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Minerals
Minerals are inorganic elements that make up a small percentage of total body weight but play important roles in the body. They can be classified as major minerals, which are needed in larger amounts, or trace elements, which are still important but required in smaller amounts. Minerals have several functions including maintaining cell structure, acting as enzyme cofactors, and assisting chemical reactions. Deficiencies of important minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iodine, iron and sodium can lead to conditions such as rickets, osteoporosis, goiter, anemia, and hyponatremia.
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Minerals
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- 3. Introduction Minerals are inorganicelements which are utilized as structural components of tissue and cellular compounds, as catalyst for enzyme activity and to maintain normal osmatic and electrochemical gradients that support neuromuscular activity and cell membrane transport activity.
- 4. They constitute lessthan 5-6%of total body weight. These include calcium,phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, flourine, iodine, chromium, selenium etc..
- 5. Classification of minerals Minerals havebeen classified as Major minerals Trace elements
- 6. Major minerals Majorminerals include compounds that are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100mg/day. Animals and humans need major minerals, which include calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium in large amounts
- 7. Trace elements Trace minerals,also called as trace elements, are found in the body and required in the diet in small amounts although they play important roles in the body. These are iron, copper, iodine, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, selenium and chromium.
- 8. Functions Minerals have threegeneral functions in the body. Minerals maintain electro neutrality across cell membranes and help to maintain water balance. Minerals act as cofactors to many enzymes and participate as electron carriiers in several reactions
- 9. Functions and sourcesof minerals Name Functions Sources Calcium Maintains strong bones and healthy teeth. Helps the body to metabolize iron. Helps in regular heart beat Milk, cheese, yoghurt, soya beans, sardines, dried beans, ground nuts and sunflower seeds, ragi, sesame seed. Chlorine Helps keep the body supple Table salt
- 10. Name Functions Sources CopperKeeps up body energy by aiding iron absorption Dried beans and peas, whole wheat, prunes, calf and beef liver, most sea food, egg. Iron Hb formation promotes resistance to disease, prevents fatigue, prevents anemia Red meat, liver and other glandular organs egg yolk, nuts and dried fruits like dates figs etc.
- 11. Name Functions Sources MagnisiumPromotes a healthy cardiovascular system Figs, grape fruit, corn, almonds, nuts, apples, dark green leafy vegetables Manganese Helps prevent fatigue. Aids in muscle reflexes Leafy vegetables, peas, beetrrot, rgg yolk, wholegrain cereals and nuts.
- 12. Name Function Source PhoshorousHelps the body to repair itself Fishpoultry, whole grains, egg, nuts and oilseeds Potassium Assist in reducing blood pressure Oranges, lemons, grape friut, green leafy vegetables, bananas, potatoes and sunflower
- 13. Name Functions Sources SeleniumHelps the tissues to retain its elasticity Wheat germ, bran, tuna fish, onions, tomatoes, broccoli. Zinc Contractility of muscles Brewers yeast pumpkin seeds, eggs, lamb meat, soya beans, cereals, pulses, fish, vegetables
- 14. Name Functions Sources FluorineStrengthens bones Fluoride in drinking water, sea food. Sodium Helps the body muscles to function Kitchen salt, shellfish, carrot and green leafy vegetables
- 15. Effect of deficiency Calcium Calciumdeficiency leads to gradual demineralization of bony tissues This is due to decreased calcium absorption with age
- 16. Phosphorus Phosphorus deficiency isvery rare in human biengs. Abnormally low serum phosphate levels are seen in people who use large amounts of antacids which interfere with phosphorus absorption.
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- 19. Iodine Deficiency of iodinein humans leads to enlargement of thyroid gland resulting in goiter. The thyroid gland of the adult which normally weighs about 25g. May weigh as much as 200- 500g.
- 20. Primary and secondary hypothyroidism:mayresult due to Inability of gland to produce the required quantity of thyroid hormones. Lack of stimulation of thyroid gland by pituitary.
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- 22. Effects of iodinedeficiency in humans Adults(goiter) Children Lack of energy Symptoms Lowered IQ(10- 15pts)Impaired learning and preschool performanceMental retardation Delayed motor developmentGrowth failure or stunting Lack of energy Impaired coordination Muscular disorder Paralysis-sluggishness Speech defects Hearing defects
- 23. Effect of iodinedeficiency in pregnant women: Spontaneous abortions Still births Infant deaths Impaired brain development of foetus Birth of iodine deficient babies-cretin (mental deficiency, hearing defects, squint, stunted growth).
- 24. Fluorine A diet deficientin fluorine may increase the incidence of dental caries and in corporation of fluorine at a level of 1-2ppm in the diet prevented the disease. Surveys carried out on the incidence of dental caries in human beings have yielded
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- 26. Iron General fatigue andlassitude Breathlessness/Laboreol breathing Giddiness Pallor of the skin Oedema
- 27. Sodium Defiency of sodiumJon leads to hypinatremia in which the serum Nalevel is below normal. Symptoms of hypinatremia include Severe dehydration Decrease in blood volume Decrease in blood pressure Circulatory failure
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- 29. Hyponatremia Hypinatremia may occurin the following conditions: Prolonged vomiting and diarrhea resulting in excessive loss of digestive juices Chronic renal disease with acidosis due to poor absorption of sodium in the tumbles •Potassium •Hypokalemia •Hyperkalemia
- 30. Copper Copper is essentialfor normal development of bones, the central nervous system and connective tissue. Copper deficiency produces marked skeletal changes leading to osteoporosis and spontaneous fractures
- 31. Zinc Zinc deficiency hasbeen found to cause Growth failure-leading to dwarfism Hypogonadismi. e. Restarted genital development Loss of taste acuity Retardation of bone development. Tooth growth and eruption may also be retarded.
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