This document summarizes information about vitamin B1 (thiamine) and its active coenzyme form, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). It discusses the history of thiamine discovery and its chemical structure. Thiamine is converted to TPP in the liver and intestinal mucosa by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphokinase using ATP. TPP acts as a coenzyme, transferring aldehyde groups in metabolic reactions. Sources of thiamine are mentioned and a deficiency can cause beriberi. Functions include roles in growth, nervous system maintenance, and metabolism.

1. PADMASHREE INSTITUTE OF
MANEGMENT AND SCIENCE.
Seminar topic on;
TPP( Thiamine pyrophosphate)
Presented by;
Shylesh murthy I .A
2NDyr Msc biotechnology
PIMS

2. VITAMIN B1(THIAMINE)
History
 Old literature : Thiamine was called ‘Aneurine’ – can relieve neuritis Also
called ‘
 Anti – beri beri factor’
Batavia isolated the vitamin & named it as ‘Thiamine’ .
 Structure was elucidated by Adolf Windaus – Nobel prize in 1928

3. Many Enzymes Require
Cofactors for Activity
 A cofactor is a small non-protein molecules that is bound
(either tightly or loosely) to an enzyme and is required for
catalysis.
 Catalytic activity of many enzymes depends on the
presence of cofactors.

4. Many Enzymes Require
Cofactors for Activity

5. 5
Types of cofactors

6. Coenzymes
• Organic molecule that temporarily binds to
apoenzyme in order for it to work
+
apoenzyme
coenzyme
holoenzyme
Protein Non-Protein Total

7. Coenzyme
 Coenzymes are small organic non-protein molecules.
 Loosely attached to apoenzymes, seperated easily
by dialysis they are often called cosubstrate or
secondary substrate.
 Reaction involving:
 oxidoreduction,
 group. transfer,
 Isomerization and
 covalent bond formation req. coenzyme.

8. The functional role of Coenzymes is to act as
transporters of chemical group
 A coenzyme is a necessary helper for enzymes
that assist in biochemical transformations.
 These molecules act to transfer chemical groups
between enzymes or from Enzyme to substrate
or product.
 A coenzyme Transport a variety of chemical groups
(Such as Hydride, Acetyl, Formyl, Methenyl or
methyl).

9. Vitamins of B complex group acting as co-
enzymes
vitamins active form (co-enzyme)
Thiamine Vitamin B 1 TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)
Riboflavin Vitamin B 2 FMN, FAD
Niacin Vitamin B 3 NAD,NADH
Pantothenic acid Vitamin
B 5
component of coenzyme
A
Pyridoxine Vitamin B 6 PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
Biotin Biotin
Folic acid THF (Tetrahydrofolate)
Cobalamine Vitamin B 12 cobamide

10. VB1（ Thiamine）
 Thiamin pyrophosphate（TPP）
 The first discovery of vitamin
 Structure：

11. Chemistry
􀂒Sulphur containing vitamin
􀂒Thiamine is composed of -
- Thiazole ring
- Pyrimidine ring
Two rings are linked by ‘Methylene bridge’.
Thiazole ring: 4-methyl-5-hydroxyethylthiazole
Pyrimidine ring: 2,5-dimethyl-4-aminopyrimidine
 White, needle shaped, water soluble crystals having a characteristic odour
Destroyed by heat, oxidising & reducing agents

12. Coenzyme: thiamine pyrophosphate

13. Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
The active form is thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
 Thiamin is rapidly converted to thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) in
small intestine, brain and liver.
 TPP is formed from thiamin by the action of thiamine
diphosphotransferase.
 Entity Transferred; Aldehydes

14. Functions
􀂄Thiamine is essential for growth & development
􀂄Thiamine is essential for the maintenance of nervous tissue
􀂄Physiological Role
􀂄Metabolic role
􀂄Thiamine is converted into its active coenzyme form ‘Thiamine pyrophosphate’
􀂄Reaction takes place in the liver & intestinal mucosa
􀂄Catalysed by the enzyme ‘ Thiamine pyrophosphokinase’ requiring ATP

15. Absorption, Transport Storage & Excretion
􀂄Thiamine is readily absorbed from small intestine
􀂄It is distributed throughout the body after absorption
􀂄Thiamine is not stored in appreciable amounts in the body but relatively
high concentration is seen in heart, liver & kidneys
􀂄Excess thiamine is excreted in urine & some of it is also metabolised
􀂄Normal thiamine levels in serum:0.5 to 1 μg/dl

16. Snapshot 7-6, p, 236
sources：

17.  Deficiency：beriberi

18. References
1. Trevor palmer enzymes ; Page No 214
2. Davia donald l.gary M.lampman. George s kritz , Randalll g.engel[2006
‘INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC LABORATORY TECHNIQUES’ Pg no 304-305
3. Internet data base . www.sciencedirect.com

19. .Thank you ……….