This document provides an overview of several topics related to watershed and conservation issues, including:
1) Wildfires and other natural hazards are worsening due to climate change, damaging watersheds.
2) Green infrastructure is often more cost-effective than traditional "grey" infrastructure for stormwater management and provides additional benefits.
3) Agriculture is facing challenges including farm consolidation reducing smaller farms, losses for corn farmers, and widespread land degradation impacting productivity.
Barriers to LID and leed LEED Internet Resource guide 20110303Jon Barsanti
Previous research into sustainable development practices to safeguard water quality have led me to research a presentation on barriers to implementing LID and LEED construction. The bibliography includes hyperlinks to EPA documents, as well as other resources, pertaining to air quality, water quality, conservation subdivisions, LEED, and LID.
How can we sustainably manage our water resources?Andreza Dantas
Dec., 2014 - Presentation delivered to Contemporary Environmental Issues students at the University of Iowa. Sustainable and efficient water management is necessary in order to cope with one of the most important contemporary environmental issues that we are facing currently: water stress. The main goal is come up with solutions to promote a better way to manage this precious natural resource.
Barriers to LID and leed LEED Internet Resource guide 20110303Jon Barsanti
Previous research into sustainable development practices to safeguard water quality have led me to research a presentation on barriers to implementing LID and LEED construction. The bibliography includes hyperlinks to EPA documents, as well as other resources, pertaining to air quality, water quality, conservation subdivisions, LEED, and LID.
How can we sustainably manage our water resources?Andreza Dantas
Dec., 2014 - Presentation delivered to Contemporary Environmental Issues students at the University of Iowa. Sustainable and efficient water management is necessary in order to cope with one of the most important contemporary environmental issues that we are facing currently: water stress. The main goal is come up with solutions to promote a better way to manage this precious natural resource.
Assessing Drought and Enabling Adaptation through Rain Water HarvestingFECTSL
Rain water harvesting is a tested environmentally friendly mitigation option that has been used
traditionally in Sri Lanka to mitigate drought risk. Its enhanced use can serve as an adaptation
strategy for rising water stress due to climate and land use change. This 12-month project
assessed the water scarcity and the potential for Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) of a village in
Eastern Sri Lanka, Idamelanda, which is vulnerable to severe droughts as established through
interviews with the villagers and local government officials. Meteorological data for the area was
used to assess the severity, making use of two independent assessment methodologies for
meteorological drought. These meteorological drought indices were found to coincide with a
measure of drought disaster for Eastern Sri Lanka – that is the relief payments for drought. In the
next stage, the meteorological data and drought indices were used to design the collector and
storage tanks of a prototypical RWH unit, which is inexpensive and feasible with local technical
resources. A concept note on developing the RWH unit in the community was drawn up so that
RWH may be implemented in Idamelanda as a prototype
Tools and Technologies for Water Resources Planning and Climate Change Adapta...Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos
Objectives:
- To achieve basic understanding on steps in water resources planning
- To have better understanding on tool/technology that can be used for water resource planning and climate change adaptation
- To jointly assess the impacts of climate changes on water resources in Nepal
- To brainstorm the options to address the identified issues for planning processes
Contents:
Section 1 : Introduction to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and decision support tools
Section 2 : Tools and Techniques for IWRM
Section 3 : Group works
City of Albuquerque, New Mexico - Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Water risks are increasingly driving conflict and instability around the world. Solutions to water conflicts exist, but we need the political will to make them happen.
'Presentation Kettunen & ten Brink at Iddri May 07 on the Values of Biodiversity Related Ecosystem Services. Enhancing the integration of biodiversity into policy and decision-making
Inspire, enable, finance and scale. This World Water Week 2016 presentation looks at leading cases and opportunities available to cities in Latin America and the Caribbean to implement water management that protects, restores and mimics the natural water cycle.
2017 Open Space Conference - Ellie Cohen - Accelerating Nature-based Solution...OpenSpaceCouncil
*Please note that animations in this presentations are not visible when viewed through Slideshare.
Ellie Cohen, Executive Director, Point Blue Conservation Science, spoke at the 2017 Open Space Conference, Eyes on the Horizon, Boots on the Trail on May 18, 2017 at the Craneway Pavilion in Richmond, CA. More info on the Bay Area Open Space Council's website: http://openspacecouncil.org/community-events/conference/
Assessing Drought and Enabling Adaptation through Rain Water HarvestingFECTSL
Rain water harvesting is a tested environmentally friendly mitigation option that has been used
traditionally in Sri Lanka to mitigate drought risk. Its enhanced use can serve as an adaptation
strategy for rising water stress due to climate and land use change. This 12-month project
assessed the water scarcity and the potential for Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) of a village in
Eastern Sri Lanka, Idamelanda, which is vulnerable to severe droughts as established through
interviews with the villagers and local government officials. Meteorological data for the area was
used to assess the severity, making use of two independent assessment methodologies for
meteorological drought. These meteorological drought indices were found to coincide with a
measure of drought disaster for Eastern Sri Lanka – that is the relief payments for drought. In the
next stage, the meteorological data and drought indices were used to design the collector and
storage tanks of a prototypical RWH unit, which is inexpensive and feasible with local technical
resources. A concept note on developing the RWH unit in the community was drawn up so that
RWH may be implemented in Idamelanda as a prototype
Tools and Technologies for Water Resources Planning and Climate Change Adapta...Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos
Objectives:
- To achieve basic understanding on steps in water resources planning
- To have better understanding on tool/technology that can be used for water resource planning and climate change adaptation
- To jointly assess the impacts of climate changes on water resources in Nepal
- To brainstorm the options to address the identified issues for planning processes
Contents:
Section 1 : Introduction to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and decision support tools
Section 2 : Tools and Techniques for IWRM
Section 3 : Group works
City of Albuquerque, New Mexico - Municipal Forest Resource Analysis
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Water risks are increasingly driving conflict and instability around the world. Solutions to water conflicts exist, but we need the political will to make them happen.
'Presentation Kettunen & ten Brink at Iddri May 07 on the Values of Biodiversity Related Ecosystem Services. Enhancing the integration of biodiversity into policy and decision-making
Inspire, enable, finance and scale. This World Water Week 2016 presentation looks at leading cases and opportunities available to cities in Latin America and the Caribbean to implement water management that protects, restores and mimics the natural water cycle.
