This document provides information about vitamins and supplements. It discusses what vitamins are, their functions, dietary sources, recommended intake levels, deficiency symptoms, and risks of excess intake. The document also focuses on specific vitamins like B vitamins and Vitamin A, outlining their roles, food sources, recommendations, deficiency symptoms, and those at risk of deficiency. It emphasizes that a healthy diet is generally the best way to meet nutritional needs, and supplements should not replace whole foods.
This is an overlook on the vitamins including antioxidants vitamins and bogus vitamins. This presentation includes the common essential vitamins together with it's sources and also functions.
This is report presentation for my class in Nutrition
Protein doesn't just mean steak! Nuts, beans/legumes, soy, and other plant based proteins can adequately meet a person's protein needs while reducing one's carbon footprint and improving health. In this workshop, discover how to incorporate more plant proteins into your diet with recipes using ingredients like lentils, chickpeas, almonds, and seitan.
DIET CLINIC, which provides unique, professionally supervised effective weight Loss & Therapeutic Diets programs to its clients.
NOW At Diet Clinic, Success can be Yours when you join the Diet Clinic with expert ‘tips’ and ‘advise’ from expert Dieticians. You can start losing weight and feeling better than you have, over the years, while you still eat your ‘favorites,’ whenever you feel. All these, can be achieved thru our ‘expert diet plan’ which takes all guess work out of dieting so you feel full and satisfied as you lose weight.
At Diet Clinic, we offer a different approach to weight loss. Our commitment is to help you regain a healthy and comfortable weight!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
This is an overlook on the vitamins including antioxidants vitamins and bogus vitamins. This presentation includes the common essential vitamins together with it's sources and also functions.
This is report presentation for my class in Nutrition
Protein doesn't just mean steak! Nuts, beans/legumes, soy, and other plant based proteins can adequately meet a person's protein needs while reducing one's carbon footprint and improving health. In this workshop, discover how to incorporate more plant proteins into your diet with recipes using ingredients like lentils, chickpeas, almonds, and seitan.
DIET CLINIC, which provides unique, professionally supervised effective weight Loss & Therapeutic Diets programs to its clients.
NOW At Diet Clinic, Success can be Yours when you join the Diet Clinic with expert ‘tips’ and ‘advise’ from expert Dieticians. You can start losing weight and feeling better than you have, over the years, while you still eat your ‘favorites,’ whenever you feel. All these, can be achieved thru our ‘expert diet plan’ which takes all guess work out of dieting so you feel full and satisfied as you lose weight.
At Diet Clinic, we offer a different approach to weight loss. Our commitment is to help you regain a healthy and comfortable weight!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. What are vitamins ?
Nutrients that our body does not
make on its own. Thus we must
obtain them from the foods we eat,
or via vitamin supplements.
They are essential for providing
good health and are necessary
for many life functions.
3. Supplements, what are
they?
Defn: synthetic or natural
substances which can be
purchased as pills, tablets,
capsules, wafers, powders, or
liquids.
4. Should I get my vitamins
from food or supplements?
A diet high in fiber and low in fat is the best way to
meet daily nutritional needs.
If you closely follow the “food pyramid” then you should
meet the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for
vitamins and nutrients.
Supplements are best when accompanied by a well
balanced diet.
Supplements should not replace a healthy diet.
Food provides calories and energy that are required
for daily activities, vitamin supplements do not provide
energy or calories.
V
5. Do I need a multivitamin
supplement?
It does not hurt to get a little to take
a multivitamin daily to ensure
proper nutrition.
Most college students are not
eating a well balanced diet and
could use the added nutrition of a
multivitamin.
When choosing a supplement,
select one that meets 100-300% of
the RDA.
6. What do Multivitamins
contain?
A multivitamin should contain fat-
soluble vitamins A, D, E; water-
soluble vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12,
niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin,
folic acid , and Vitamin C.
They will also usually have
minerals such as zinc, magnesium,
copper, and calcium in them.
