This document discusses vitamins, including both fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble vitamins (C, B1, B2, B3, B6, B7). It outlines the functions and roles of each vitamin, as well as the deficiencies and, in some cases, excesses that can result from not getting enough or too much of each vitamin type. The document provides information on how each vitamin contributes to various bodily processes and symptoms that may arise without sufficient intake.

1. VITAMINS

2. 1. VITAMIN A
(Retinol/
Retinoic acid)
- Retinol is the
constituent of
retinal
pigment
RHODOPSIN.
1. VITAMIN A
(Retinol/
Retinoic acid)
- Retinol is the
constituent of
retinal
pigment
RHODOPSIN.
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS

3. DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:
1. Increased thickness of squamous epithelia
2. Bitot’s spots
3. Xerophthalmia
4. Keratomalacia
5. Follicular hyperkeratosis
1. Increased thickness of squamous epithelia
2. Bitot’s spots
3. Xerophthalmia
4. Keratomalacia
5. Follicular hyperkeratosis

4. EXCESS:EXCESS:
Rare Cases:
Bleeding
Hepatosplenomegaly
Carotenemia
Rare Cases:
Bleeding
Hepatosplenomegaly
Carotenemia

5. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINSFAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
2. VITAMIN D
(CHOLECALCIFEROL)
-Active component is
1,25-Dihydroxy-
cholecalciferol
-Causes
MINERALIZATION
of bone and teeth
2. VITAMIN D
(CHOLECALCIFEROL)
-Active component is
1,25-Dihydroxy-
cholecalciferol
-Causes
MINERALIZATION
of bone and teeth

6. DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:
1. RICKETS
2. OSTEOMALACIA

7. EXCESS:EXCESS:
HYPERCALCEMIA leading to
METASTATIC CALCIFICATION
AND RENAL DAMAGE
HYPERCALCEMIA leading to
METASTATIC CALCIFICATION
AND RENAL DAMAGE

8. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
3. VITAMIN E
(ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL)
ANTIOXIDANT
-neutralizes free
radicals for cells
to live longer
3. VITAMIN E
(ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL)
ANTIOXIDANT
-neutralizes free
radicals for cells
to live longer

9. DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:
1. Increased hemolysis of RBCs1. Increased hemolysis of RBCs

10. FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
4. VITAMIN K
(PHYLLOQUINONE)
-Required for synthesis
of prothrombin and
clotting factors
-Anti-hemorrhagic
vitamin
4. VITAMIN K
(PHYLLOQUINONE)
-Required for synthesis
of prothrombin and
clotting factors
-Anti-hemorrhagic
vitamin

11. 1. Hypoprothrombinemia
2. Excessive bleeding
3. Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)
DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:

12. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
1.VITAMIN C
(ASCORBIC ACID)
-Required for
synthesis of
collagen and
osteoid
-Vitamin C deficiency is
often secondary to
hyperparathyroidism
1.VITAMIN C
(ASCORBIC ACID)
-Required for
synthesis of
collagen and
osteoid
-Vitamin C deficiency is
often secondary to
hyperparathyroidism

13. 1. SCURVY 2. IMPAIRED WOUND
HEALING
DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:

14. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
2. VITAMIN B1
(THIAMINE)
-Coenzyme in
decarboxylase
systems
- Required for
synthesis of
acetylcholine
2. VITAMIN B1
(THIAMINE)
-Coenzyme in
decarboxylase
systems
- Required for
synthesis of
acetylcholine

15. DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:
1.Beriberi
2.Wernicke’s syndrome
3.Korsakoff’s
syndrome

16. 1. Transient flushing
2. Dizziness
1. Transient flushing
2. Dizziness
EXCESS:EXCESS:

17. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
3. VITAMIN B2
(RIBOFLAVIN)
-Constituent of
FLAVOPROTEINS
3. VITAMIN B2
(RIBOFLAVIN)
-Constituent of
FLAVOPROTEINS

18. 1. Cheilosis
2. Glossitis
3. Angular stomatitis
4. Corneal vascularization
DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:

19. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
4. VITAMIN B3
(NIACIN)
- Constituent of
NAD and NADP

20. DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:
PELLAGRA

21. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
5. VITAMIN B6
(PYRIDOXINE)
-Coenzyme for
decarboxylase
and
transaminase
systems

22. 1. Glossitis
2. Blepharitis
3. Dermatitis
4. Cheilosis
5. Peripheral neuropathy
6. Sideroblastic
anemia
1. Glossitis
2. Blepharitis
3. Dermatitis
4. Cheilosis
5. Peripheral neuropathy
6. Sideroblastic
anemia
DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:

23. Transient paresthesia
EXCESS:EXCESS:

24. WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS
6. 7.

25. DEFICIENCY:DEFICIENCY:
MEGALOBLASTIC
ANEMIA
SPINAL CORD
DEGENERATION