferenced global database of dams (www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata)
There are at least 29,000 large dams between 40 and 40S
57% in Asia, 23% in South America, 12% in Africa, 6.5 % in Asia and the
Caribbean, 1.3 % Australia, 0.2 % Middle East.
33% of land area between 40S and 40 drains into a dam (capturing some
24% of rainfall) and this surface provides important environmental and ecosystem
services to specific companies if carefully managed.
Tropical montane cloudforests cover 4% of these watersheds but receive 15% of
rainfall.
31. Water productivity : dams in the Andes
Dams : points in the landscape at
which water=productivity
Andes : 174 large dams
Area draining into dams : 389,190 km2
(10.5% of land area)
Accessing around 20% of streamflow
At least 80,300Mm3 (80.3 km3) of water
storage capacity
At least 20,000 MW HEP capacity
Also used for drinking water, irrigation
and industrial purposes
20% of the Andean population lives
upstream of dams – importance of
careful land management – valuation for
PWS
Catchments of Andean dams
33. Rules of thumb for the water service benefits of protected areas
Water quantity services
•Protected ecosystems do not necessarily generate more
rainfall than agricultural land uses.
•Protected ecosystems may have higher evapotranspiration
and thus lower water yields
Thus quantity benefits difficult to prove
Water regulation services
•Protected ecosystems do not protect against the most destructive
floods
•For ‘normal’ events they do encourage more subsurface flow and
thus more seasonally regular flow regimes
Likely benefits especially in highly seasonal environments
Water quality services (quantity for a purpose)
•Protected ecosystems encourage infiltration leading to lower soil
erosion and sedimentation
•Unprotected land will tend to have higher inputs of pesticides,
herbicides, fertilisers ...
Clear benefits of PA’s: generation of higher quality water than non-
protected areas
34. Tracing the impact of protected areas on water
As you travel downstream
from the protected areas their
contribution to flow diminishes as
rivers are swamped with water
from non-protected areas
% of water originating in a protected area – WDPA 2009 (Colombia) [gl_pc_wc_fin]
see www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata
35. umber of urban people consuming water originating in a protected
area – WDPA 2009 (Colombia) [gl_sumurbpc]
The beneficiaries can easily
number millions of people. A
strong case for PWS.
see www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata
36. But who should pay to manage nature to
maintain these services?
1. Everyone
-through national or international taxation (e.g. The CR fuel tax model)
2. International users of the virtual water embedded in commodities
-transfers of virtual water are denying downstream users of this water
(assuming transpiration is not locally recycled as rainfall)
- the cost of commodities need to incorporate the costs of sustained and
equitable water provision
3. Downstream urban, agricultural and industrial users of water
supplied by water treatment plants and dams
- sustaining protected areas to avoid paying higher treatment costs
- insurance against critical supply problems
4. Voluntary personal contributions
- bundling water offsets with carbon offsets (avoiding multiple
disbenefits)
37. Percentage of water arriving at tropical dams that fell as rain on protected areas
More
conservation Development of PES
to improve schemes to sustain
ES at dam existing conservation
see www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata
% water supply from protected areas
Method: For all 29,000 dams calculated the percentage of rainfall draining into them
that fell on protected areas upstream.
Result: Indicates the contribution of PA’s to the economic output of those hydro’
companies. Important for the development of PWS schemes to fund conservation.
38. Institutional questionnaire did not find interest in
climate change. Why?
Don’t we have enough to deal with : why also worry
about climate change?
...because climate change changes everything and
policy support based on current climate can be
rendered irrelevant if it does not take climate
change into account
39. But we do not know what the future holds. What
can we do?
...use our best guess. A
general circulation
model (GCM)
projection of future
climate.
40. But these are highly uncertain?
How can we reduce uncertainty?
Use many models and see what they agree and
disagree on:
41. Temperature change AR4-A2a (1961-90) to 2050 – 17 different GCMs
cnrm_cm3
bccr_bcm2_0 cccma_cgcm2 cccma_cgcm3_1 cccma_cgcm3_t_t63
csiro_mk3_0 gfdl_cm2_0 gfdl_cm2_1 giss_aom
°C hccpr_hadcm3
All GCMS agree warming.