7. What does RDA mean?
Recommended Dietary Allowances
These are suggested levels of
essential nutrients considered
adequate to meet nutritional needs
of healthy individuals.
8. What are antioxidants?
Defn: Substances that fight off
free-radicals in our bodies.
Free radicals are compounds
within our bodies that may lead to
chronic disease and/or are
involved in cell tissue damage.
Examples of vitamins that contain
antioxidants are… C, E, and Beta
Carotene.
9. What is the difference
between fat-soluble and
water-soluble vitamins?
Fat-soluble are stored in the liver and fatty
tissues. These are not readily excreted from
the body.
Water-soluble vitamins travel in the blood and
are stored in limited amounts. These are
readily excreted from the body through urine.
10. What factors should I
consider before taking a
vitamin supplement?
Do you eat foods high in vitamins and
minerals?
Are you dieting?
Do you follow the Food Guide Pyramid?
Do you smoke and/or drink regularly?
Are you pregnant?
Are you over 50 years old?
Are you taking prescription drugs?
11. Can I take too many
vitamins?
For the most part vitamin
supplements are safe to take.
Follow the recommended dosages
on the label of the bottle.
Fat-soluble vitamins are more
likely to be toxic to your health if
taken in excess, because they are
stored in the body, where as water-
soluble are excreted.
12. Should I take my
vitamins with food?
It is advised to take your vitamins
with a snack or meal to avoid
stomach irritation.
The presence of carbohydrates
and proteins stimulate digestive
enzymes that will allow for better
absorption of nutrients for the
supplements. (Iron should be
taken on an empty stomach)
13. Stress & Nutrition of
Your Body
Stress can cause your body to
excrete nutrients rather than using
them to perform vital functions.
Stress can also cause the
production of free radicals which
play a role in the development of
cancer, heart disease, and aging.
14. Supplements that aid in
suppressing stress
Increasing serotonin levels in the
brain wards off stress related
symptoms like depression,
irritability, and frustration.
The mineral magnesium can help
to regulate serotonin levels.
Antioxidant supplements can also
break up free radicals that cause
harm to your body.
16. B-1 Thiamin (Vitamin F)
Important in:
Producing energy from
carbohydrates
proper nerve function
stabilizing the appetite
promoting growth and good muscle
tone
ATP production
17. Sources of B-1
Pork
Fish
Liver
Legumes
Nuts
Whole grain or enriched breads
and cereals
18. Recommendations
Men 14+
1.2 mg/day
Women 14-18
1.0 mg/day
Women 19+
1.1 mg/day
1 broiled pork chop,
1.25 cups corn
flakes
OR
1 baked potato (w/
skin)
0.5 cup of lentils
1 cup raisin bran
20. B-1 Deficiency
Loss of appetite
Weakness & Feeling tired
Insomnia
Loss of weight
Depression
Heart & Gastrointestinal problems
21. Who’s at Risk?
Homeless & Malnourished
Alcoholics
People with malabsorption
conditions
22. B-2 Riboflavin
Important in:
energy production
carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
formation of antibodies and red blood
cells
cell respiration
maintenance of good vision, skin, nails,
and hair
alleviating eye fatigue
23. Sources of B-2
Large amounts in
dairy
eggs
meats
Small amounts in
leafy green vegetables
enriched grains
24. Recommendations
Men 14-70
1.3 mg/day
Women 14-70
1.0 mg/day
71+
Larger doses
1 cup raisin bran
1 cup milk
1 egg
OR
1 small extra lean hamburger
1 cup plain yogurt
0.5 cup fresh cooked spinach
1 cup cottage cheese
25. Warnings
B-2 is nontoxic at supplemental
and dietary levels.
Light can destroy riboflavin, so
purchase milk in opaque
containers.