2017 Open Space Conference - Ellie Cohen - Accelerating Nature-based Solution...OpenSpaceCouncil
*Please note that animations in this presentations are not visible when viewed through Slideshare.
Ellie Cohen, Executive Director, Point Blue Conservation Science, spoke at the 2017 Open Space Conference, Eyes on the Horizon, Boots on the Trail on May 18, 2017 at the Craneway Pavilion in Richmond, CA. More info on the Bay Area Open Space Council's website: http://openspacecouncil.org/community-events/conference/
IEEE SusTech Global Future of Water Presentation 11/14/17Mark Goldstein
Water remains an essential element for life that plays a central and critical role in all aspects of our national and global economies and environment. We are entering an era of immense water-related threats due to climate change and human actions bringing floods, droughts, reduced water availability, and degraded water quality that threaten communities, nations, and global sociopolitical and economic security.
This presentation covers water futures from a macro level as regions, governments, and industries prepare for and manage increasing water-related threats utilizing traditional and emergent technologies to resolve these issues and provide water and sanitation that address the needs of all. It also will cover water futures from at a more personal and community level featuring technological advances and rediscovery of appropriate technology of the past to forge a water-secure future.
Bill Cesanek, co-chair of the APA Water and Planning Network, discusses the value of land use planning in achieving improved water efficiency for the 2020 Central Texas Water Conservation Symposium hosted by the Texas Living Waters Project.
Design principles for intelligent research investmentriel-presents
A content-rich celebration of an important knowledge legacy
An opportunity to reflect, and to distil key lessons and insights:
- about important knowledge gaps that remain
- about how best to fill such knowledge gaps
A ‘message in a bottle’ for future research investment
The Partnership approach & assessing the benefits of catchment management. 12th & 13th September 2016 at the Rougemont Hotel, Exeter. Following the decision to leave the EU the need to come together to tackle the complex environmental problems we face such as diffuse pollution and habitat fragmentation has never been greater. This conference sets out the benefits and drawbacks of partnership working and the effectiveness of dealing with problems at a catchment scale.
Global Forest Watch (GFW) Water, a global mapping tool and database that will be launched at the event, examines how forest loss, fires, unsustainable land use and other threats to natural infrastructure affect water security throughout the world.
The companion video "GFW Water Kalimantan Use Case" can be viewed at https://youtu.be/RMzQsSeAlqI (copy and paste this link into your browser window).
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
Conservation up and down
1. Conservation Up and Down:
Watersheds, Natural Hazards, Cities and
Green Infrastructure
1
John D. Wiener, J.D., Ph.D.
Research Associate, Institute of Behavioral Science
University of Colorado
john.wiener@Colorado.edu
www.Colorado.edu/ibs/eb/wiener
For
Soil and Water Conservation Society
Albuquerque, New Mexico, August 1, 2018
Note: This presentation updates several large heavily-referenced sets of slides posted previously,
with very little duplication. The posted slides are intended to provide quick references and wide
coverage. This presentation as posted will be an update and advancement. The Posting Set for
this presentation is substantially richer than the oral set.
2. This a very selective presentation based
on large literature reviews…
• Presentation really about why cities, water providers, and regional
coalitions should form partnerships for
• Improvement of watersheds, - but given audience and previous papers
this conference, will skip the fire-flood-sediments etc . Problem.
• Conservation of MONEY by cost-effective green infrastructure
• Conservation of agricultural productivity, and restoration of soils in the
best interests of all including urban interests in food security
• And investment of different kinds of resources for these purposes – not
just cash or financial debt.
• Starting off with some of what is at stake with business-as-usual…
• (And using almost all new stuff… see previous postings for far more)
• AND, ALREADY HEARD ABOUT FARMS UNDER THREAT… so skip that…
2
3. Watershed photo by Danil Silantev, Unsplash
Farm photo by Xavi Moll, Unsplash Photos.
Greenway photos from Mecklenburg Cn., NC
https://www.mecknc.gov/ParkandRec/Greenways/Pages/default.aspx
For Colorado, The Urban Drainage and Flood Control District has
Become a national model. https://udfcd.org/ -- Great website!
RATIONALE – see postings at www.Colorado.edu/ibs/eb/wiener for
reviews of what Colorado farmers face, and recommendations for
moving forward.
THE CITY – WHAT’S IN YOUR FLOODPLAIN?
WATERSHED PROTECTION
AG LANDS FOR STORM WATER and
FOOD SECURITY, AMENITY, ETC.
BOTTLENECK AND DAMAGE
OR GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
AND HIGH RECREATIONAL AND
AMENITY VALUE WITH FLOOD
MANAGEMENT?
A PLEA TO PLANNERS:
Whole Flow Planning!
4. Fire-Flood-Sediments, etc. worsening - already covered this meeting
[Soil and Water Conservation Society July 2018] – trouble in the headwaters
• A premier source: The Wildland Fire Science Center, at the Desert Research Institute: https://www.dri.edu/research-
main/wildland-fire-science-center
• Higuera, P.E., 2015, Taking time to consider the causes and consequences of large wildfires. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(43):
13137-13138. www.pnas.org/cgi/10.1073/pnas.1518170112.
• Schoennagel, T., Balch, J. K., Brenkert-Smith, H., Dennison, P. E., Harvey, B. J., Krawchuk, M. A., Mietkiewicz, N., Morgan, P., Moritz, M. A., Rasker, R.,
Turner, M. G., and Whitlock, C. 2017. Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences (USA), 114 (18): 4582–4590.
• McKenzie, D. and J.S. Littell, 2017, Climate Change and the Eco-hydrology of Fire: Will Are Burned increase in a Warming Western USA? Ecological
Applications 27(1): 26-36.
• Harris, R.M.B., T.A. Remenyi, G.J. Williamson, N.L. Bindodd, and D.M.J.S. Bowman, 2016, Climate-Vegetation-Fire Interactions and Feedbacks: Trivial Detail
or Major Barrier to Projecting the Future of the Earth System? WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:910–931. doi: 10.1002/wcc.428
• Abotzoglou, J.T. and A.P. Williams, 2015, Impact of anthropogenic climate change on wildfire across western US forests. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 113(42): 11770-11775. www.pnas.org/cgi/10.1073/pnas.165071711113.
