The document discusses solid waste, its sources, management, and biogas production, highlighting various types of solid waste and their characteristics. It explains the anaerobic digestion process used to produce biogas, primarily from agricultural waste like cow dung, and outlines the uses of biogas as a fuel. Additionally, it covers sugar industry by-products like molasses and bagasse, emphasizing their value in producing various chemicals and as biofuels.

1.  SOLID WASTES .

2.  Introduction
 Source And Management
 Biogas production
 Process of Biogas production
 By products of Sugar Industries
 References

3. SOLID WASTE

4.  Solid waste is defined as
"non liquid, non soluble materials
ranging from municipal garbage to industrial
wastes that contain complex and sometimes
hazardous substances.
 It also include:-
 Garbage
 Sewage treatment residue
 Dead animals
 Manure and other discarded material

5.  Agriculture
 Fisheries
 Household
 Commercial and Industry
MANAGEMENT :-
 Storage
 Collection
 Transport and Handling
 Recyling
SOURCES :-

7.  Biogas is a mixture of gases composed of
methane (50-80%), carbon dioxide (15-40%),
nitrogen (4%) and hydrogen sulfide (1%)
with trace of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon
monoxide.
 USES :
 It can be used for cooking purpose.
 Gobar gas can generate electricity.
 Methane gas is used as a fuel for domestic
and industrial purposes.

8. SUBSTRATES :-
 The usual substrates for biogas
production are the waste products of
animal husbandry, industries, agriculture
and municipalities.
 In India and other developing countries
cattle dung is most commonly used.

9.  Biogas production from biomass is an anaerobic process.
 The anaerobic digestion is usually carried out by using are
referred to as anaerobic digesters.
 A digester may be made up of concrete bricks and cement or
steel, usually built underground.
 The digester has an inlet attached to a mixing tank feeding
cow dung.
 The methanogenic bacteria from another digester are also
added with cow dung.
 The digester is attached to a movable gas holding or storage
tank with a gas outlet.
 The used slurry comes out from the digester through an
outlet. This can be used as a manure.

10. BIOGAS PLANT

11.  By using simple technology,
agricultural, industrial and municipal
wastes can be converted into a
biofuel.
 The left over residue after biogas
formation can be used as fertilizers.

12.  Molasses
 Molasses is a viscous by product of refining
sugarcane or sugar beets into sugar.
 It contain solids, sucrose and reducing sugars.
 Total sugar content is 45-55%. Hence it is a valuable
raw material for the producton of many value added
products.
 India has the largest chemical industry in the world
using sugarcane molasses to produce acetaldehyde,
acetic acid, polyvinyl chloride, synthetic rubber etc.
 Citric acid is produced easily from molasses by
submerged fermentation.

13.  Bagasse is the fibrous matter that remains
after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract
their juice.
 It is a dry pulpy residue left after the
extraction of juice from sugarcane.
 Bagasse is used as a biofuel and in
manufacture of pulp and building materials.

14.  Wang L.K Handbook of Environmental
Engineering 1st Edi, Springer Publishers 2010.
 Singh B.D. Biotechnology 1st Edi, Kalyani
Publishers.