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UNIT-II PART III.pptx
- 1. INTRODUCTION Volatile Oils: •Volatile principles of plants or animals are called volatile oils. •When exposed to air they get evaporated at ordinary temperature hence called ethereal oils. •They represent essence or active constituent of plant hence they are known as essential oils. •They are derived from terpenoids. •They are made up of isoprene units. •They are soluble in alcohol, ether and insoluble in water. •They possess characteristic odour. •They have high Refractive Index and optically active. •They are secreted in special structures called ducts, trichomes or schizogenous glands. •They are extracted by Steam Distillation, Effluerage & Ecuelle. •They are used as flavouring and perfuming agents. •They are stored in well closed container, away from light and in cool place.
- 2. General Tests for Volatile oils: •To the section, add alcoholic solution of Sudan III gives red color. •To the section, add tincture alkane gives red color. •Evaporation on filter paper. Mentha Clove Synonym Oleum menthe piperita Mentha oil Caryophyllum, clove flower, clove buds B. Source Oil – Steam distillation – fresh flowering tops – Mentha piperita – Labiatae Dried flower buds – Eugenia caryophyllus - Myrtaceae G. Source Europe & India (cultivated) Zangiber, India & Srilanka
- 3. Mentha Clove Cultivation & collection Soil: Sandy loamy soil pH of soil: Neutra Rainfall: 95-105cm Temp: 15-25° C Altitude: 250 to 400mts Propagation: Vegetative Sucker is planted in Jan/Feb During cultivation addition of Urea, Superphosphate & Potash. Make free from weeds At flowering stage harvested. Soil: loamy soil Rainfall: 150-250cm Altitude: 900 mts Propagation: Seeds Seeds are sown in Aug or Oct in nursery beds It takes 5 weeks for seed germination After 6 months transplantation to pots After 1 year it is transplanted to open field at shades of coconut plant Superphosphate and potash is supplied as fertilizers After 7 to 8 years the buds are harvested by handpicking or by beating with bamboos Dried in sun
- 4. Mentha Clove Preparation Mentha plants are dried until it looses tis 1/4th weight Mentha plants are placed in boiler containing perforated bottom Steam is passed through teh boiler and subjected for heating 3-4 hours The extract is placed in separating can In separating can oil is separated from water Oil is filtered C: Cl to yellow O:Characteristic & pleasant T: Pungent with cooling sensation. Clove oil is extracted by steam distillation process C: dark brown O: Slightly aromatic T: Pungent and aromatic – numbness.
- 5. Mentha Clove Menthol, Menthone, Pulegone, Jasmone (responsible for pleasant flavour), Menthofuran (Resinification hence develops dirty smell), Menthyl acetate, Limonene, Cineole, Pinene and Camphene. Menthol Synthesis of menthol begins with the synthesis of the terpene limonene, followed by hydroxylation, and then several reduction and isomerization steps. Pinene 70 to 90 % Eugenol 10-13% Tannin (Gallotannic acid) Eugenol is 4-allyl-2- methoxyphenol. Eugenol is an allyl chain- substituted guaiacol, a member of the allylbenzene class of chemical compounds. Chemical composition &Chemistry
- 6. Mentha Clove Chemical Test To oil addtion of nitric acid gives blue color upon heating changes to copper color later changes to golden yellow T.S of clove + KOH gives Potassium eugenate crystals is observed. Therapeutic Uses & Commercial Applications Carminative, stimulant, flavouring agent Mentha oil referred as trustable oil for health as hormone and purity. Mentha oil useful for improving nervous system. This healthy oil is useful for many skin’s related problems e.g. acne. It acts as a natural cleanser and gently cleanses the skin. Dental analgesic, Carminative, Stimulant, Flavouring agent, Antiseptic Used in manufacturing of Vanillin and preparation of cigarattes. Clove oil has anticonvulsant effects as well, which were already known in Persian folk medicine.
- 7. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel Synonym Cinnamon bark, Kalmi dalchini, Ceylon cinnamomum Coriander fruits Fennel fruits, fructus foeniculum B. Source Dried inner bark of shoots – Cinnamomum zeylanicum - Lauraceae Dried ripened fruits – Coriandrum sativum - Umbelliferae Dried ripened fruits –Foeniculum vulgare Umbelliferae G. Source India & Srilanka Europe, India & Russia India, Russia Germany
- 8. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel 60-70 % cinnamaldehyde 5-10% Eugenol, Other – Pinene Cymene, Cinnamaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CH=CHCHO. It is also known as cinnamic aldehyde; 3-phenyl-2- propenal; cinnamyl aldehyde; phenylalacrolein; cinnamal; and trans- cinnamaldehyde. Pinene Cymene 90 % Coriandrol Others – L-Borneol, Geraniol, Pinene, Vitamin A Enantiomers of coriandrol Coriandrol is - dextrorotatory linalool. 20 % Fenchone 50 % anethole Others – Phellandrene Limonene Anisic aldehyde Fenchone Fenchone, also known as alpha-fenchone, is an organic aromatic compound classified as a monoterpene and a ketone. It is an enantiomer of a (1S,4R)-fenchone. Chemical composition &Chemistry fenchone. Coriandrol
- 9. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel Therapeuti c Uses & Commercia l Application s Carminative, Stomachic, Astringent, flavouring agent, antiseptic, Used in spice & condiment. Commercially used in food & beverage, medicines, cosmetics, spice mixes, chocolate and confectionary, soups & sauces, bakery. Carminative, stimulant & flavouring agent, used along with purgatives to prevent gripping. Because it exhibits a sweet and strong scent, it is often used commercially in soaps and perfumes. Carminative, stimulant, expectorant, flavouring agent. The seeds are used as a flavouring agent in medicines and also relieve from flatulence. Fennel oil relieves from Rheumatic pains. The leaves are used in salads and as a garnisher. Fennel tea are used in chronic coughs.
- 10. Cinnamon Coriander Fennel Adulterants Jungle cinnamon Cinnamon chips (Untrimmed bark) Java cinnamon (C. Burmanii) Bombay coriander fruits Exhausted fennel