• Harvey, B.J., 2016, Human-caused climate change is now a key driver of forest fire activity in the Western United States. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences 113(42): 11648-11650. www.pnas.org/cgi/10.1073/pnas.1612926113.
• California and West records of 2016 broken by 2017; broken in 2018?
• Almost 100 fires burning in US as of 31 July; 17 in California (National Public Radio, 31 July
18 “Morning Edition”.
• BUT, major cities are using water rates to finance headwaters improvements (Earth
Economics – EarthEconomics.org) 4
5. Green Infrastructure/Nature-Based
Solutions…• Earth Economics, 2016, Updated: Communicating and Investing in Natural Capital
Using Water Rates factsheet. 16 large providers use water rates for watershed
improvement…
• Green Infrastructure/nature-based solutions are often far more cost-effective than
“grey” infrastructure (concrete, levees, channelizing…) because of lower capital and
O&M costs, and often huge co-benefits. (Tax, amenity, recreation, paths…)
• Kousky and Walls 2014: CO-BENEFITS OF GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE (greenway/flood plain study) were
>> avoided damages!
• (Kousky, C., and Walls, M. (2014). Floodplain conservation as a flood mitigation strategy: Examining costs and benefits.
Ecological Economics. 104: 119-128.)
• http://www.eartheconomics.org/all-publications/2016/5/20/updated-factsheet-communicating-and-investing-in-natural-capital-using-water-rates (accessed 12 Jun 16)
• Multihazard Mitigation Council (2017) Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves 2017 Interim Report: An Independent Study. Principal Investigator Porter, K.; co-Principal
Investigators Scawthorn, C.; Dash, N.; Santos, J.; Investigators: Eguchi, M., Ghosh., S., Huyck, C., Isteita, M., Mickey, K., Rashed, T.;P. Schneider, Director, MMC. National
Institute of Building Sciences, Washington. https://www.fema.gov/natural-hazard-mitigation-saves-2017-interim-report
• Deryugina, Tatyana, 2016, The Fiscal Cost of Hurricanes: Disaster Aid Versus Social Insurance. Working Paper 22272. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic
Research: http://www.nber/org/papers/w22272. Kousky, C., and Walls, M. (2014). Floodplain conservation as a flood mitigation strategy: Examining costs and benefits.
Ecological Economics. 104: 119-128
• Regional Green Infrastructure Planning at the Landscape Scale: APA Green Paper (9 pp); 2016. https://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/green/regionalgreen/
• Harnik, Peter, and Abby Martin. 2016. “City Parks, Clean Water: Making Great Places Using Green Infrastructure.” The Trust for Public Land. March. Available at:
http://tinyurl.com/hb8mfdy.
• American Planning Association, 2015, AICP Symposium: Green Stormwater Infrastructure. By Rouse, David, Paula Conolly, Bethany Bezak, and Mathy Stanislaus. Podcast
and 2 pdf files of presentations by Conolly and Bezak. https://www.planning.org/aicp/symposium/2015/
5
6. For stormwater management, Green Infrastructure capital and O&M costs may be very economical
even without counting co-benefits, which can be quite significant and serve many social purposes.
Trust for Public Land, 2016, City Parks, Clean Water: Making Great
Places Using Green Infrastructure. Box 6: p 20; Box 10: p 41.
https://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/City%20Parks%20Clean%20Water%20report_0.pdf
NOTE: because of different functions and case specifics, it appears very difficult
to generalize about costs per volume of water/held/detained-for-how-long. But
clearly, the green alternative is increasingly chosen during fiscally hard times.
(Presenter’s comment.)
6
7. Multihazard Mitigation Council (2017) Natural Hazard Mitigation Saves 2017 Interim Report:
An Independent Study. Principal Investigator Porter, K.; co-Principal Investigators Scawthorn, C.;
Dash, N.; Santos, J.; Investigators: Eguchi, M., Ghosh., S., Huyck, C., Isteita, M., Mickey, K.,
Rashed, T.;P. Schneider, Director, MMC. National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington.
Table from P. 1. https://www.fema.gov/natural-hazard-mitigation-saves-2017-interim-report
7
Flood Mitigation – New and
important report
8. Sampling of cities using Green Infrastructure for stormwater
capture – 2014.
(Many many more now!)
Trust for Public Land, 2016, City Parks, Clean Water: Making Great
Places Using Green Infrastructure.
https://www.tpl.org/sites/default/files/City%20Parks%20Clean%20Water%20report_0.pdf
Very good report to introduce topic of urban stormwater
management, with good case studies.
For larger scale, see: American Planning Association:
Regional Green Infrastructure Planning at the Landscape Scale:
APA Green Paper (9 pp); 2016.
https://www.planning.org/nationalcenters/green/regionalgreen/
8
10. https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2018/march/examining-consolidation-in-us-agriculture/
Examining Consolidation in U.S. Agriculture. MacDonald, James M. and Robert A Hoppe. Amber Waves, March 2018;
links to ERS report: MacDonald, J.M., R.A. Hoppe, and D. Newton, 2018, Three Decades of Consolidation in U.S.
Agriculture. USDA ERS EIB-189. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=88056
Poultry and eggs are rapidly
becoming “contract farming”
in which the farmer has very
little discretion.
Hogs and Fed Cattle are becoming
more and more “CAFO”
(Concentrated Animal Feeding
Operations.)
My own speculation: Beef cows
are not being consolidated
because the feeding stage and
meat packing are very highly
concentrated. The meat business
probably sees no reason to take
over the most risky element of
the business when it already owns
the profitable parts of the supply
chain. 10
Where’s the money going?
11. Schnitkey, G. “Has the Era of Decreasing Per Acre Corn Costs Come to an End?”
farmdoc daily (8):114, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign, June 21, 2018.
Permalink: http://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2018/06/era-of-decreasing-per-acre-corn-costs.html
Illinois Corn Farmer Return: net negative on high-
productivity farmland – losing money 2014 through
2018 projection.
THIS MATTERS FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM FARMS
AND IT MATTERS FOR SUCCESSION OF FARMS –
It matters for credit… it matters for local economies…
The decreasing input costs from 2014 to 2017 from
decreasing energy costs were not enough to keep
farmer returns in the black.
