Vitamins are frequently classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances.. minerals that dissolve in fat, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, have a tendency to build up in the body. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate, must dissolve in water in order to be absorbed by the body. the body and cannot be stored. Any water-soluble minerals that the body does not use are mostly excreted in the urine. People require trace amounts of organic substances called vitamins. Every one plays a unique part in preserving health and body function. Some people may require supplements to improve their supply, depending on their lifestyle and overall health..
Vitamins are frequently classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances.. minerals that dissolve in fat, such as vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, have a tendency to build up in the body. Water-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate, must dissolve in water in order to be absorbed by the body. the body and cannot be stored. Any water-soluble minerals that the body does not use are mostly excreted in the urine. People require trace amounts of organic substances called vitamins. Every one plays a unique part in preserving health and body function. Some people may require supplements to improve their supply, depending on their lifestyle and overall health..
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- By ravisankar - iIntroduction,classification, Differencebetween fat and water soluble vitamins,slurces of vitamin A, chemistry of Vitamin A, Physiological Role of Vitamin-A, uses, Tretinoin and Isotretinoin
This ppt is oriented to review important antidotes for different kind of toxicities along with Vitamins which can be useful for students preparing for upcoming examinations like GPAT or other Pharmacy examinations.
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- ravisankar - iIntroduct...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Fat soluble vitamins (Vitamin A) Medicinal chemistry- By ravisankar - iIntroduction,classification, Differencebetween fat and water soluble vitamins,slurces of vitamin A, chemistry of Vitamin A, Physiological Role of Vitamin-A, uses, Tretinoin and Isotretinoin
This ppt is oriented to review important antidotes for different kind of toxicities along with Vitamins which can be useful for students preparing for upcoming examinations like GPAT or other Pharmacy examinations.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. MICRONUTRIENTS 2
Vitamins are nutritionally important organic
compounds.
Often coenzymes or cofactors for enzyme function.
Vitamins form biochemically through the life
processes of the plants and animals we eat.
Plants and animals synthesize vitamins.
3. Originally it was thought these necessary
compounds were all amines. Since they were vital
to our health they became known as
“vital amines”, ie. vitamines.
When it was discovered that some were not
amines, ie. not ' --ines', the name was changed to
vitamins.
4. The fat - soluble vitamins are much more soluble in
fats, hydrocarbons and similar solvents than in water
Vitamins A, D, K, E
Water- soluble vitamins are much more soluble in
water than in 'organic' solvents.
C, B complex (B1,2,3,6,12), Pantothenic acid(B5),
Biotin(B7), Folate(B9)
7. Vitamin levels in foods or supplements are
sometimes stated in Retinol Equivalents (RE's) or in
International Units (IU's). (2 sets of Units!!)
Several esters of retinol are equally effective and
thus are retinol equivalents (RE’s).
By definition , 1 RE of retinol = 1 microgram
Also by definition, one International unit (IU) of
Vitamin A =.3 micrograms retinol
Thus 1 RE=3.33 IU’s of Vitamin A
8. IU’s
• Can apply to all vitamins and always = 0.3
micrograms or 0.3 x10-6 grams
• RE’s only apply to Vitamin A (retinol)
10. Metabolism of beta carotene
• Oxidative cleavage of C=C and reduction to
alcohol
• Carrots etc. lots of beta carotene and
eventually an excellent source of Vitamin A
12. Do you smoke??
• Each puff contains ~ 1015 OH radicals
• Also cyanides (bind to hemoglobin)
• PNAH’s
• Try the blow test: exhale through a kleenex
and see the tar!
14. An antioxidant is a chemical so easily
oxidized itself that it protects others from oxidation.
Double Bond
eg. Vitamin A
Phenol
Part of Vitamin E molecule
OH
and / or
16. Vitamins - Some Generalities
• Fat-soluble vitamins can be accumulated in body
tissue/organs, eg. liver. Often there can be serious
metabolic consequences when ingesting 'mega-
doses', ie.10 - 100X the RDI.
• The water-soluble vitamins are often destroyed by
heat/water in the cooking process; also by
prolonged storage. Since they are excreted there is
usually no danger from 'overdosing' (vit B6!).
• Diet-related deficiencies do occur in vegans, the
elderly and alcoholics
• Chirality! ie. natural (D or L) vs. synthetic (D/L)
25. A - Retinol
Uses: vision pigment, good anti-oxidant (heart
disease? cancer?)
