A slideshow connected to a lecture of Twentieth-Century Photography available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Beth Saunders.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Twentieth-Century Photography available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Beth Saunders.
Impressionism & Post-Impressionism Art HistoryS Sandoval
AP ART HISTORY Crash Course - Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Impressionism artists: United by their depiction of modern life, and rejection of established European Styles, embracing new experimental ideas "Avant-Garde".
The use of synthetic pigments and ready made paint in solid tubes. Impressionist artists were interested in "plein air" landscape painting.
The presentation is about installation art history, some famous examples and how it is made.
If you want a copy and some details on how to present this please message me.
Impressionism & Post-Impressionism Art HistoryS Sandoval
AP ART HISTORY Crash Course - Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Impressionism artists: United by their depiction of modern life, and rejection of established European Styles, embracing new experimental ideas "Avant-Garde".
The use of synthetic pigments and ready made paint in solid tubes. Impressionist artists were interested in "plein air" landscape painting.
The presentation is about installation art history, some famous examples and how it is made.
If you want a copy and some details on how to present this please message me.
Location of kurdistan in the map, also the name of the parts of kurdistan and the number of kurdish people in the world, where is kurdistan? and kurdish flag. also the meaning of the colores of the flag
AHTR Art and Cultural Heritage Looting and DestructionAHTR
A slideshow connected to a lecture on Art and Cultural Heritage Looting and Destruction available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Rhonda Reymond.
Romantics stressed the individual creativity and the freedom to innovate. Romanticism focussed on the use of creative imagination and the importance of myth and symbolism
HUMAN100: Introduction to Humanities --- The Visual Arts: Painting. This Includes the ff:
1. History of Painting
2. Styles/ Art Movements in Painting
3. Famous Painters (Renaissance to Modern Art)
Vellore Mutiny constitutes the first instance of an outbreak against the rules imposed by the British on the Indian sepoys predates the first sepoy mutiny of 1857
Nehru's economic policies and the challenges of globalizationDayamani Surya
Nehru's economic policies failed because he could not build institutions and organizational structures to implement his vision or policies or to mobilize the people behind them; he created no social instruments and this led to a general weakness in execution of his policies and ideas, and was a major reason for the shortcomings in the implementation of the land reforms, the execution of the Community Development programme and the management of the public sector.
A critical flaw of Nehru’s strategy of consolidation of the Indian nation, economic development and social transformation flowed from his non-adherence to the Gandhian strategy of non-violent struggle in one crucial aspect and its emphasis on the mobilization of the people.
Swami Vivekananda is regarded as one of the patron saints of Modern India. The prime disciple of 19th century Indian mystic Ramakrishna Paramhansa, he reintroduced the Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to the Western world.His message of universal brotherhood and self-awakening remains relevant and most practical especially in the current backdrop of widespread political disturbance around the world
The role of hubris that comes into play before the death of agamemnonDayamani Surya
While Agamemnon was fighting the Trojans, his wife plotted to kill him in revenge for the sacrifice of their daughter, Iphigenia.
Agamemnon was warned by Cassandra, who prophesied to tell the future that his wife would kill him, but he did not believe it.His wife, Clytemnestra welcomed him home with a bath to purify himself. When she wrapped him in a garment after his bath, he could not move his arm.Her lover, Aegisthus stabbed Agamemnon and Clytemnestra and Cassandra
Agamemnon’s son, Oresta eventually avenged the murder by telling both Clytemnestra and Aegisthus with the help of his sister, Electra.
It is interesting to note that while adhering to their Indian culture Christian marriages in India have included some of the western traditions.Indian Christian weddings in effect are totally different from what is being portrayed in films. It is assumed that the bride is mostly dressed in a gown which is not completely true. Most women prefer to wear a Banaras/designer saree/lehenga in off white/milky white colours. There are many christian brides who love to get beautiful mehendi designs done on their hands before the wedding. The sacred ritual of tying the mangalsutra takes a centre stage in an Indian Christian Wedding. In Indian Weddings, we come across a beautiful amalgamation of Indo western traditions. It is exciting to find a happy blend of two different cultures in Christian weddings of India.
Princess Esra Birgin and her tryst with HyderabadDayamani Surya
Turkey born Princess, Esra Birgin was married to Prince Mukkaram Jah. She is credited with restoration of Nizam's Palaces like Chowmohallah Palace and Falaknuma Palace.