26. B-2 Deficiency
Itching and burning eyes
Cracks and sores in mouth and lips
Bloodshot eyes
Dermatitis
Oily skin
Digestive disturbances
27. Who’s at Risk?
People with cataracts
People with Sickle Cell Anemia
Alcoholics
28. B-3 Niacinamide &
Niacin
Important in:
energy production
maintenance of skin and tongue
improves circulation
maintenance of nervous system
health of the digestive track
29. B-3 Niacinamide &
Niacin
Two Types
Niacinamide (Nicotinamide)
does not regulate cholesterol
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
highly toxic in large doses
Inosital Hexaniacinate is a
supplement that gives the
cholesterol regulation without high
toxicity
30. Recommendations
Men 14+
16 mg/day
Women 14+
14 mg/day
1 cup rice
4 oz. broiled salmon
1 tbsp peanut butter
1 bagel
OR
1 small extra lean
hamburger
0.5 cup grape nuts
cereal
31. Warnings
In doses of only 50-100 mg nicotinic acid can
cause dilation of blood vessels and potentially
painful tingling (“niacin flush”), diarrhea,
nausea, vomiting, and long term liver
damage.
Nicotinamide is almost always safe to take,
although a few cases of liver damage have
been reported in doses of over 1000 mg/day.
32. B-3 Deficiency
Pellegra
disease caused by B-3 deficiency
rare in Western societies
gastrointestinal disturbance, loss of
appetite
headache, insomnia, mental
depression
fatigue, aches, and pains
nervousness, irritability
33. Who’s at Risk?
Most people get plenty of B-3 from
their diet because it is added to
white flour.
34. B-6 Pyridoxine
Important in:
Production of red blood cells
conversion of tryptophan to niacin (B-3)
immunity
nervous system functions
reducing muscle spasms, cramps, and
numbness
maintaining proper balance of sodium and
phosphorous in the body
35. Recommendations
Men 14-50
1.3 mg/day
Men 50+
1.7 mg/day
Women 14-18
1.2 mg/day
Women 19-50
1.3 mg/day
Women 50+
1.5 mg/day
1 chicken breast
0.5 cup cooked spinach
1 cup brown rice
OR
1 baked potato with skin
1 banana
4 oz. lean sirloin
36. Warnings
High doses of B-6 may be
recommended to treat PMS, carpal
tunnel syndrome, and sleep
disorders, but continued use of
high doses may result in
permanent nerve damage.
Pregnant women should always
consult their doctor before taking
this supplement and all others.
37. B-6 Deficiency
nervousness, insomnia
loss of muscle control, muscle
weakness
arm and leg cramps
water retention
skin lesions
38. Who’s at Risk?
very rare
alcoholics
patients with kidney failure
women using oral contraceptives
39. B-12 Cobalamin
Important in:
proper nerve function
production of red blood cells
metabolizing fats and proteins
prevention of anemia
DNA reproduction
energy production?
40. Recommendations
Men and Women
14+
2-3 mcg/day
1 chicken breast
1 hard boiled egg
1 cup plain low fat yogurt
OR
1 cup milk
1 cup raisin bran
41. Warnings
Vegetarians need to look for
fortified sources (soy milk,
supplements).
Elderly often have trouble
absorbing.
45. What is Vitamin A?
Fat-soluble
Retinol
One of the most active, usable forms
Found in animal and plant sources
46. What does it do?
Vision
Generates pigments for the retina
Maintains surface lining of eyes
Bone growth
Reproduction
Cell division and differentiation
Healthy Skin
Regulate Immune System
47. Where does it come
from?
Animal Sources
Eggs
Meat
Cheese
Milk
Liver
Kidney
Cod
Halibut fish oil
49. What do these plants have in
common??
Most are orange or yellow in color
Beta-Carotene is precursor of Vitamin A
Masked in some green plants
50. How much is enough?
Children
2000 – 3500 I.U.
Men
5000 I.U.
Women
4000 I.U.
51. Signs of Deficiency
Night blindness
Decreased resistance to infections
Extremely dry skin, hair or nails
52. Who Is At Risk For
Deficiency?
Young children
Children with inadequate health
care
Adults in countries with high
incidences of vitamin A deficiency
or measles
Adults or children with diseases of
the pancreas, liver, intestines, or
inadequate fat digestion/absorption
53. Too Much Can Be
Toxic!!