Deficiency: night blindness, (infant mortality)
Excess: blurred vision, teratogenic for pregnant
women, serious liver disease,skin
yellowing
Sources: highly coloured vegetables, liver, egg
yolks, fish liver oils
26. D - Calciferol
Uses: regulates absorption of calcium & phosphorus
Deficiency: rickets (bone deformation)
Excess: damage to kidneys/tissue due to Calcium
'deposits'
Sources: eggs, liver, fish oils, fortified milk, sunshine
27. E - Tocopherol
Uses: excellent anti-oxidant (protects cell
membranes); skin care
Deficiency: rare; (anemia, edema in infants)
Excess: 2005 study*** Heart attacks if overused
Source: vegetable oils, green vegetables,
nuts/seeds, wheat germ, meat
Vitamin E is not recommended over and above
what is in a multivitamin as of 2005
28. E: the vitamin looking for a disease!
• Still no well documented evidence for any
diseases directly due to its deficiency.
• Don’t take supplements!
29. K- Phylloquinone
Uses: essential cofactor in blood clotting
Deficiency: (bruising/bleeding in infants-
increased coagulation time)
Excess: dangerous if taking anti-coagulants such
as ASA
Sources: green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale)
Cofactor: a small molecule or atom that is
required for an enzyme to be active
30. B1- Thiamin
Uses: necessary for carbohydrate metabolism
Deficiency: nervous system deterioration (beriberi),
esp. in Far East because of milled rice
Excess: not known
Sources: lean meat, legumes, whole grains, in
'fortified' flour since 1940s
31. B2 - Riboflavin
Uses: cofactor in much metabolism
Deficiency: poor wound healing, breakdown of
tissue in mouth/nose
Excess: not likely (yellow urine!)
Sources: milk, organ meats, fortified cereals
32. Uses: required for all metabolic oxidations (needed
by every cell daily!), lowers cholesterol (in
excess)
Deficiency: deterioration of nervous system & skin
(pellagra)
Excess: not normal (dizziness, liver damage)
Sources: yeasts, meats, legumes, 'enriched' flour
B3 - Niacin
33. B5 - Pantothenic Acid
Uses: cofactor in fatty acid metabolism
Deficiency: not observed
Excess: not observed
Sources: organ meats, egg yolks, yoghurt, legumes
34. Uses: cofactor in >60 enzymes for a.a.
metabolism (the master vitamin!)
Deficiency: anemia, nervous disorders (est. in
almost 50% of NA women, esp. those
on oral contraceptives)
Excess: disable nervous system (present in body-
building diets)
Sources: green leafy vegetables, meats, fruit
B6 - Pyridoxine
35. B7 - Biotin
Uses: cofactor in synthesis of fatty acids
Deficiency: not observed
Excess: not observed
Sources: liver, egg yolks, nuts, legumes, soy
36. B9 - Folic Acid
Uses: cofactor for nucleic acid and heme synthesis
Deficiency: some anemias, if during pregnancy the
fetus has high probability of spina bifida
or other birth defects
Excess: possible danger for hormone related
cancers
Sources: green leafy vegetables, asparagus, organ
meats
37. B12 - Cobalamin
Uses: controlling factor for pernicious anemia
Deficiency: normally rare, but with inability to
absorb (>50 and vegans)
Excess: not known
Sources: animal protein, organ meats, milk, eggs
40. C - Ascorbic Acid
Uses: cofactor for collagen production, enhances
iron absorption, excellent anti-oxidant
Deficiency: scurvy
Excess: probably should avoid >1g/day (Linus
Pauling advocated up to 3g/day but no proven
benefits!)
Sources: citrus fruits, potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes
41. Vitamin C - will it cure my cold?
> NO, but….30% decrease in upper respiratory
tract infections
> ~1/3 of all NA ingests Vit.C = tons!
> Loses potency when exposed to air (50% less in
your OJ after 3 weeks in fridge).
> Helps maintain other antioxidants
> Smokers need ~twice the RDI/USRDA
By 1750 it was known that weekly rations of citrus
fruit would prevent scurvy. This fact allowed Britain to
'rule the waves' and for these sailors to be called
"limeys". Not isolated until 1928.
42. Phytochemicals - non-nutrient compounds,
found in plant-derived foods, that have
biological activity in the body.
2009 OJ: packaging “phytonutrients!”
Antioxidants (anti-aging/cancer/heart disease?) -
catechins (berries, green/black tea), lycopene
(tomatoes,watermelon), bioflavanoids (citrus
fruit, grapes), coenzyme Q (nuts,oils).