Bottom line here: losses in 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, and
projected for 2018…
Now, energy costs are rising so, fertilizer, crop drying,
and fuel and oil prices may soon rise as well…
WHAT WOULD WORK BETTER?
11
12. From The Des Moines Register,
22 Jun 2018:
https://www.desmoinesregister.
com/story/money/agriculture
/2018/06/22/iowa-water-
pollution-gulf-mexico-dead-
zone-nitrogren-missouri-
mississippi-river-quality-
nirtate/697370002/ --
Note: use this URL to access,
Despite misspelling of nitrate.
WHY MENTION THIS?
Because, as Iowa Environmental
Council said, the voluntary
approach is not reducing the
nitrate losses into water and
Ultimately the Gulf of Mexico
Dead Zone.
University of Iowa: Iowa sends
55% of Missouri River N loads… from
3.3% of the total area. Seven times
more nitrates than the rest of the
Missouri R. Basin… CAFOs and tile
drains… 12
DEGRADATION OF LAND AND WATER QUALITY IS VERY REAL IN THE U.S.
[See works from
Environmental
Working Group,
posted earlier,
and USDA CEAP
projects.]
13. Bao, Q. L., E. Nkonya, and A. Mirzabaev. 2016. “Biomass Productivity-Based Mapping of Global Land Degradation Hotspots” (55–84). In
Economics of Land Degradation and Improvement: A Global Assessment for Sustainable Development, edited by E. Nkonya, A. Mirzabaev,
and J. von Braun. Cham, Switzerland: Springer – used in IFPRI Project Note and Discussion Paper, P 11: De Pinto, Alessandro;
Robertson, Richard D.; Begeladze, Salome; Kumar, Chetan; Kwon, Ho Young; Thomas, Timothy S.; Cenacchi, Nicola; and
Koo, Jawoo. 2017. Cropland restoration as an essential component to the forest landscape restoration approach –
Global effects of widescale adoption. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1682. Washington, D.C.
http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15738coll2/id/131463
Also: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/cropland-restoration-essential-component-forest-landscape-restoration-approach-global
2016 Pub. Used by International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017
Note how
very wide-
spread the
degradation
is – though
this is said
to be an
underestimate
Link to
FAO et al.
2017 on
world hunger
starting to
rise again…
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2017.
The State of Food Security and Nutrition
in the World 2017. Building resilience
for peace and food security. Rome,
FAO.
http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-
security-nutrition 13
NOTE: GREEN IS NOT GOOD HERE!
14. An international soil note: losing fertility fast!
• There is a large literature on displacement of farming or enlargement onto deforested land (see the
assessments noted above)
• There is less known about the impacts of the farming which is “under-the-radar” displacing traditional
farming: it is very often the least-conserving agriculture – e.g. monocultural palm oil, etc. (See IPES-
Food 2016). (www.ipes-food.org – International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems)
• Grain (farmlandgrab.org) reports that nearly 30 M Ha/ 75 M A have been “grabbed” in 78 countries and
documented, (far less than has happened) since their original report 8 years ago.
• Another view: DeLong, C., R. Cruse, and J. Wiener, 2015, The Soil Degradation Paradox: Compromising
Our Resources When We Need Them the Most. Sustainability 2015, Vol. 7: 866-879. (doi:
10.3390/su7010866.) (Open Access).
Productivity will be valued much more in the future than it is now, while we are literally eating from the
fossil fuel burn-out…
15. The Big Ag Assessments
Important Overviews of the Agricultural Situation and
Prospects• McIntyre, B.D., et al., Eds., 2009, Global Report: International Assessment of Agricultural
Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development… Available at:
http://www.agassessment.org/).
• National Research Council, 2010, Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st
Century.
Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
• Government Office for Science, (United Kingdom), 2011, Foresight: The Future of Food and
Farming; Final Report. http://www.bis.gov.uk/Foresight.
• (Note: Each IPCC report has agriculture treatments, including the Special Report on Weather and
Climate Extremes and each US Global Change Research Program National Climate Assessment
report; USDA Climate Hub Regional Assessments; less vehement about political economy of sectoral
changes needed).
• Brown, M.E., et al. [USDA, NCAR] 2015. Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food
System. 146 pages. Available online at
http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/FoodSecurity2015Assessment/FullAssessment.pdf. (Less
vehement about sectoral changes needed)
• IPES-Food, 2016, From Uniformity to Diversity: A Paradigm Shift from Industrial Agriculture to
Diversified Agroecological Systems. International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems.
www.ipes-food.org
• Bottom Line: transformational change in conventional ag. needed…
16. Agroecology/Agroforestry… We know what works for soil and
productivity restoration…
• A great introduction: DeLonge, Marcia, 2017, Agroecology to the Rescue: 7 Ways Ecologists are
Working Toward Healthier Food Systems. 02 Aug 17. Union of Concerned Scientists. https://
blog.ucsusa.org/marcia-delonge/agroecology-to-the-rescue-7-ways-ecologists-are-working-toward-healthier-fo
• Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems Special Issue: “Agroecology: Building an Ecological
Knowledge-base for Food System Sustainability” Volume 41 No. 7.
• Editorial: Agroecology: Building an ecological knowledge-base for food system sustainability Steve Gliessman Pages: 695-696 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1335152
• Ecological complexity and agroecosystems: seven themes from theory John Vandermeer & Ivette Perfecto Pages: 697-722 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1322166
• Intersection between biodiversity conservation, agroecology, and ecosystem services Heidi Liere, Shalene Jha & Stacy M. Philpott Pages: 723-760 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1330796
• Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems: Balancing food and environmental objectives Kate Tully & Rebecca Ryals Pages: 761-798 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1336149
• Improving water resilience with more perennially based agriculture |Andrea D. Basche & Oliver F. Edelson Pages: 799-824 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1330795
• SRI: An agroecological strategy to meet multiple objectives with reduced reliance on inputs Norman Uphoff Pages: 825-854 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1334738
• Triggering a positive research and policy feedback cycle to support a transition to agroecology and sustainable food systems Albie Miles, Marcia S. DeLonge & Liz Carlisle Pages: 855-879 | DOI:
10.1080/21683565.2017.1331179
• Insights from agroecology and a critical next step: Integrating human health Megan E. O’Rourke, Marcia S. DeLonge & Ricardo Salvador Pages: 880-884 | DOI: 10.1080/21683565.2017.1326073
A great application: De Pinto, Alessandro; Robertson, Richard D.; Begeladze, Salome; Kumar, Chetan; Kwon, Ho Young;
Thomas, Timothy S.; Cenacchi, Nicola; and Koo, Jawoo. 2017. Cropland restoration as an essential component to the forest
landscape restoration approach - Global effects of widescale adoption. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1682. Washington, D.C.
http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15738coll2/id/131463 Also: https://
www.ifpri.org/publication/cropland-restoration-essential-component-forest-landscape-restoration-approach-global; De Pinto, A.,
K.D. Wieber, and M.W. Rosegrant, 2016, Climate Change and Agricultural Policy Options: A Global-to-local Approach. IFPRI: International Food Policy Research Institute.
