The Andes Basin Focal Project aims to promote the best available science to inform water and land policy decisions for improved livelihoods. It analyzes water availability and use across the Andes, as well as institutional and socioeconomic factors. The project has produced maps, reports and a online policy support system. It has also built capacity and shared knowledge through workshops and networking events. The overall goal is to maximize economic returns and poverty alleviation while minimizing environmental degradation.

1. BFP Andes: concepts and advancesJ. Rubiano and Andes Basin Focal Project Team

2. King’s College, University of London, jerubiano@gmail.comCoCoon Matchmaking Meeting Cali, Colombia - 22-23 September, 2009

3. OutlineWhat is the Andes BFPWork and productsNetwork of partners

4. BFPANDES : AimThe aim of the BFPANDES is “to have the best available science used in the formulation and testing of land and water policy for better livelihoods in the Andes”. BFPANDES : Key issuesInstitutions. Are the institutions using and sharing the best available information and if not why not? Optimal allocation. What are the biophysical, knowledge and power/equity barriers to optimal least-conflict allocation of water? Sustainability. Which management interventions maximize economic returns (production), alleviate poverty whilst minimizing degradation of water, soil and environment?

5. The Andes ‘basin’ (all basins above 500 masl) and the 13 key sub-basinsContext:Transnational, globally importantHeterogeneous (hyper humid to hyper arid)Steep slopes, competing demands on land useEnvironmentally sensitivewww.ambiotek.com/aguaandes

6. Silvia Benitez Water Conservation Programme Co-ordinatorCarmen Candelo ReinaGovernance and Livelihoods Program DirectorNoel Trejos Chief Scientist in Integral ManagementJohn PenderEconomistMeagan KeefeAgricultural EconomistJairo ValderramaBiologist Edwin PajaresDirector of Natural Resource Sharing ProgramAlonso MorenoNatural ResourceSustainable ManagementProgrammeMario Aquirre Senior Officer Water Program Ernesto Guhl CamSEI, Cauca University, Valle University, CAN, Proyecto GEF Paramo, CIAT, UNAL, CONDESAN, Kings College London, Universidad Autonoma,deOccidente,

7. Where are the poor?Why they are poor?Which are the related factors?Which are the opportunities?

10. % of populationwith unmet basic needs

11. Andean socio-economic selected indicators (1=FAO, 2=WHO, 3=CEPAL, 4=DHS, U=Urban, R=Rural)

12. Agriculture in theEconomy

13. 0.550.50IMPORTS AND EXPORTSIN THE ANDEAN REGION1980 – 2007

16. Migration in theRegion

17. Urbanization of poverty

18. Public and private debt in the Andes

19. What is the current institutional context?What are their main constraints and advantages?What needs to be changed?

20. Colombia

21. EcuadorPeruBolivia

22. INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INDEXVariables consideredSocialPoverty measures (UBN and Poverty lines), Current status of education, health (Chronic and Total Malnutrition), demography, public services infrastructure, social and non social investment (including potable water and irrigation)EconomicPer capita consumption, purchase power, financial support.PoliticalPeople displaced by violence

23. Composed representation of key characteristics of IEI-Col = ∑ (A+B+C+D+E)/5A = No_Finance_InstitutionsB = Total_enrolled_Students (2005)C = Health_Investment (2006)D = Potable_Water_Investment (2006)E = Total_displaced_People_received (2001-2007)IEI-Ecu∑ (2(A+B)+C+D+E)/5A = Iliteracy_rateB = Unsatisfied_Basic_NeedsC = Global_malnutrition_in_kids<5D = %_Poor_below_PovLineE = %_poor_below_extreme_PovLineIEI-Per = ∑ {(A+B+C+D+E+F) – (G+H+I)}/5A = No_kids_primary_school_completedB = No_kids_primary_school_finished_on_timeC = No_educated_kids_between_4&5D = No_educated_kids_between_12&16E = No_young_Secondary_School_completedF = No_young_Secondary_School_finished_on_timeG = Malnutrition_rate (1999)H = pople_no_electricityI = Adult_Iliteracy_rate (2005)IEI-Bol = ∑ (A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H)/5A = Education_UnitsB = No_of_teaching_roomsC = Human_Development_Index (2001)D = Yearly_Average_expenditureE = PerCapita_compsumption_USD-Year (2001)F = Social_Investments_USD (2006)G = Non_Social_Invest_USD (2006)H = No_Finance_InstitutionsTough conditions, bigger effortLess difficult** Standardize for the four countries, main capitals excluded

24. How much water?Where?When?

25. Methods : water availabilityWhole-Andes analysis of water availability at 1km spatial resolution using the FIESTA delivery model (http://www.ambiotek.com/fiesta) and long term climatologies from WORLDCLIM (1950-) and TRMM (1996-)

