W4 MT1 Review
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This is the worksheet I created for my study group in preparation for their first midterm (Summer 2016).
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55701 mcr1 a (5)
This document contains an exam for a chemistry course divided into three parts:
Part A contains 12 short answer questions asking students to answer in 50 words. Questions cover topics like molecular configuration notation, Fischer projections of enantiomers, UV absorption of isomers, chair conformations of molecules, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms, and more.
Part B contains 5 longer answer questions asking students to answer in 200 words. Topics include optical activity requirements, Cram's rule, ketone effects, axial vs equatorial alcohol oxidation, ester hydrolysis mechanisms, and aromatic substitution.
Part C contains 4 essay questions asking students to answer in 500 words. Topics include R/S notation, stereoselective reactions
55701 mcr1 a (7)
This document contains a 25 question exam on organic chemistry concepts. It is divided into 3 parts: Part A contains 10 short answer questions worth 1 mark each, Part B contains 5 short essay questions worth 5 marks each, and Part C contains 4 longer essay questions worth 10 marks each. The questions cover a range of topics including stereochemistry, conformations, substitution and elimination reactions, reaction mechanisms, and more. Students have 3 hours to complete the exam which is out of a total of 75 marks.
55701 mcr1 a (4)
This document contains questions for an organic chemistry exam divided into three parts:
Part A contains 10 multiple choice questions testing definitions and concepts related to stereochemistry, functional groups, reaction mechanisms, and reactivity.
Part B contains 5 short answer questions requiring explanations and examples related to geometrical isomers, stereochemistry, stability of conformations and isomers, substitution reactions, and reaction pathways.
Part C contains 4 long answer questions testing understanding of stereospecific and stereoselective reactions, Cram's rule, optical isomerism, stability and activity of cyclohexane derivatives, SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, Dickmann condensation, determination of reaction mechanisms, and nitration reactions.
2004. preliminary study on the synthesis and high reslotion
2004. preliminary study on the synthesis and high reslotionRicardo Reyes Chilpa. Instituto de Química. UNAM
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis and NMR analysis of various Naproxen and Ibuprofen ester derivatives. Several diastereoisomeric Naproxyl-Naproxenate, Naproxyl-Ibuprofenate, and Ibuprofyl-Naproxenate esters were synthesized. Variable temperature NMR experiments showed differences in aromatic ring dynamics between esters, likely due to varying axial rotation speeds. Chiral shift reagent NMR experiments were also performed and provided insights into epimerization levels, assignments of proton signals, and geometries of the ester complexes.Lecture assignment 8 (tupaz, ishi pearl)
The document discusses three topics:
1) The importance of geometric cis-trans isomerism in vision chemistry. A shift between geometric isomers of 11-cis-retinal causes a signal transduction when light hits the retina.
2) The bromine water test to identify double or triple bonds. The test involves observing if bromine water is decolorized by an alkene undergoing addition.
3) Hydrogenation of alkenes is important industrially. Hydrogenation makes alkenes and aromatics less toxic and reactive, and is used in processing vegetable oils derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Mechanism of enzyme action
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College on 04.04.2013.
Aromatic Comp. Lec.4
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example
isotope effect and fragmantation
Isotopes are two atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are specified by the mass number.
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55701 mcr1 a (5)
This document contains an exam for a chemistry course divided into three parts:
Part A contains 12 short answer questions asking students to answer in 50 words. Questions cover topics like molecular configuration notation, Fischer projections of enantiomers, UV absorption of isomers, chair conformations of molecules, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms, and more.
Part B contains 5 longer answer questions asking students to answer in 200 words. Topics include optical activity requirements, Cram's rule, ketone effects, axial vs equatorial alcohol oxidation, ester hydrolysis mechanisms, and aromatic substitution.
Part C contains 4 essay questions asking students to answer in 500 words. Topics include R/S notation, stereoselective reactions
55701 mcr1 a (7)
This document contains a 25 question exam on organic chemistry concepts. It is divided into 3 parts: Part A contains 10 short answer questions worth 1 mark each, Part B contains 5 short essay questions worth 5 marks each, and Part C contains 4 longer essay questions worth 10 marks each. The questions cover a range of topics including stereochemistry, conformations, substitution and elimination reactions, reaction mechanisms, and more. Students have 3 hours to complete the exam which is out of a total of 75 marks.