Washington, D.C.. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/climate-change-and-agricultural-policy-options-global-local-approach
16
17. Organics, “sorta…”, price premia, local economies and local preference (15 good
refs.)•
Adams, D.C. and M.J. Salois, 2010, Local Versus Organic: A Turn in Consumer Preferences and Willingness-To-Pay. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 25(4): 331-341.
• McBride, W.D. and C. Taylor, 2015, Price Premiums Behind Organic Field Crop Profitability. Amber Waves, September 25, 2015. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
• McBride, W.D., C. Greene, L. Foreman and M. Ali, 2015, The Profit Potential of Certified Organic Field Crop Production. ERS Economic Research Report No. 188. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. www.ers.usda.gov/publications/err-economic-research-report/err-188
• Hardesty, S., 2016, Direct-marketing Farms have Double the Regional Economic Impact. National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition’s Blog, 03 August 16.
• TEEB (2015) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity: TEEB for Agriculture & Food: an interim report, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, Switzerland.
http://www.teebweb.org/publication/teebagfood-interim-report/ (accessed 12 Jun 16)
• Union of Concerned Scientists, 2016, Growing Economies: Connecting Local Farmers and Large-Scale Buyers to Create Jobs and Revitalize America’s Heartland; Policy Brief. Cambridge,
MA: Union of Concerned Scientists. www.ucusa.org/GrowingEconomies.
• Lin, B-H., T.A. Smith and C.L. Huang, 2008, Organic Premiums of US Fresh Produce. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23(3): 208-216.
• Mero, T., 2011, Organic Education: the Growth of Sustainable Agriculture Programs. Sustainability: The Journal of Record 4(5): 232-235.
• Oberholtzer, L., C. Dimitri and E.C. Jaenicke, 2013, International Trade of Organic Food: Evidence of US Imports. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 28(3): 255-262.
• Pimentel, D., P. Hepperly, J. Hanson, D. Douds and R. Seidel, 2005, Environmental, Energetic, and Economic Comparisons and Organic and Conventional Farming Systems. BioScience
55(7): 573-582.
• Ponisio, L.C., L.K. McGonigle, K.C. Mace. J. Palomino, P. de Valpine, and C. Kremen, 2015, Diversification Practices Reduce Organic to Conventional Yeild Gap. Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: 282: 20141396
• Reganold, J.P., 2013, Comparing Organic and Conventional Farming Systems: Metrics and Research Approaches. Online. Crop Management doi: 10.1094/CM-2013-0429-01-RS.
• Seufert, V., N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley, 2012, Comparing the Yields of Organic and Conventional Agriculture. Nature 485 (7397): 229-232 [plus methods page].
• Crowder, D.W. and J.P. Reganold, 2015, Financial Competitiveness of Organic Agriculture on a Global Scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1423674112.
• Delate, K., C. Cambardella, C. Chase, A. Johanns, and R. Turnbull, 2013, The Long-Term Agroecological Research Experiment Supports Organic Yields, Soil Quality, and Economic
Performance in Iowa. Plant Management Network, USDA Organic Farming Systems Research Conferences Proceedings. Published in journal Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2013-
0429-02-RS.
• THE POINT: better outcomes from low-input, BUT it takes transition with costs to get restoration of fertility and yield.17
18. Apples to apples or apples to fruit basket? Profits, Long-term and risk
management issues for the farms – Signs are good but need better studies…
• Seufert et al. 2012: a prominent effort to fairly compare conventional yield to organic yield of, say, apples to apples; as it
happens, organics lose because of the benefits of some pesticides for insect damage, aside from the price premium for
organic fruit. Organics “recover” as soil recovers, but may not achieve the same as conventional, though sustainability is a
question. With price premia much higher than break-even for the yield reduction of a single crop, organics are widely more
profitable after transition. (Crowder and Reganold 2015 found this also.)
• But agroecologists urge diversification of crops: there would be at least several others, rotating and perhaps intercropped:
So, over time it is apples to fruit basket! Next, economies of scale?
• There are also studies suggesting that the long-term yields of low-input agriculture with diversification may be superior in
resilience to climate and weather, and safer for farmers because of risk spreading and better performance of rainfed crops in
drought (see IPES-Food 2016, Hamilton et al. Eds, 2015, Ecology of Agricultural Ecosystems for discussions of the issues.)
• “In addition, it would be desirable to examine the total human-edible calorie or net energy yield of the entire farm system
rather than the biomass yield of a single crop species. To understand better the performance of organic agriculture,we
should: (1) systematically analyse the long-term performance of organic agriculture under different management regimes; (2)
study organic systems under a wider range of biophysical conditions; (3) examine the relative yield performance of small
holder agricultural systems; and (4) evaluate the performance of farming systems through more holistic system metrics.
• ….However, instead of continuing the ideologically charged ‘organic versus conventional’ debate, we should systematically
evaluate the costs and benefits of different management options.” Seufert et al.: 321. Note: Crowder and Reganold 2015
meta-analysis of studies had similar problems with difficulty of comparisons of whole systems; change over time was
approached.
Seufert, V., N. Ramankutty, and J.A. Foley, 2012, Comparing the Yields of Organic and Conventional Agriculture. Nature 485 (7397): 229-232 [plus methods page].
Hamilton, S.K., J.E. Doll, and G.P. Robertson, Eds., 2015, The Ecology of Agricultural Landscapes: Long-Term Research on the Path to Sustainability. New York: Oxford University Press.
