The document discusses English grammar and verb voice. It defines active and passive voice and explains that only transitive verbs can be made passive. The document also thoroughly explains the simple, continuous, perfect, and perfect continuous forms of verbs in the present, past, and future tenses.

1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
VOICE
By: Pooja Raj Srivastava

2. VOICE
• Voice is the form a verb takes to indicate whether the subject of the verb
performs or receives the action.
• Verbs are of two types: Transitive Verb and Intransitive Verb
• There are two types of voice: active voice and passive voice.

3. VERB
Verbs are of two types: Transitive Verb and Intransitive Verb
Transitive Verb: SUBJECT- VERB- OBJECT
Ram eats food.
Intransitive Verb: SUBJECT-VERB
Ram eats.
Only transitive verbs (verbs which take a direct object) can be made passive.

4. ACTIVE VOICE
When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is doing the action, we use
the verb of that sentence in its Active form:
A man is cutting down a tree.
A man= subject -- doing the action -- cutting - Active

5. VOICE
When we want to say that the subject of a sentence is not doing anything but is
allowing something to be done to it by somebody else, we use the Passive
Voice form:
A tree is being cut down by a man.
A tree = subject = not doing anything, but allowing ‘a man’ to cut it.

6. TENSE
Each of the three tenses has four forms or sub-divisions to show continuity or
completeness of the action and time. These are:
• Simple or Indefinite (does not indicate the completion of action)
• Continuous or Imperfect (action still goes on)
• Perfect (action is complete, finish or perfect)
• Perfect Continuous (action began in the past and still continuing)

7. TENSE
TENSE SIMPLE CONTINIOUS PERFECT PERFECT
CONTINIOUS
Present Plays. Is/ am/ are
playing.
Has/ have
played.
Has/ have been
playing.
Past Played. Was/ were
playing.
Had played. Had been playing.
Future Will / shall
play.
Will/ shall be
playing.
Will/ shall
have played.
Will/ shall have
been playing.

8. SIMPLE OR INDEFINITE TENSE
• general truths or timeless facts
• Habitual or repeated action
• Adverbs of frequency such as, often, seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are
used with this tense.

9. SIMPLE OR INDEFINITE TENSE
SUBJECT- VERB (Ist)- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He plays.
They play.
• Negative: He does not play.
They do not play.
• Interrogative: Does he play?
Do they play?
• Negative Interrogative: Do they not play?
Why do they not play?

10. PRESENT CONTINIOUS TENSE
• This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now.
• The action has begun and is still in progress.

11. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
SUBJECT- is/am/are-VERB (Ist) ing- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He is playing.
They are playing.
• Negative: He is not playing.
They are not playing.
• Interrogative: Is he playing?
Are they playing?
• Negative Interrogative: Are they not playing?
Why are they not playing?

12. • An action that was started in the past and has just been completed
• talk about an event that began in the past and continues up to the present.
.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

13. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
SUBJECT- has/have-VERB (IIIrd)-OBJECT
• Affirmative: He has played.
They have played.
• Negative: He has not played.
They have not played.
• Interrogative: Has he played?
Have they played?
• Negative Interrogative: Have they not played?
Why have they not played?

14. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINIOUS TENSE
• This tense is used to describe an action that started in the past is still
continuing.

15. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
SUBJECT- is/am/are-VERB (IIIrd) ing- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He has been playing.
They have been playing.
• Negative: He has not been playing.
They have not been playing.
• Interrogative: Has he been playing?
Have they been playing?
• Negative Interrogative: Have they not been playing?
Why have they not been playing?

16. The Simple Past
indicate exactly when an action or event took place in the past, which
happened at a particular time in past.

17. SIMPLE OR INDEFINITE TENSE
SUBJECT- VERB (IInd)- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He played.
They played.
• Negative: He did not play.
They did not play.
• Interrogative: Did he play?
Did they play?
• Negative Interrogative: Did they not play?
Why did they not play?

18. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
An activity that was in progress at a specific point of time in the past. The
emphasis is on the duration of the activity in the past.

19. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
SUBJECT- was/were-VERB (Ist) ing- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He was playing.
They were playing.
• Negative: He was not playing.
They were not playing.
• Interrogative: Was he playing?
Were they playing?
• Negative Interrogative: Were they not playing?
Why were they not playing?

20. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Used to express an action that was completed before another action started
in the past.

21. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
SUBJECT- had-VERB (IIIrd)-OBJECT
• Affirmative: He had played.
They had played.
• Negative: He had not played.
They had not played.
• Interrogative: Had he played?
Had they played?
• Negative Interrogative: Had they not played?
Why had they not played?

22. PAST PERFECT CONTINIOUS TENSE
• This tense is used to describe an action that started before a certain point in
the past and continued up to that point.

23. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
SUBJECT- had-VERB (IIIrd) ing- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He had been playing.
They had been playing.
• Negative: He had not been playing.
They had not been playing.
• Interrogative: Had he been playing?
Had they been playing?
• Negative Interrogative: Had they not been playing?
Why had they not been playing?

24. The Future
• This tense is used to describe an action that will take place at particular time
in the future.

25. SIMPLE OR INDEFINITE TENSE
SUBJECT- will/shall-VERB (Ist)- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He will play.
They will play.
• Negative: He will not play.
They will not play.
• Interrogative: Will he play?
Will they play?
• Negative Interrogative: Will they not play?
Why will they not play?

26. FUTURE CONTINIOUS TENSE
is used to express an action which will be in progress at a particular time in
the future.

27. FUTURE CONTINIOUS TENSE
SUBJECT- will/shall-be-VERB (Ist)ing- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He will be playing.
They will be playing.
• Negative: He will not be playing.
They will not be playing.
• Interrogative: Will he be playing?
Will they be playing?
• Negative Interrogative: Will they not be playing?
Why will they not be playing?

28. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
is used to indicate the completion of an action which will be in progress at a
particular time in the future.

29. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
SUBJECT- will/shall-have-VERB (IIIrd)- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He will have played.
They will have played.
• Negative: He will not have played.
They will not have played.
• Interrogative: Will he have played?
Will they have played?
• Negative Interrogative: Will they not have played?
Why will they not have played?

30. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINIOUS TENSE
is used to indicate the continuation of an action up to particular time in the future.

31. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINIOUS TENSE
SUBJECT- will/shall-have been-VERB (Ist)ing- OBJECT
• Affirmative: He will have been playing.
They will have been playing.
• Negative: He will not have been playing.
They will not have been playing.
• Interrogative: Will he have been playing?
Will they have been playing?
• Negative Interrogative: Will they have not been playing?
Why will they have not been playing?