Hypervitaminosis A leads to toxic
symptoms:
Dry, itchy skin
Headaches and fatigue
Hair loss
Liver damage
Blurred vision
Loss of appetite
Skin coloration
54. Other Side Effects
Severe birth defects
Women of child-bearing age should not consume more
than 8000 IU per day
Retin-A (acne cream) or Accutane can cause birth
defects
Retinol is most dangerous form because the body will
not convert as much beta-carotene to vitamin A unless
needed but it can still be harmful
Skin can take on a yellow/orange glow
Most cases of vitamin A overdose occur from
supplements but can occur from diet
RDA is considering establishing an Upper Limit
55. Foods High In Vitamin A
Retinol
Liver (3 oz)
30,325 IU (610% DV)
Fortified milk (1 c)
1,355 IU (10% DV)
56. … Foods High In Vitamin A
Beta-Carotene
Carrot (1 raw) 20,250 IU
(410% DV)
Carrot juice (1/2 c) 12,915 IU
(260% DV)
Mango (1 raw) 8,050 IU
(160% DV)
Sweet Potatoes (1/2 c) 7,430 IU
(150% DV)
Spinach, boiled (1/2 c) 7,370 IU
(150% DV)
Cantaloupe (1 c) 5,160 IU
(100%DV)
Vegetable Soup (1 c) 3,005 IU
(60% DV)
57. Polar Bear Liver
One ounce of polar bear liver contains
enough vitamin A (retinol) to kill a person!
58. Vitamin A, Beta-
Carotene, and Cancer
Surveys suggest that diets rich in vitamin
A and beta-carotene can lower the risk
for cancer (especially lung cancer)
However, one study was stopped
because subjects with increased beta-
carotene had a 46% higher risk of dying
from lung cancer
Another study showed that smokers
were more likely to develop lung cancer
if they took beta-carotene supplements
Beta-carotene supplements are not
advisable except in rare situations
60. Vitamin E
Fat soluble
Antioxidant
Reduce the energy of the free radical
Stop the free radical from forming in
the first place
Interrupt an oxidizing chain reaction to
minimize the damage of free radicals
What is it?
61. Protects cell membranes and other fat-soluble parts of
the body (LDL cholesterol) from oxidation
May reduce the risk of heart disease
May also discourage development of some types of
cancer
Promotes normal growth and development
Promotes normal red blood cell formation
Acts as anti-blood clotting agent
Plays some role in the body’s ability to process
glucose
Also been known to aid the process of wound healing
Vitamin E
What does it do?
62. Two studies published in the New
England Journal of Medicine by
Harvard researchers
Of 127,000 health professionals,
those who took large doses of
Vitamin E had a 40% lower risk of
heart disease
Vitamin E
Heart disease:
63. Vitamin E
What’s the difference?
Alpha Tocopherol
Tocopherol
Tocopheryl (Acetate, Succinate)
65. Vitamin E
wheat germ oil
vegetable oils
nuts and seeds
whole grains
egg yolk
leafy green vegetables
Where does it come from?
66. Specific Food Sources
vegetable oils
Corn, cottonseed, and peanut oil
nuts and seeds
Almonds, hazelnuts, sunflower seeds,
walnuts, and margarine
whole grains
whole-wheat flour, wheat germ
Vegetables and fruits
Spinach, lettuce, onions, blackberries,
apples, and pears
67. Vitamin E
Children
0-12 months 3-4 mg 9-12 IU
1-7 years 6-7 mg 15-21 IU
11-18 8 mg 24 IU
Males
18+ 10 mg 30 IU
Females
18+ 8 mg 24 IU
pregnant 12 mg
lactating 11 mg
Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA):
68. Taking more than RDA of vitamin E
improves the immune system in
the elderly
Jean Mayer (USDA Human Nutrition
Research Center) & Simin Meydani,
D.V.M. , Ph.D. (Nutritional Immunology
Laboratory)
The Journal of the American Medical
Association
Vitamin E
Other effects:
69. Severe vitamin E deficiencies are
rare
Lack of vitality
Lethargy
Apathy
Inability to concentrate
Muscle weakness
Vitamin E
Who is likely to be deficient?