Crowder, D.W. and J.P. Reganold, 2015, Financial Competitiveness of Organic Agriculture on a Global Scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1423674112.
19. Recent Bad News: Coastal Sea Level Rise Worsening –
Recent References
Jevrejeva, S. , et al.: Flood damage costs under the sea level rise with warming of 1.5°C and 2°C. Environmental Research
Letters, 2018; 13 (7): 074014; DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aacc76 – FAILURE TO MEET <2 C MAY COST $14T/YR BY 2100
Cleetus, R., 2018, Underwater: Rising Seas, Chronic Floods, and the Implications for US Coastal Real Estate. Cambridge, MA;
Union of Concerned Scientists. www.uscusa.org/underwater . By 2100, 2.5M properties at risk. Within 15 years, >150K
properties, $63B at risk.
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/18062018/climate-change-coastal-flooding-zillow-real-estate-data-sea-level-rise-homes-bus
McKenna, P., 18 Jun 2018, Coastal Real Estate Worth Billions at Risk of Chronic Flooding…
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/06062018/coastal-flooding-data-sea-level-rise-climate-change-noaa-report-high-tide-risk
Kusnetz, N., 2018, U.S. Coastal Flooding Breaks Records as Sea Level Rises, NOAA Report Shows: The frequency of high-tide
flooding has doubled in 30 years. Some cities faced more than 20 days of it in the past year, and not just during hurricanes.
Inside Climate News, 06 Jun 2018.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2018, Patterns and Projections of High Tide Flooding Along the U.S.
Coastline Using a Common Impact Threshold. NOAA Technical Report NOS CO-OPS 086. Silver Spring, Maryland. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National ocean Service, Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and
Services. https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/publications/techrpt86_PaP_of_HTFlooding.pdf
19
20. 20
Cleetus, R., 2018, Underwater:
Rising Seas, Chronic Floods,
and the Implications for US
Coastal Real Estate.
Cambridge, MA; Union of
Concerned Scientists.
www.uscusa.org/underwater .
By 2100, 2.5M properties
at risk. Within 15 years,
>150K properties,
$63B at risk.
21. Riverine Flood Losses and High-Intensity
Precipitation Worsening…
• Wing, O.E.J, P.D. Bates, A.M Smith, C.C. Sampson,, K.A. Johnson, J. Fargione and P. Morefield, 2018,
Estimates of Present and Future Flood Risk in the Conterminous United States. Environmental Research
Letters 13 (2018) 034023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaac65 There is also a video with good
graphics: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaac65 41M people in the lower 48
states are exposed to a 1% probability riverine/fluvial or pluvial flood, compared to 13 M in FEMA’s flood
maps. This is estimated to be a $2.9 Trillion dollar exposure. Important: this study did not include
climate change, such as increased intensity of precipitation or changed seasonality!
• Already observed: increases in high-intensity precipitation: US Global Change Research Program 2017
Climate Science Special Report. [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and
T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC; doi: 10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.]
• Future (using very fine-grain weather - not climate - modeling): High intensity precipitation increases
dramatically: Prein, A.F., R.M. Rasmussen, K. Ikeda, C. Liu, M.P. Clark, and G.J. Holland, 2016, The Future
Intensification of Hourly Precipitation Extremes. Nature Climate Change on-line publication 05 December
2015. | DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE3168.
• Donat, M.G., A.L. Lowry, L.V. Alexander, P.A. O’Gorman, and N. Maher, 2016, More Extreme Precipitation
in the World’s Dry and Wet Regions. Nature Climate Change 6: 508-513. doi:10.1038/nclimate2941
21
22. Heat Waves Worsening
• World Weather Attribution, 2018, Attribution of the 2018 Heat in Northern
Europe. [Collaborating institutions as of July 2018 include: University of Oxford Environmental Change Institute (ECI); Royal Netherlands
Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climate et de l’Environment (LSCE), Princeton University, National Center for Atmospheric
Research, and Red Cross and Red Crescent Climate Centre.] https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/
• “Heatwave made more than twice as likely by climate change, scientists find”
• https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/27/heatwave-made-more-than-
twice-as-likely-by-climate-change-scientists-find
• Fingerprints of global warming clear, they say, after comparing northern
Europe’s scorching summer with records and computer models.
• Japan, early July: severe floods, followed by heatwave: 35,000 hospitalized;
• 23,000 in one week https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/25/world/asia/japan-heat-wave.html
• IMPACT OF SUCH EVENTS ON FOOD SECURITY AND DEMAND?
• 2012: One quarter of US corn crop lost Berry, S.T., M.J. Roberts, and W. Schlenker, 2013, Chapter 2, Pp.
59-90 in Chavas, J. P., D. Hummels, and B.D. Wright, Eds., 2013, The Economics of Food Price Volatility. Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press. 22
23. Tipping Points and Dominoes… Just One More Horrible
Threat… the Worst?
• Wuebbles, D.J., et al., 2017: Executive summary. In: Climate Science Special
Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W.
Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S.
Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 12-34, doi:
10.7930/J0DJ5CTG.]
Holding change to +2 C will be very hard.
• Includes a chapter (15) on unanticipated changes, tipping points, and dominoes…
• “There is broad consensus that the further and the faster the Earth
system is pushed towards warming, the greater the risk of
unanticipated changes and impacts, some of which are potentially
large and irreversible.” Compound or cascading effects from positive
feedbacks may catapult change to fast global catastrophe.
23
24. Tipping Point and Economics – a small
selection• Stern, N., 2016, Economics: Current Climate Models are Grossly Misleading. Nature 530: 407-409 (25 Feb 2016),
http://www.nature.com/news/economics-current-climate-models-are-grossly-misleading-1.19416 [Lord Stern’s 2006 report, “The Stern Review” provided
comfort and calm about the economics of climate change; and that 1% of GDP would avert catastrophe. He later found this misleadingly optimistic.]
• Bettis, O.D., S. Dietz, and N.G. Silver, 2016, The Risk of Climate Ruin. Climatic Change (2017) 140:109. 118 DOI 10.1007/s10584-016-1846-3.