26. Results : water availabilityTotal annual rainfall(mm) TRMM><WorldClimtrmmwclim

27. Actual evapotranspiration (mm/yr)Water balance (mm/yr) [worldclim]

28. JFMAMJJASONDRainfall (mm/month) - highly variable spatially and seasonally, hyper-humid to hyper-arid

29. How water is used, by whom and where?What are the current and potential benefits out of water?

30. Methods : water productivityWater productivity : often defined as the crop per drop or yield per unit of water use but in BFPANDES defined more broadly as the contribution of water to human wellbeing through production of food, energy and other goods and servicesWhole-Andes analysis of plant production based on dry matter production calculated from SPOT VGT (1998-2008), masked to exclude trees.Whole Andes analysis of production per unit rainfall (crop per drop)Precise digitisation of all dams in the Andes using Google Earth Dams Geowiki (http://www.kcl.ac.uk/schools/sspp/geography/research/emm/geodata/geowikis.html)Calculation of dam watersheds using HydroSHEDS

31. Dry matter production(Kg/Ha./yr) [without trees]Results : water productivity

32. Dry matter production DMP (in g/ha/yr) <Averaged in 500m elev. bandsAveraged by Catchment>Lowest elevations have highest productivity.Colombian and Ecuadorian Andean catchments haveHighest productivity along with Eastern foothill catchments in the South

33. <Crop per drop of rainfall (RUE)(g/Ha./mm) [without trees].Averaged by catchmentCrop per drop > (g/Ha./mm)[without trees]. for areas with <500mm rainfallLowest elevations have greatest crop per drop. Small lowland-dominated Pacific and Eastern foothill catchments have greatest crop per drop

34. DMP (in Dg/ha/day) DMP (in Dg/ha/day) Elevation(m)Rainfall (mm/yr)Crop per drop of rainfall (RUE) (g/Ha./mm)Rainfall (mm/yr)Rainfall (mm/yr)

35. Dams : points in the landscape at which water=productivityTropics : land areas draining into damsby: Leo SaenzDeveloped the first georeferenced global database of dams (www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata)There are at least 29,000 large dams between 40N and 40S57% in Asia, 23% in South America, 12% in Africa, 6.5 % in Asia and the Caribbean, 1.3 % Australia, 0.2 % Middle East. 80% are in the largest countries (China, India, Brazil, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mexico)33% of land area between 40S and 40N drains into a dam (capturing some 24% of rainfall and thissurface provides important environmental and ecosystem services to specific companies.

36. Water productivity : dams in the AndesAndes : 174 large damsArea draining into dams : 389,190 km2 (10.5% of land area)At least 80,300Mm3 of water storage capacityAt least 20,000 MW HEP capacityAlso used for drinking water, irrigation and industrial purposes

37. Environmental services : the role of cloudforestsPeru/Bolivia % of water derived from cloud stripping

38. Tracing the impact of protected areas on waterAssuming that water originating from protected areas is better thanthat originating elsewhere:As you travel downstreamfrom the protected areas theircontribution to flow diminishes asrivers are swamped with water from non-protected areas% of water originating in a protected area – WDPA 2009 (Colombia) [gl_pc_wc_fin]see www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata

39. Number of urban people drinking water originating in a protected area – WDPA 2009 (Colombia) [gl_sumurbpc]The beneficiaries can easily number millions of people. A strong case for PWS.see www.kcl.ac.uk/geodata

40. What have been made/attempted before?What is feasible to do from now on?With whom, where, how?

41. Strategic Interventions so far Agricultural and income diversification

42. Compensation/ payment for environmental services

43. Risk Management

44. Institutional capacity building and policy dialogues

45. Access to irrigation infrastructureEnvironmental vs. ecosystem services : cloud forest exampleAn environmental service:Cloud forests occur underneath persistent ground level cloud in the tropics. This cloud generates: high rainfall inputs

46. low evapo-transpiration The pan-tropical average cloud-forest water balance is 452 mm/yr cf 124 mm/yr for the tropics as a whole. This is a function of the climate in which the cloud forest sits not the cloud forest itself and would occur even in the absence of the forest.An ecosystem service:Cloud forests strip passing cloud/fog water very efficiently and this water ends up in the rivers. If the cloud forests are replaced by pasture, this stripping does not occur and the extra water is lost. This service is dependent on the ecosystem as well as the environment.Example of water from montane forestsPeru/Bolivia % of water derived from cloud stripping

47. Potential for Aquaculture in the AndesFood Security - Is Aquacultureanalternative in Andean system?How this activity compete with others?

48. Productscapacity built in local students, institutions/stakeholders through training, workshops and tools, (b) report, maps and baseline data diagnosing current status of water poverty, water productivity, environmental security and their social and institutional context along with likely future impacts (http://www.bfpandes.org) The AguAAndes Policy Support System – a web based tool for understanding the likely impact of particular scenarios of change and policy options on water and water poverty in any Andean catchment (http://www.policysupport.org/links/aguaandes).