70. Vitamin E
No harmful effects at 50 times RDA
(1200 – 1500 IU)
At 2,400 IU per day, may cause
bleeding due to its clot-preventing
ability
May reduce body’s supply of
vitamin A
May alter immune system
Vitamin E toxicity is rare
Can you take too much?
71. Vitamin E
Natural form more bioavailable
Easier to obtain the amount
needed from supplements
Natural foods or supplements?
72. Vitamin E
Who should take supplements?
People over the age of 55
Smokers
People who abuse alcohol
Anyone with inadequate caloric or
nutritional dietary intake or
increased nutritional requirements
73. Freezing may destroy Vitamin E
Extreme heat causes Vitamin E to
break down
Avoid deep-fat frying foods that
are natural sources of Vitamin E
Reduces potential toxicity of
Vitamin A - Excessive doses
causes Vitamin A depletion
Vitamin E
Miscellaneous:
75. Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid (Toxic to
viruses,bacteria, and some
malignant tumor cells)
Antioxidant
water-soluble
76. What are C’s functions
in the body?
Protects you body from free radicals
helps form connective tissue that hold your
bones, muscles, and tissues together (collagen)
aids in the healing of wounds
aids the body in absorbing iron from plant
sources
helps to keep your gums healthy
helps your body to fight infections
aids in the prevention of heart disease
helps prevent some forms of cancer
77. Harmful effects in larger
doses:
(over 1000mg/ dose)
Diarrhea
gastrointestinal discomfort
rebound Scurvy
Avoid chewable tablets (may
cause damage to teeth)
78. Since Vitamin C is water-soluble
excess amounts that the body
does not need will be excreted, but
larger doses can cause some
problems. . .
80. Recommended Dietary
Intake
Men: 60mg/day
Women:
60mg/day
Pregnant women:
95mg/day
Children:
45mg/day
Take divided doses of
the vitamin twice
daily to get the best
results, and less
excretion.
Smoking, oral
contraceptives,
steroids, excessive
alcohol consumption,
and analgesics
increase the need for
this vitamin
81. Sources of Vitamin C
Guava, Broccoli, Cantaloupe, Red
Bell Pepper, Orange Juice,
Strawberries, Tomato Juice, Raw
Tomato, Sweet Potato, Tangerine,
Spinach, Leafy Greens, Berries,
Citrus Fruits
LINK (list of fruits &veggies that
are good sources of C)
www.heartinfo.org/nutrition/vitc428
98.htm
82. Deficiency of C causes:
Weight loss
fatigue and joint pain
scurvy (bruising easily, bleeding
gums, and tendency for bones to
fracture)
reduced resistance to colds and
infections
slow healing of wounds and
fractured bones
83. Fact or Fiction: Vitamin C
causes Kidney Stone
formation
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of
Public Health
Study done on 45,251 men that had no previous
cases of kidney stones. Some subjects took up to 30
times the RDA values, and showed no increased risk
of kidney stone formation.
84. Food or Supplement?
The Mayo Clinic states that “your body needs
macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fat)
for energy and micronutrients (vitamins and
minerals) for many functions. Whole foods are an
excellent choice.” They also stated that “an
orange provides not only vitamin C but also
carotene, calcium, and free sugars for energy. A
vitamin C supplement is lacking these.”
The American Heart Association “recommends
that healthy individuals obtain adequate nutrient
intakes from food eaten in variety and
moderation, rather than from supplements.”
86. 1: Evaluate the role of dietary supplements in the
prevention of disease and reduction of risk
factors associated with disease.
2: Evaluate the role of dietary supplements in
physical and mental health and in performance.
3: Explore the biochemical and cellular effects of
dietary supplements on biological systems and
their physiological impact across the life cycle
4: Improve scientific methodology as related to
the study of dietary supplements.
5: Inform and educate scientists, health care
providers, and the public about the benefits and
risks of dietary supplements.