• Bradford, M.A., W.R. Wieder, G.B. Bonan, N. Fierer, P.A. Raymond, and T.W. Crowther, 2016, Managing Uncertainty in Soil Carbon Feedbacks to Climate Change. Nature Climate Change 6: 751-758.
doi:10.1038/nclimate3071
• Cai, Y., T.M. Lenton, and T.S. Lontzek, 2016, Risk of Multiple Interacting Tipping Points Should Encourage Rapid CO2 Emission Reduction. Nature Climate Change 6: 520-525
• Dietz, S. and N. Stern, 2015, Endogenous Growth, Convexity of Damage and Climate Risk: How Nordhaus’ Framework Supports Deep Cuts in Carbon Emissions. The Economic Journal The Economic Journal, 125 (March),
574–620. Doi: 10.1111/ecoj.12188
• Dietz, S., A. Bowen, C. Dixon and P. Gradwell, 2016 “Climate Value at Risk” of Global Financial Assets. Nature Climate Change 6: 676-679. doi:10.1038/nclimate2972
• Drijfhout, S. Bathiany, C. Beaulieu, V. Brovkin, M. Claussen, C. Huntingford, M. Scheffer, G. Sgubin and D. Swingedouw, 2015, Catalogue of Abrupt Shifts in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Climate Models.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on-line: www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1511451112.
• Editorial, 2016, Topping the Tables: Failure of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation ranks as the Most Impactful Risk to Society According the 2016 Global Risks Report from the World Economic Forum. Nature
Climate Change 6: 219. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2955
• Lemoine, D. and C. P. Traeger, 2016, Economics of Tipping the Climate Dominoes. Nature Climate Change 6: 514-519. doi:10.1038/nclimate2902
• Luderer, G., C. Bertram, K. Calvin, E. De Cian, and E, Kriegler, 2016, Implications of Weak Near-term Climate Policies on Long-term Mitigation Pathways. Climatic Change (2016) 136: 127-140. DOI 10.1007/s10584-013-
0899-9.
• Schlenker, W. and M.J. Roberts, 2009, Nonlinear Temperature Effects Indicate Severe Damages to US Crop Yields Under Climate Change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106: 15594-15598.
• Tokarska, K.B., N.P. Gillerr, A.J. Weaver, V.K. Arora, and M. Eby, 2016, The Climate Response to Five Trillion Tonnes of Carbon. Nature Climate Change 6: 851-855. doi:10.1038/nclimate3036
• Turner, G.M., 2008, A Comparison of the Limits to Growth with Thirty Years of Reality. Global Environmental Change 18(2008): 397-411. [Not economics but highly recommended.]
• World Economic Forum, 2016, Global Risks Report, 11th Edition. Geneva: World Economic Forum. http://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2016.
• Xue, K., M. Yuan, Z.J. Shi, Y. Qin, Y. Deng, L. Cheng, L. Wu, Z. He, J.D. Van Nostrand, R. Bracho, S. Natali, E.A.G. Schuur, C. Luo, K.T. Konstantinidis, Q. Wang, J.R. Cole, J.M> Tiedje, Y. Luo, and J. Zhou, 2016, Tundra Soil
Carbon is Vulnerable to Rapid Microbial Decomposition under Climate Warming. Nature Climate Change 6: 595-600. doi:10.1038/nclimate2940
• Zickfeld, K, S. Solomon and D.M. Gilford, 2016, Centuries of Thermal Sea-level Rise due to Anthropogenic Emissions of Short-lived Greenhouse Gases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Early Edition:
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1612066114.
• NOTE: this selection could be substantially increased and updated. 24
25. Why would a city want to invest in food
security?
• To stabilize institutional food costs – school districts, correctional
facilities, assisted living/nursing homes, food assistance…
• To acquire biofuels at stabilized prices/costs and with supply flow
management
• To invest in productivity for future benefits in meeting the preference
for local and high-quality foods
• To invest in high-value land and water that provides ecosystem
services (e.g. water quality benefits), amenity values for locals,
recreational benefits for visitors and locals, tax benefits (far lower
costs than residential with much higher revenues/cost
• And because food security IS NOT A GIVEN EVEN IN THE US…
• Now, a nasty little tour of global food insecurity… 25
26. The Climate Change, Global Food Security, and U.S. Food System assessment
[2015] represents a consensus of
authors and includes contributors from 19 Federal, academic, nongovernmental,
and intergovernmental
organizations in four countries, identifying climate-change effects on global food
security through 2100, and
analyzing the United States’ likely connections with that world.
The assessment finds that climate change is likely to diminish continued
progress on global food security through production disruptions leading to local
availability limitations and price increases, interrupted transport conduits, and
diminished food safety, among other causes. The risks are greatest for the global
poor and in tropical regions. In the near term, some high-latitude production
export regions may benefit from changes in climate.
As part of a highly integrated global food system, consumers
and producers in the United States are likely to be affected by
these changes.
Brown, M.E., J.M. Antle, P. Backlund,
E.R. Carr, W.E. Easterling, M.K. Walsh,
C. Ammann, W. Attavanich, C.B. Barrett,
M.F. Bellemare, V. Dancheck, C. Funk,
K. Grace, J.S.I. Ingram, H. Jiang,
H. Maletta, T. Mata, A. Murray,
M. Ngugi, D. Ojima, B. O’Neill, and
C. Tebaldi. 2015.
Climate Change, Global Food Security,
and the U.S. Food System. 146 pages.
Available online at
http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate
_change/FoodSecurity2015Assessment/
FullAssessment.pdf.
DOI: 10.7930/J0862DC7
26
27. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP
and WHO. 2017.
The State of Food Security
and Nutrition in the World
2017. Building resilience
for peace and food security.
Rome, FAO. P. 8
http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition
P 7: “…recent reductions in food
availability and increases in food
prices in regions affected by
El Nino/La Nina-related
phenomena… *** …in
addition.. .conflicts increased…
in particular in… high food
insecurity….”
27
28. FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP
and WHO. 2017.
The State of Food Security
and Nutrition in the World
2017. Building resilience
for peace and food security.
Rome, FAO. P. 55
http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition
28
29. Innovative Finance or Other Funding
• Revaluation of water portfolios: acquisitions are often valued at historic costs, NOT replacement costs/values in
current conditions; see Howe, Charles W., 2017, Getting Western Municipal Water Prices Right: Reflecting the Scarcity
Value of Water. Journal of the American Water Works Association 109(8). This may sharply increase binding capacity in
some states.