55701 mcr1 a (4)
This document contains questions for an organic chemistry exam divided into three parts:
Part A contains 10 multiple choice questions testing definitions and concepts related to stereochemistry, functional groups, reaction mechanisms, and reactivity.
Part B contains 5 short answer questions requiring explanations and examples related to geometrical isomers, stereochemistry, stability of conformations and isomers, substitution reactions, and reaction pathways.
Part C contains 4 long answer questions testing understanding of stereospecific and stereoselective reactions, Cram's rule, optical isomerism, stability and activity of cyclohexane derivatives, SN1 and SN2 mechanisms, Dickmann condensation, determination of reaction mechanisms, and nitration reactions.
2004. preliminary study on the synthesis and high reslotion
2004. preliminary study on the synthesis and high reslotionRicardo Reyes Chilpa. Instituto de Química. UNAM
This document summarizes a study on the synthesis and NMR analysis of various Naproxen and Ibuprofen ester derivatives. Several diastereoisomeric Naproxyl-Naproxenate, Naproxyl-Ibuprofenate, and Ibuprofyl-Naproxenate esters were synthesized. Variable temperature NMR experiments showed differences in aromatic ring dynamics between esters, likely due to varying axial rotation speeds. Chiral shift reagent NMR experiments were also performed and provided insights into epimerization levels, assignments of proton signals, and geometries of the ester complexes.Lecture assignment 8 (tupaz, ishi pearl)
The document discusses three topics:
1) The importance of geometric cis-trans isomerism in vision chemistry. A shift between geometric isomers of 11-cis-retinal causes a signal transduction when light hits the retina.
2) The bromine water test to identify double or triple bonds. The test involves observing if bromine water is decolorized by an alkene undergoing addition.
3) Hydrogenation of alkenes is important industrially. Hydrogenation makes alkenes and aromatics less toxic and reactive, and is used in processing vegetable oils derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Mechanism of enzyme action
Presentation given by Dr. Karthikeyan at Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College on 04.04.2013.
Aromatic Comp. Lec.4
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example
isotope effect and fragmantation
Isotopes are two atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are specified by the mass number.
1,3 dipolar cycloadditions
The document discusses recent advances in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. It begins by introducing the [3+2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction which combines a dipolarophile and 1,3-dipole to form a five-membered heterocycle. This reaction is widely used in natural product and pharmaceutical synthesis. It then describes different types of dipolarophiles and 1,3-dipoles that can be used. The reaction mechanisms, classification based on frontier molecular orbitals, effect of Lewis acids, and methods for asymmetric variants are also covered. Recent literature examples of this reaction in natural product synthesis and regioselectivity/stereoselectivity are summarized.
Sigmatropic rearrangement reactions (pericyclic reaction)
This document discusses sigmatropic rearrangements, a type of pericyclic reaction involving intramolecular migration of an atom or group across a conjugated pi system. It defines sigmatropic rearrangements and explains that they can occur through thermal or photochemical processes. The document categorizes different types of sigmatropic rearrangements such as Cope, Claisen, and [2,3] rearrangements. It provides examples of these reactions and discusses factors that determine reaction stereochemistry such as suprafacial versus antrafacial migration. The document also references several organic chemistry textbooks for further information on sigmatropic rearrangement mechanisms and applications.
Photoisomerisation of aromaric compounds [recovered]
The document summarizes various photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds including photoisomerization and photoaddition reactions. It discusses how benzene and substituted benzenes undergo valence isomerization upon irradiation, forming meta and ortho products from excitation to S1 and S2 states respectively. It also describes the 1,2, 1,3 and 1,4 photoaddition reactions of alkenes to aromatic compounds, with the major products and mechanisms discussed for each. Examples of specific reactions like the 1,3 cycloaddition of ethene to benzene forming prefulvene are provided.