43. HO
HO
CH2
Squalene (Cod Liver Oil)
Solar Radiation
7-dehydrocholesterol,
occurs in the skin
Cholecalciferol
(Vitamin D3)
Formation of Vitamin D
49. Had your ORAC Foods Today ?
high Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity foods –
the top 15(for ~100g/3.5oz)
prunes
raisins
blueberries
stawberries
raspberries
plums
oranges
red grapes
cherries
5770
2830
2400
1540
1220
949
750
739
670
kale
spinach
sprouts
broccoli
beets
red pepper
corn
eggplant
carrot
1770
1260
980
890
840
710
400
390
210
50. Too Much Broccoli !
Two women with diseases characterized by
abnormal blood clotting did not improve when they
were given Warfarin. When questioned about their
diets, one woman reported that she ate at least a
pound of broccoli every day, and the other ate
broccoli soup and a broccoli salad every day. When
broccoli was removed from their diets, warfarin
became effective in preventing the abnormal
clotting of their blood. Because broccoli is high in
vitamin K, these patients had been getting enough
dietary vitamin K to compete with the drug, thereby
making the drug ineffective.
51. Vitamin O - the next miracle supplement!
Recipe: Take 8oz water, add a pinch of salt, bubble
in oxygen/(air?) for 15 seconds then sell
for $20(US) + shipping/handling.
Or maybe you would like to visit an 'oxygen bar'?
Get fined for US$400,000 (for 'fraudulent claims'),
change the wording and keep on selling. To-date an
estimated 1 million bottles have been sold!
Check out the ‘Net’ under ‘vitamin O’
eg. ~first 10 entries on ‘Yahoo’ or ‘Google’
52. Beware the Scam!!
• Exotic berry/fruit extracts will cure all!
• Goji Juice (from the Himalayas!)
54. CBC “5th Estate” Aug 31/07
• Goji juice expose!
• Cost is 50$ per liter on sale for 34.95$!
• “Dr” Earl Mindel has fake credentials
• MLM approach (Multi-layer marketing)
55. Constituents of Goji Juice
• Vitamin C
• Lycopene, carotene, anthocyanine
• All good, but available from readily
available fruits/vegs at a fraction of the
price!
• Buyer beware!!
56. Other exotic berries
• Now the acai berry!
• Has 10x the antioxidant properties of grapes
and 2x those of blueberries
• Used for generations by Brazilian jungle
dwellers!
57. 21 Chief health Benefits of Acai
• Boosts energy levels, improves digestion, improves mental
clarity, promotes sound sleep, provides all “vital” vitamins,
contains important minerals, powerful free radical fighter,
has high fibre levels, cleans and detoxifies the body,
strengthens immune system, enhances sexual desire and
performance!, fights cancerous cells, slows down aging,
promotes healthier skin, alleviates diabetes!, normalizes
cholesterol levels, maintains healthy heart function,
minimizes inflamation, improves circulation, prevents
atherosclerosis, enhances visual acuity
• WOW!!
58. But………….
• Small print “none of these claims have yet
been evaluated by the US FDA”
• “provides disease fighting benefits no
Doctor wants you to know!”
61. The “magic” of cranberries
• Many people are allergic to antibiotics used
to treat urinary infections
• Recent Harvard Study indicates that
cranberries contain a compound that
prevents E. Coli (Common cause of UI’s)
form binding to the wall of the bladder
62. Mechanism of action
• Presently under study
• But looks like Proanthocyanodins present in
cranberry juice are causing expression of
types I and P “Adhesin” , thus preventing
adhesion of E Coli.
• No drug reactions known with cranberry
juice
64. Beware the grapefruit!
• Juice/fruit inhibits the action of 2 enzymes
that are required to break down/metabolize
several drugs and make them effective.
• Including BC pills, cholesterol lowering
statins, several antibiotics, Valium, Zoloft
• And possibly Viagra!
65. New Fads in Drinks: 2009
• Vitamin waters $2 for 591mL
• Enough Vit. C (150mg) (RDA~60mg)
• Some of B complex present; but not B1
(thiamine ) and B2 (riboflavin);B3-B6OK
• 120 calories per bottle ( how much sugar??)
• “non-essential ingredients” water, cane
sugar, citric acid, veg juice (for colour),
natural flavor
66. Hot Sellers in the Carleton
Unicentre store!
• Many flavours and more on the way!