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon on 23rd April 1564. He was baptized on 26th April 1564. He died on the same date i.e, 23rd April in 1616. He was married to Anne Hathaway on 28th November 1582 with her he had three children , Susanna and two twins: Hamnet and Judith.
Future continuous tense is composed of helping verb "will be" + future participle.
It is used to denote action which will be taking place at some time in the future.
Shakespeare wrote 154 sonnets. His sonnets talk about love, friendship etc.The sonnets to the young man express overwhelming, obsessional love. The main cause of debate has always been whether it remained platonic or became physical.The first 17 poems, traditionally called the procreation sonnets, are addressed to the young man urging him to marry and have children in order to immortalize his beauty by passing it to the next generation.Other sonnets express the speaker's love for the young man; brood upon loneliness, death, and the transience of life; seem to criticise the young man for preferring a rival poet; express ambiguous feelings for the speaker's mistress; and pun on the poet's name. The final two sonnets are allegorical treatments of Greek epigrams referring to the "little love-god" Cupid.
A couplet is mostly used by an author to provide entertainment and make the content of the speech more interesting. I believe it is inserted by Shakespeare to provide clarity to the audience as well as to provide a brief relief from some of the difficult terminology and symbolism that he uses in his plays.
Blank verse is poetry written in regular metrical but unrhymed lines, mostly in iambic pentameters.Shakespeare's standard poetic form was blank verse, composed in iambic pentameter.
A sudden feeling of knowledge that brings to light what was so far hidden and changes one’s life is called epiphany. It is a term used by James Joyce in his works : Portrait of the artist as a youngman, Dubliners.
The FUTURE PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action will have been finished at some point in the future. This tense is formed with "will" + "have" + the past participle of the verb which can be either regular or irregular in form i.e, I will have spent all my money by this time next year.
According to William Wordsworth poetry is the powerful overflow of spontaneous feelings. Wordsworth describes his main intention to write Lyrical Ballads is to choose incidents from real life and add a colour of imagination so that ordinary things may be represented in an unusual fashion.
The ancient mariner is a poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. In this poem, he talks about an old sailor who happened to stop one of the three wedding guests to listen to his woeful tale. The wedding guest was bewitched by the mariner's glittering eye and he sat down to hear his narrative of his disastrous journey he undertook.
The Rape of the Lock was written by Pope to chide gently the Fermor family when Lord Petre cut off a lock of Arabella Fermor’s hair on a certain fateful day and such dire consequences followed. Pope started something that culminated into a piece of literature that has remained to this day a leading example of the mock epic satire.
The future tense describes a future event or a state of being. There are several events when we talk about the future:
-Predictions/statements of fact
-Intentions
- Arrangements
- Scheduled events
Past Perfect Continuous Tense used to describe actions that were in progress at a certain period of time in the past. It also gives you an idea about the duration of time.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
12. originated in the 18th Century in
Western Europe.
was an intellectual movement that
influenced many works
was prepared by a literary transitional
movement from Enlightenment, called
pre-romanticism
it passed through different stages that
were specific for the diverse regions of
Europe
13. In the visual arts romanticism is used to refer loosely to a trend that appears at
any time, and specifically to the art of the early 19th cent. Nineteenth-century
romanticism was marked by the avoidance of classical forms and rules,
emphasis on the emotional and spiritual, representation of the unattainable
ideal, nostalgia for the grace of past ages, and a preference for exotic themes.
Romantic artists developed clear-cut techniques so as to produce specific
associations in the mind of the viewer. To convey verbal concepts they would,
for example, endow inanimate objects with human values (e.g., the wild trees
and shimmery moonlight used in the paintings of Caspar David Friedrich to
suggest an infinity of human longing, the weltschmerz of his time). The result
was often sentimental or ludicrous. In the case of Delacroix however, his
painterly style and color sense exalted the romantic attitude in a singularly
effective fashion.
In England landscape gardening was used to express the romantic aesthetic by
means of deliberate imitation of the picturesque in nature. In
architecture Wyatt’s preposterous, mock medieval Font hill Abbey displayed the
romantic building style in extreme form. The host of lesser artists of the
romantic tradition included the French Géricault the Swiss-English
Henry Fuseli, the Swiss Arnold Böcklin, the English Pre-Raphaelites, the
German Nazarenes, and the American artists of the Hudson River school.