Spring Research 2016-MP
- Analysis of the reaction between an AP site-containing oligomer and compound M1 showed the desired modified oligomer via LC-MS/MS analysis. Gel electrophoresis indicated the reaction cleaved the oligomer with an estimated 5-10% yield.
- Future work will involve analyzing other synthesized compounds for their ability to cleave AP sites and designing new optimized small molecules for this purpose.
Chemical equilibrium
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 6 of Physical Chemistry on chemical equilibrium. It discusses the equilibrium constant, how equilibria respond to changes in conditions, electrochemical cells, and electrode potentials. Specifically, it explains that (1) a chemical reaction at equilibrium is at the minimum of Gibbs free energy; (2) changing temperature or pressure can shift the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle; and (3) the electrical work from a redox reaction is equal to its change in Gibbs free energy.
Enzyme kinetics and catalysis
This document discusses enzyme kinetics and catalytic mechanisms. It provides details on:
1. The catalytic triad of serine proteases (Ser195, His57, Asp102) and how inhibitors like DIPF can label the active site serine, disabling the enzyme.
2. The kinetic steps of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including substrate binding, formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, and release of products.
3. How transition state theory is used to explain the kinetic barrier for reactions, and how enzymes lower this activation energy to greatly increase reaction rates.
4. How reaction rates depend on parameters like temperature, activation energy, and catalysts through equations derived from Arrhenius kinetics
Artigo woodward hoffman
The document discusses orbital symmetry relationships in concerted cycloaddition reactions. It presents correlation diagrams for molecular orbitals in reactions such as the addition of ethylene to form cyclobutane and the addition of ethylene and butadiene. Based on these diagrams, the document derives selection rules for thermal and photochemical cycloaddition reactions involving changes in pi bonding. The selection rules indicate that reactions avoiding antibonding interactions are thermally allowed, while those involving antibonding correlations are photochemically allowed. The rules agree well with known reaction examples and can predict new possibilities.
chelotropic reactions
The document discusses cheletropic reactions, which involve the concerted formation or breaking of two sigma bonds at a single atom. It provides examples of reactions involving sulfur dioxide and carbene additions to alkenes to form cyclopropanes. It also discusses theoretical analyses, kinetics, thermodynamics, solvent effects, and orbital symmetry considerations for these types of pericyclic reactions.
Ch4910
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the acid hydrolysis mechanism of acetals catalyzed by a supramolecular assembly called M4L6 in basic solution. The assembly is able to lower the activation energy needed for the reaction and accelerate the rate of hydrolysis up to 980 times faster than uncatalyzed reactions. Kinetic studies show the reaction follows a A-2 mechanism where attack of water on the substrate is rate-limiting. NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze the reaction and products. The ability of supramolecular assemblies to catalyze reactions parallels the function of enzymes in living systems.
Aromatic Comp. Lec.3
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example.
Mesoionic compounds
Mesoionic compounds are heterocyclic compounds with delocalized positive and negative charges that cannot be represented by any single covalent or polar structure. Sydnone and munchnone are two representative mesoionic compounds. Sydnone, the most extensively studied mesoionic compound, undergoes substitution reactions and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. It can also undergo ring cleavage to form monosubstituted hydrazines.
Cheng 2015
This document describes a one-pot, three-component reaction to synthesize densely substituted benzofurans from methyl ketones, phenols, and nucleophiles. Specifically, it details:
1) The reaction of phenylglyoxal monohydrate, phenols like sesamol, and indoles produces benzofurans in good to excellent yields with acid catalysis.
2) Replacing phenylglyoxal with methyl ketones and using I2/DMSO allows an in situ generation of arylglyoxal from the methyl ketone for the reaction.
3) Various substituted benzofurans can be synthesized from different methyl ketones, phenols
7.29.10 enzymes (kinetics) coloso
The document discusses enzyme kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten model. It explains that enzymes convert substrates to products over time in three phases: an initial rapid increase, then a steady state. The Michaelis-Menten model describes enzyme velocity as a function of substrate concentration using the constants KM and Vmax. KM represents the substrate concentration at half Vmax. Inhibitors are also discussed, including competitive and noncompetitive inhibition and how they affect the kinetic parameters.