There is some consistency in the pattern of warming for the Andes but all
GCMs disagree elsewhere....
Climate data source : Ramirez, J.; Jarvis, A. 2008. High Resolution Statistically Downscaled Future Climate Surfaces.
International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, CIAT. Available at: http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GCMPage/home.html
42. Temperature change AR4-A2a (1961-90) to 2050 – 17 different GCMs
miroc3_2_medres miub_echo_g mpi_echam5
ipsl_cm4 miroc3_2_hires
mri_cgcm2_3_2a ncar_pcm1
°C
....the magnitude as well as the spatial pattern vary considerably (for the same
scenario) between different models
43. Precipitation change AR4-A2a (1961-90) to 2050 – 17 different GCMs
bccr_bcm2_0 cccma_cgcm2 cccma_cgcm3_1 cccma_cgcm3_t_t63 cnrm_cm3
mm/yr csiro_mk3_0 gfdl_cm2_0 gfdl_cm2_1 giss_aom hccpr_hadcm3
For precipitation there is disagreement on the direction of change as well as
the magnitude. All models indicate wetting in the Andes...
Climate data source : Ramirez, J.; Jarvis, A. 2008. High Resolution Statistically Downscaled Future Climate Surfaces.
International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, CIAT. Available at: http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/GCMPage/home.html
44. Precipitation change AR4-A2a (1961-90) to 2050 – 17 different GCMs
ipsl_cm4 miroc3_2_hires miroc3_2_medres miub_echo_g mpi_echam5
mri_cgcm2_3_2a ncar_pcm1
mm/yr
...many models indicate considerable trying in parts of N Colombia,
Venezuela and the Amazon
45. Mean change and uncertainty (sd) of 17 models
Warming and wetting.
Greatest uncertainty at high latitudes, coastal and Amazon margins
46. Temperature seasonality of change : mean of 17 models
J F M A M J
J A S O N D
Monthly temperature change to 2050s (°C)
Greatest increase in S Andes in J,J,A,S
47. Rainfall seasonality of change : mean of 17 models
J F M A M J
J A S O N D
Monthly precipitation change to 2050s (mm)
More or less even seasonal distribution of change.
48. So what will happen?
1. Who knows?
2. It will be warmer and wetter
3. Mean of 17 models warming is highest in the S Andes
4. Mean of 17 models wetting is highest in the W and S coastal
Andes
5. Uncertainty in temperature change is low in the Andes (the
models agree) [but is much greater in the Amazon]
6. Uncertainty in rainfall is greatest in the areas of highest rainfall
7. Seasonality of change is high for temperature and low for
rainfall
What will be the hydrological impacts?
1. Use monthly anomalies (mean of 17 models) to force FIESTA
hydrological model at Andes scale
2. Look into implications for evapo-transpiration and water
balance
49. Regional scale hydrological impact
Mean annual temperature Mean annual precipitation Mean annual evapo- Mean annual water balance
change to 2050s (°C) change to 2050s (mm) transpiration change to change to 2050s (mm)
2050s (mm)
Temperature and rainfall will increase and this drives up evapo-transpiration . But,
the balance between increased evapo-transpiration and increased rainfall tends
towards more available water (water balance increases)
50. But then there is the issue of water quality.....
% of water in streams originating
from mine.
1.This pattern is repeated throughout
the Andes.
2.Is and will be more of a problem
than climate change, especially for
potable water
3.Requires careful legal regulation
and benefit sharing mechanisms
51. So what are the implications for agriculture?
Method:
Examine the current distribution of productivity from 10 years of 10-daily
remote sensing data
Look at relationships between current productivity and current climate
conditions
Draw implications for impacts of climate change scenario
Ignore water quality (for now)
52. DMP (in Dg/ha/day)
Rainfall (mm/yr)
Relationships between productivity and rainfall indicate a linear trend between 0 and 1000 mm/yr
but little effect in wetter areas. So productivity may increase in drier areas that wet.