• Water Rates to finance watershed improvement and floodwater management by agricultural conservation. Earth
Economics 2016: major cities are doing this.
• Tax increment financing? Where there is added value (e.g. stabilized water supply?) this might be useful…
• Cost-benefit as basis for necessary and ordinary utility functioning (as in for least-cost capital facility needs)
• ICMA International City/county Management Association and GFOA Government Finance Officers Association,
2017, Chen, C. and J. R.Bartle, Infrastructure Financing: A Guide for Local Government Managers.
https://icma.org/documents/infrastructure-financing-guide-local-government-managers . In 2012, infrastructure
spending by local government (LG) was the lowest % of expenditures in more than 50 years. Only 13% of survey respondents thought that
needs were met and funding was adequate. ¾ of public infrastructure is built by LG. Municipal bonding is and should be the primary
financing method [matching costs over time to benefits; basic fairness – presenter’s opinion.] P 5: graphic of federal vs LG shares, kinds of
infrastructure. LG infrastructure spending “FELL DRAMATICALLY BETWEEN 1992 AND 2002.” (P 6). Special districts share has grown
sharply since 2002 (P 7). Reviews traditional financing (taxation, user charges, bond financing, etc., such as water rates to support revenue
bonds. About 90% of LG capital spending is debt financed. New funding sources: new taxes; impact fees, development exactions. New
financing: includes revolving funds for credit assistance. Public-private Partnerships are in new financial arrangements [see Lincoln Institute
of Land Policy: https://www.lincolninst.edu/courses-events/courses/webinar-planning-financing-successful-public-private-partnerships-
national on when to use them. ICMA report discusses pro and con for each “new funding source” such as local option taxes (29 States
allow), impact fees (27 states as of 2012); Special Assessment Districts; tax increment financing – capture some of value created, as a self-
financing district; can be overused and limit property tax growth; risky if gain in property tax is below forecast. Revolving funds are
discussed, and state infrastructure banks. State Bond Banks are used in 10 states to pool small bonding at lower rates and costs. “Green
30. Recent relevant financing articles from
AWRA
• Hansen, K. and M. Mullin, 2018, How Local Government
Fragmentation Drives Disparities in Water Infrastructure. Water
Resources Impact 20(4): 6-7. [July-August 2018]
• McKay, D., 2018, Funding Irrigation Modernization and Investing in
Rural Communities. Water Resources Impact 20(4): 8-9, 26.
• Bovee, B., 2018, Building on Water Assets: How Water Marketing Can
Help Finance Water Infrastructure for Irrigation Operations. Water
Resources Impact 20(4): 10-12.
30
31. COMMUNITY SUPPORT CAN WORK IN MANY WAYS --
CONTRACTS ABOUT PRIVATE PROPERTY ARE VERY WIDE OPEN!
BENEFIT CORPORATIONS AND CO-OPS AND MANY WAYS OF COMMUNITY SUPPORT… AND
INVESTMENT
THINK ABOUT EXCHANGES OF SERVICES AND STABILITY, NOT JUST MONEY
OWNERSHIP (single
agency)
PARTNERSHIP LEASE CONTRACT –
COMMON or
PAY FOR
COMMUNITY
SUPPORTED
AGRICULTURE
Fee simple – total
JUST BUY IT
As defined
OWN IT BUT
NOT ALONE
Land for long term; some
places called “ground
lease” for building
investment
Crops – commonly
VERY tightly
controlled by Non-
farm party –
40% of US AG NOW!
Non-farmer rights
vary with deal;
commonly a variable
portion of mixed
outputs
Permanent easement
– usually RIGID land
uses, especially if TAX
Breaks involved
(Fed Estate, State)
CAN BE Flexible
and
Contingent
Farming Rights – often
called plain leasing, for
specified duration usually
a few years or less
Share of crops,
historically tightly
controlled by land
owner
Can include
obligations beyond
payment or a mix;
Farmers set the
terms
Transferred
Development
Rights
Multiple Parties,
Multiple
Interests
(can implement
a coalition
Water Banks/Etc: --
where legally allowed –
wide variation, purposes
may be constrained, or
duration
Payment for
Ecosystem Services
can be contract or
more like partnership
Can include access
for amenity,
recreation, and
philanthropy
E.g. TDR for Smart
Growth Clustering
E.g. Water
sharing
permanent deal
E.g. Idaho Snake River.
Working water markets
E.g. New York City
watershed protection
for >1 BG/day
Hundreds are
florescing! Often
also with direct sales
A fine example of new
thinking with a solid
basis: Jordan, N.R., D.J.
Mulla, C. Slotterback,
B. Runck, and C. Hays,
2018, Multifunctional
Agricultural Watersheds
for Climate Adaptation
in Midwest USA: com-
mentary. Renewable
Agriculture and Food
Systems 33: 292-296.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S174217051700655
New institutions for new
purposes and needs – the
Why is Clear – now, the
HOW and WHO.
Editor's Notes
McIntyre, B.D., H.R. Herren, J. Wakhungu, and R.T. Watson, Eds., 2009, Global Report: International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development, by the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development Project. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. (Also available at: http://www.agassessment.org/).
Government Office for Science, (United Kingdom), 2011, Foresight: The Future of Food and Farming; Final Report. London. Available on internet. (Note: as well as full references in report, the Project also posted 38 reviews and working papers written in support; available at http://www.bis.gov.uk/Foresight.
Brown, M.E., J.M. Antle, P. Backlund, E.R. Carr, W.E. Easterling, M.K. Walsh, C. Ammann, W. Attavanich, C.B. Barrett, M.F. Bellemare, V. Dancheck, C. Funk, K. Grace, J.S.I. Ingram, H. Jiang, H. Maletta, T. Mata, A. Murray, M. Ngugi, D. Ojima, B. O’Neill, and C. Tebaldi. 2015. Climate Change, Global Food Security, and the U.S. Food System. 146 pages. Available online at http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/FoodSecurity2015Assessment/FullAssessment.pdf.
IPES-Food, 2016, From Uniformity to Diversity: A Paradigm Shift from Industrial Agriculture to Diversified Agroecological Systems. International Panel of Experts on Sustainable Food Systems. www.ipes-food.org (last accessed 20 Aug 16).