Determination of reaction mechanisms
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not.
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition enzymes and enzyme kinetics
Enzyme kinetics and the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis are described. Key points include:
1) Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions, increasing rates up to billions of times faster than uncatalyzed reactions. This is achieved through various catalytic mechanisms including acid-base, covalent, and metal ion catalysis.
2) Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe enzyme-catalyzed reactions, relating reaction velocity to substrate concentration. The Michaelis constant Km and maximum velocity Vmax are important parameters.
3) Different kinetic approaches like rapid equilibrium and steady state are used to derive rate equations depending on if reaction steps are at equilibrium. Rate equations can be plotted and analyzed to determine
Electrocyclic reactions
The document discusses electrocyclic reactions, which involve the conversion of a conjugated polyene to an unsaturated cyclic compound with one less carbon-carbon double bond. It notes that these reactions can occur thermally or photochemically, and with high stereoselectivity. It provides examples of electrocyclic reactions involving butadiene and hexatriene, and discusses the correlation between molecular orbital symmetry and the conrotatory or disrotatory nature of the reaction. It also addresses electrocyclic reactions involving reactants with an odd number of atoms, such as cations and anions, as well as photochemical cyclizations.
08 metabolism text
- Metabolism involves chemical reactions that build up or break down molecules, organized into metabolic pathways with multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps.
- Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules.
- ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions, which release energy, to endergonic reactions like transport and synthesis that require energy. ATP is regenerated through catabolic pathways.
Lecture 9
The document contains sample questions about nucleic acids and enzymes. For nucleic acids, it asks about nucleosides, the difference between RNA and DNA sugars, gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments, light absorption of nucleotides and proteins, components found in RNA but not DNA, and base pairing rules. It also includes questions about translating mRNA and forming codon-anticodon interactions. For enzymes, it discusses them as catalysts, mechanisms of catalysis including transition states and active sites, classes of enzymes, coenzymes, and factors affecting enzyme activity. Sample multiple choice questions test understanding of enzyme function, naming, components, effects of temperature, and catalytic mechanisms.
Orbital symmetry and Pericyclic reaction
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions are explained with FMO approach, Woodward-Hoffman rules and examples
DIELS- ALDER REACTION
The document discusses the Diels-Alder reaction, which involves a diene reacting with a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Key characteristics include versatility, stereoselectivity, and reversibility. The mechanism involves overlap of the HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile. The stereochemistry of products is governed by the cis principle and endo rule. Variations include retro Diels-Alder reactions and cycloadditions involving allyl cations/anions.
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1,3 dipolar cycloadditions
The document discusses recent advances in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. It begins by introducing the [3+2] 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction which combines a dipolarophile and 1,3-dipole to form a five-membered heterocycle. This reaction is widely used in natural product and pharmaceutical synthesis. It then describes different types of dipolarophiles and 1,3-dipoles that can be used. The reaction mechanisms, classification based on frontier molecular orbitals, effect of Lewis acids, and methods for asymmetric variants are also covered. Recent literature examples of this reaction in natural product synthesis and regioselectivity/stereoselectivity are summarized.
Sigmatropic rearrangement reactions (pericyclic reaction)
This document discusses sigmatropic rearrangements, a type of pericyclic reaction involving intramolecular migration of an atom or group across a conjugated pi system. It defines sigmatropic rearrangements and explains that they can occur through thermal or photochemical processes. The document categorizes different types of sigmatropic rearrangements such as Cope, Claisen, and [2,3] rearrangements. It provides examples of these reactions and discusses factors that determine reaction stereochemistry such as suprafacial versus antrafacial migration. The document also references several organic chemistry textbooks for further information on sigmatropic rearrangement mechanisms and applications.
