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Vitamin b3 & b6
- 1. Prepared by C R RAJEESHA
- 2. INTRODUCTION Vitamin B complex as the name suggests, comprises of a group of vitamins which essentially are same in many respects. Water soluble, cyclic ring structure with side chains & are alcohols, amines or acids. All are enzymes, co-enzymes or apo-enzymes and play key roles in metabolic reactions.
- 3. Readily absorbed from different regions of intestine Easily destroyed or washed out during food storage and preparation deficiency-beri-beri, pellagra, peripheral neuropathies, & oral ‘n genital lesions.
- 4. NIACIN or NICOTONAMIDE required for activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) & nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) . First isolated from rice polishing. Being water soluble, hence discharged through urine. Body cannot make vitamin B 3. 3 forms – Nicotinic acid, niacinamide and inositol Hexaniacinate. Available in tablet,doses or supplements.
- 5. FOOD SOURCES Widely distributed in plant and animal foods mainly as the pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP. Rich sources – dried yeast, rice polishing, peanuts, liver. Good sources – whole cereals, legumes, meat & fish. Fair sources – milled cereals, maize, roots and tubers, other vegetables, milk & eggs.
- 6. TRANSPORT, ABSORPTION, STORAGE & ELIMINATION At low conc. Na+ dependent facilitated diffusion At higher conc. Passive diffusion. Nicotinamide major form in blood NAD & NADP main dietary forms Tissues take up by simple diffusion and erythrocyte facilitated transport N’1-methyl nicotinamide (NMN) is excreted form through urine. Excretion depends on amount available in body.
- 7. FUNCTIONS & UTILIZATIONS Protective role – skin, intestinal tract, nervous system and liver. Coenzyme activity- involved metabolic activities. Metal chelating ability- part of glucose tolerance factor. Treats pellagra- alleviate symptoms of the disease. Reduces risk of heart disease – cholesterol management
- 8. May alleviate symptoms of arthritis – minimizes inflammation Lowers levels of triglycerides – halts action of triglyceride synthesis enzyme Provides energy – convert CHO, protein and fats Helps treat impotency – create sex hormones Improves mental health – treats disorders, depression & anxiety.
- 9. Treats diabetes - an regulate HBA1C levels. Improves function of skin – protects from sun damage and prevent skin cancer Lowers LDL & Increase HDL cholesterol Regulates digestion
- 10. DEFICIENCY Deficiency results in pellagra and affects : Digestive system Skin Nervous system TOXICITY Leads to hepatotoxicity as well as dermatological manifestations
- 11. RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE Requirements depend on various factors such as energy utilization, body size, dietary tryptophan GROUP ICMR Man – sedentary work 16 - moderate work 18 - heavy work 21 Woman - sedentary work 12 - Moderate work 14 - Heavy work 15 Pregnancy +2
- 12. Children = 1 – 3 years 8 = 4 – 6 years 11 =7 – 9 years 13 Adolescent = boys 10 – 12 years 15 = girls 10 - 12 years 13 Boys 13 – 15 years 16 Girls 13 – 15 years 14 Lactation = 0 – 6 months +4 = 6 – 12 months +3 Infants 0 – 6 months 710ug/kg 6 – 12 months 650 ug / kg
- 13. PYRIDOXINE
- 14. Water soluble ; naturally present in many foods. Pyridoxal 5 phosphate (PLP) & Pyridoxamine 5 phosphate – co-enzyme forms. Naturally occur – glycosylated forms ; reduced bioavailability. INTRODUCTION
- 15. SOURCES Fish , beef liver and other organ meats Potatoes, and other starchy vegetables and fruits (except citrus fruits) chick peas, tuna, salmon, chicken breast breakfast cereals (fortified), banana, cottage cheese, rice, nuts, raisins, onions, spinach, tofu, watermelon.
- 16. For activity of numerous enzymes. Synthesis of neuro - transmitter. Synthesis of hemoglobin,white blood cells and oxygen carrying. FUNCTIONS
- 17. Participates in CHO, protein, fat and vitamin metabolism. Recycle homocystine to amino acid cystine. Anti – atherosclerotic effect.
- 18. Storage in plants and animal foods – pyridoxine, pyridoxal & pyridoxamine. Absorption primarily in intestine mostly in jejunum through passive diffusion. Transported through plasma and blood,80% stored in muscles, excretion through urine. ABSORPTION , TRANSPORT, STORAGE & ELIMINATION
- 19. Intestine Liver Blood Tissue Urine PL PN PM PMP 4 – PA PL PLP B2 PN PNP PM PMP 4 – PA Albumin – PLP PLP PL PL Hb PLP RBC PL PLP 4 – PA PL - PL Hb PLP
- 20. A review by Gregory confirms that bioavailabilty of vitamin B 6 in a mixer diet is about 75%. The amine & aldehyde forms are probably about 10% less effective than pyridoxine. Despite the involvement of PLP with many enzyme affecting amino-acid metabolism, there seems to be only a slight effect of dietary protein on vitamin B6 status. BIOAVAILABILITY
- 21. Isolated deficiency is uncommon. Associated with low conc. of other B complex vitamins such as vitamin B12 & folic acid. Causes biochemical changes which becomes more obvious on progression of deficiency. DEFICIENCY
- 22. Microcytic anaemia, electroencephalic abnormalities, dermatitis with chielosis and glossitis, depression & confusion and weakened immune system. Infants – irritability, abnormally acute hearing and convulsive seizures.
- 23. End stage renal diseases, chronic renal insufficiency, and other kidney diseases. Malabsorption syndrome such as celiac disease, crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Genetic diseases such as homocystinuria. Some medications such as antiepileptic drugs. CAUSES FOR DEFICIENCY
- 24. Cannot occur from eating natural foods but from supplementing with its synthetic form, pyridoxine. Not thought to occur until ingesting at least 100 mg daily,if not 500mg daily for many weeks consecutively. Nerve irritation - Smaller peripheral nerves of hands and feet and thereby causes numbness. TOXICITY
- 25. Severe fatigue – Insomnia Mood changes – Debilitating physical symptoms Nerve damage – Permanent damage. Headaches - Dull pain to throbbing and migraine like
- 26. THANK YOU