DMP (in Dg/ha/day)
Mean annual temperature (°C)
Temperature strongly increases productivity in the range 0-20 with a decline from 20-30°. So
productivity may decline in the warmest areas.
53. But then there are effects of seasonality, CO2 fertilisation,
nutrient limitation, respiration, pests and diseases.... All of
which change with climate
How do we deal with this complexity and uncertainty?
1. Since climate change will always be uncertain we change
the question from what will the future be like and how will
that affect system A? to how much change can system A
stand?
2. Instead of providing answers we tie data and knlwedge
into an answering systems (PSS) that can be applied to
geographically and sectorally specific questions
54. Sensitivity to change
Runoff sensitivity to tree Runoff sensitivity to Runoff sensitivity to
cover change (% change in precipitation change (% temperature change (%
runoff per % change in tree change in runoff per % change in runoff per %
cover) change in precipitation) change in precipitation)
55. SimTerra : the
most detailed
global
databases, tiled
+
Detailed grid –
based process
models
+
Tools to test
scenarios and
policy options
http://www.policysupport.org/links/aguaandes
56. Concluding:
1.Water productivity is much more than crop per drop and includes
productivity for energy (HEP), domestic and industrial supply and sustaining
environmental flows. Dams are clearly important.
2.The environmental, institutional and socio-economic domains in the Andes
are highly spatially variable and complex, precluding the development of a
single answer to the water-productivity-poverty question
3.Our focus on developing a system for providing answers to geographically
and sectorially focused questions (a PSS) may help bridge the gap between
available knowledge and knowledge lacking in policy formulation.
Much more detail in mid-term and final reports : www.bfpandes.org
Thank you
57. BFPA DES : Outputs
(a)capacity built in local students, institutions/stakeholders through
training, workshops, tools, dissemination
(b) freely available report, maps and baseline data diagnosing current
status of water poverty, water productivity, environmental security and
their social and institutional context along with likely future impacts
(http://www.bfpandes.org) . Released at upcoming conf.
(c)The AguAAndes Policy Support System – a simple, accessible web
based tool for understanding the likely impact of particular scenarios of
change and policy options on water and water poverty in detail in any
Andean catchment . Batteries included! -all data supplied.
(http://www.policysupport.org/links/aguaandes).
58.
59.
60. Persons per km2 of urban population drinking water originating in a
protected area – WDPA 2009 (Colombia) [gl_mnurbpc]
Where there are large cities
downstream of protected areas, a
significant proportion of the people
in these cities benefit from water
that fell as rain on a protected area
see www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata
61. Like carbon, water is not just a national issue
Flows of virtual water (transpiration) embedded in traded agricultural products
Regional virtual water balances and net inter-regional virtual water flows related to
the trade in agricultural products. Period: 1997-2001.
Only the largest net flows (>10 Gm3/yr) are shown.
62. The “world water crisis”
1.Humans have available less
than 0.08% of all the Earth's
water.
2.Over the next two decades our
use is estimated to increase by
about 40%, more than half of
which to is needed to grow
enough food.
3.One person in five lacks safe
drinking water now and the
situation is not likely to get
better.
Visualisation by David Tryse based on data from The 2nd UN World Water Development Report: 'Water, a shared
responsibility’ http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2 /
63. <Crop per drop of
rainfall (RUE)
(g/Ha./yr/mm)
[without trees].
Averaged by
catchment
Crop per drop >
(g/Ha./yr/mm)
[without trees].
for areas with <500mm
rainfall
CPD or RUE (rainfall use efficiency) meaningless where rainfall is high
(significant runoff), better to use WUE (production/transpiration) where
possible.
Small lowland-dominated Pacific and Eastern foothill catchments have
greatest crop per drop. For low rainfall areas high water productivity is
highly localised (irrigation).
64. Crop per drop
(g/ha/yr/mm water), for
cropland
Crop per drop highest in high Andes (Colombia, Ecuador) and SE
Bolivia