Photoisomerisation of aromaric compounds [recovered]
The document summarizes various photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds including photoisomerization and photoaddition reactions. It discusses how benzene and substituted benzenes undergo valence isomerization upon irradiation, forming meta and ortho products from excitation to S1 and S2 states respectively. It also describes the 1,2, 1,3 and 1,4 photoaddition reactions of alkenes to aromatic compounds, with the major products and mechanisms discussed for each. Examples of specific reactions like the 1,3 cycloaddition of ethene to benzene forming prefulvene are provided.
Spring Research 2016-MP
- Analysis of the reaction between an AP site-containing oligomer and compound M1 showed the desired modified oligomer via LC-MS/MS analysis. Gel electrophoresis indicated the reaction cleaved the oligomer with an estimated 5-10% yield.
- Future work will involve analyzing other synthesized compounds for their ability to cleave AP sites and designing new optimized small molecules for this purpose.
Chemical equilibrium
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 6 of Physical Chemistry on chemical equilibrium. It discusses the equilibrium constant, how equilibria respond to changes in conditions, electrochemical cells, and electrode potentials. Specifically, it explains that (1) a chemical reaction at equilibrium is at the minimum of Gibbs free energy; (2) changing temperature or pressure can shift the position of equilibrium according to Le Chatelier's principle; and (3) the electrical work from a redox reaction is equal to its change in Gibbs free energy.
Enzyme kinetics and catalysis
This document discusses enzyme kinetics and catalytic mechanisms. It provides details on:
1. The catalytic triad of serine proteases (Ser195, His57, Asp102) and how inhibitors like DIPF can label the active site serine, disabling the enzyme.
2. The kinetic steps of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, including substrate binding, formation of a tetrahedral intermediate, and release of products.
3. How transition state theory is used to explain the kinetic barrier for reactions, and how enzymes lower this activation energy to greatly increase reaction rates.
4. How reaction rates depend on parameters like temperature, activation energy, and catalysts through equations derived from Arrhenius kinetics
Artigo woodward hoffman
The document discusses orbital symmetry relationships in concerted cycloaddition reactions. It presents correlation diagrams for molecular orbitals in reactions such as the addition of ethylene to form cyclobutane and the addition of ethylene and butadiene. Based on these diagrams, the document derives selection rules for thermal and photochemical cycloaddition reactions involving changes in pi bonding. The selection rules indicate that reactions avoiding antibonding interactions are thermally allowed, while those involving antibonding correlations are photochemically allowed. The rules agree well with known reaction examples and can predict new possibilities.
chelotropic reactions
The document discusses cheletropic reactions, which involve the concerted formation or breaking of two sigma bonds at a single atom. It provides examples of reactions involving sulfur dioxide and carbene additions to alkenes to form cyclopropanes. It also discusses theoretical analyses, kinetics, thermodynamics, solvent effects, and orbital symmetry considerations for these types of pericyclic reactions.
Ch4910
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the acid hydrolysis mechanism of acetals catalyzed by a supramolecular assembly called M4L6 in basic solution. The assembly is able to lower the activation energy needed for the reaction and accelerate the rate of hydrolysis up to 980 times faster than uncatalyzed reactions. Kinetic studies show the reaction follows a A-2 mechanism where attack of water on the substrate is rate-limiting. NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze the reaction and products. The ability of supramolecular assemblies to catalyze reactions parallels the function of enzymes in living systems.
Aromatic Comp. Lec.3
Organic chemistry has two main divisions. One division deals with aliphatic (fatty) compounds, the first compounds you encountered in Organic Chemistry I. The second division includes the aromatic (fragrant) compounds, of which benzene is a typical example.
Mesoionic compounds
Mesoionic compounds are heterocyclic compounds with delocalized positive and negative charges that cannot be represented by any single covalent or polar structure. Sydnone and munchnone are two representative mesoionic compounds. Sydnone, the most extensively studied mesoionic compound, undergoes substitution reactions and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions. It can also undergo ring cleavage to form monosubstituted hydrazines.
Cheng 2015
This document describes a one-pot, three-component reaction to synthesize densely substituted benzofurans from methyl ketones, phenols, and nucleophiles. Specifically, it details:
1) The reaction of phenylglyoxal monohydrate, phenols like sesamol, and indoles produces benzofurans in good to excellent yields with acid catalysis.
2) Replacing phenylglyoxal with methyl ketones and using I2/DMSO allows an in situ generation of arylglyoxal from the methyl ketone for the reaction.
3) Various substituted benzofurans can be synthesized from different methyl ketones, phenols
7.29.10 enzymes (kinetics) coloso
The document discusses enzyme kinetics and the Michaelis-Menten model. It explains that enzymes convert substrates to products over time in three phases: an initial rapid increase, then a steady state. The Michaelis-Menten model describes enzyme velocity as a function of substrate concentration using the constants KM and Vmax. KM represents the substrate concentration at half Vmax. Inhibitors are also discussed, including competitive and noncompetitive inhibition and how they affect the kinetic parameters.
Determination of reaction mechanisms
1. Reaction mechanisms can be determined through various methods like identifying products, detecting intermediates through isolation, trapping or labeling studies, studying the effects of catalysts and acids, and performing kinetic studies.
2. Isotope labeling and crossover experiments involve using isotopically labeled reactants to determine whether reaction pathways are intra- or intermolecular. Kinetic isotope effects also provide information about which bonds are broken or formed in the rate-determining step.
3. Acid and base catalysis can indicate whether proton transfer is involved in the rate-determining step. General acid catalysis means proton transfer is rate-determining while specific catalysis means it is not.
Biochemistry 304 2014 student edition enzymes and enzyme kinetics
Enzyme kinetics and the mechanisms of enzyme catalysis are described. Key points include:
1) Enzymes lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions, increasing rates up to billions of times faster than uncatalyzed reactions. This is achieved through various catalytic mechanisms including acid-base, covalent, and metal ion catalysis.
2) Michaelis-Menten kinetics describe enzyme-catalyzed reactions, relating reaction velocity to substrate concentration. The Michaelis constant Km and maximum velocity Vmax are important parameters.
3) Different kinetic approaches like rapid equilibrium and steady state are used to derive rate equations depending on if reaction steps are at equilibrium. Rate equations can be plotted and analyzed to determine
Electrocyclic reactions
The document discusses electrocyclic reactions, which involve the conversion of a conjugated polyene to an unsaturated cyclic compound with one less carbon-carbon double bond. It notes that these reactions can occur thermally or photochemically, and with high stereoselectivity. It provides examples of electrocyclic reactions involving butadiene and hexatriene, and discusses the correlation between molecular orbital symmetry and the conrotatory or disrotatory nature of the reaction. It also addresses electrocyclic reactions involving reactants with an odd number of atoms, such as cations and anions, as well as photochemical cyclizations.
08 metabolism text
- Metabolism involves chemical reactions that build up or break down molecules, organized into metabolic pathways with multiple enzyme-catalyzed steps.
- Catabolic pathways break down molecules and release energy, while anabolic pathways use energy to build molecules.
- ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions, which release energy, to endergonic reactions like transport and synthesis that require energy. ATP is regenerated through catabolic pathways.
Lecture 9
The document contains sample questions about nucleic acids and enzymes. For nucleic acids, it asks about nucleosides, the difference between RNA and DNA sugars, gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments, light absorption of nucleotides and proteins, components found in RNA but not DNA, and base pairing rules. It also includes questions about translating mRNA and forming codon-anticodon interactions. For enzymes, it discusses them as catalysts, mechanisms of catalysis including transition states and active sites, classes of enzymes, coenzymes, and factors affecting enzyme activity. Sample multiple choice questions test understanding of enzyme function, naming, components, effects of temperature, and catalytic mechanisms.
Orbital symmetry and Pericyclic reaction
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloaddition and sigmatropic reactions are explained with FMO approach, Woodward-Hoffman rules and examples
DIELS- ALDER REACTION
The document discusses the Diels-Alder reaction, which involves a diene reacting with a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Key characteristics include versatility, stereoselectivity, and reversibility. The mechanism involves overlap of the HOMO of the diene and LUMO of the dienophile. The stereochemistry of products is governed by the cis principle and endo rule. Variations include retro Diels-Alder reactions and cycloadditions involving allyl cations/anions.
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