35. VISUAL ARTISTS ASSOCIATED WITH ROMANTICISM
•Antoine-Louis Barye
•William Blake
•Theodore Chasseriou
•John Constable
•John Sell Cotman
•John Robert Cozens
•Eugene Delacroix
•Paul Delaroche
•Asher Brown Durand
•Caspar David Friedrich
•Theodore Gericault
•Anne-Louis Girodet
•Thomas Girlin
•Francisco de Goya
•William Morris Hunt
•Edwin Landseer
•Thomas Lawrence
•Samuel Palmer
•Pierre-Paul Prud’hon
•Francois Rude
•John Ruskin
•J.M.W.Turner
•Horace Vernet
•Franz
•Xavier Winterhatt
36. Romantic visual and literary artists
glorified the things which were hardly
ever physical. They glorified huge,
complex concepts such as liberty,
survival, ideals, hope, awe, heroism,
despair, and the various sensations
that nature evokes in humans. All of
these are felt not only on an
individual but highly subjective level.
37. EUGENE DELACROIX
•French painter
•Noted for use of color
which influenced later
impressionism movement
•Was influenced by
English painter John
Constable and English
poet Lord Byron
•Illustrated a French
edition of Goethe's Faust
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres Born: 1798
Died: 1863
38. La Liberté Guidant Le Peuple,
(90 Kb); Painted on 28 July 1830,
to commemorate the July
Revolution that had just brought
Louis-Philippe to the French
throne; Louvre.
The Barque of Dante, 1822
(150 Kb); Oil on canvas, 189
x 242 cm (74 1/2 x 95 1/4");
Musee du Louvre, Paris
Combat of Giaour and
Hassan, 1826 (80 Kb); Oil
on canvas; Art Institute of
Chicago
The Death of Sardanapal,
1827 (130 Kb); Oil on canvas,
392 x 496 cm; Musee du
Louvre, Paris
40. Portrait of Madame Duvauçay.
1807.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique
Ingres. The Songs of Ossian
41. HENRY FUSELI
Born: 1741
Died: 1825
Swiss born painter, draughtsman, and writer on art Writings include:
•Lectures on Painting(1801)
•Translation of Winckelmann's Reflections on the Painting and
Sculpture of the Greeks(1765)
42. Lady Macbeth,
1784 (30 Kb); Oil
on canvas;
Louvre
Macbeth and the
Witches, (20 Kb); Oil on
canvas; Petworth House
at Sussex, England
Perseus Returning the Eye of
the Graii, (60 Kb); Pen; City Art
Gallery at Birmingham,
England
43. Joseph Mallord William Turner
Biographical Info
Born: 1775
Died: 1851
One of the founders of
English watercolor landscape
paintingInstead of merely
recording factually what he
saw, Turner translated scenes
into a light-filled expression of
his own romantic feelings
Landscape with Distant
River and Bay, Oil on
canvas (100 Kb), 94 x 124
cm (37 x 49"); Musee du
Louvre, Paris
Snowstorm, 1842
(220 Kb); Oil on
canvas, 91.5 x 122
cm (36 x 48 in)
Rain, Steam, and
Speed: The Great
Western Railway,
1844
87. Two Men Contemplating the Moon (1830),Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin.
By the German Romantic painter,Caspar David Friedrich
88. The Lady of Shalott (1888),Tate Collection, London by John William
Waterhouse.
89. In the visual arts romanticism is used to refer loosely to a
trend that appears at any time, and specifically to the art of
the early 19th century.
Nineteenth-century romanticism was characterized by the
avoidance of classical forms and rules, emphasis on the
emotional and spiritual, representation of the unattainable
ideal, nostalgia for the grace of past ages, and a
predilection for Exotic themes.
90. Romantic artists developed precise techniques in order to produce
specific associations in themind of the viewer. To convey verbal
concepts they would, for example, endow inanimate objects with
human values (e.g., the wild trees and shimmery moonlight used in
the paintings of Caspar David Friedrich to suggest an infinity of
human longing, the weltschmerz of his time). The result was often
sentimental or ludicrous. In the case of Delacroix, however, his
painterly style and color sense exalted the romantic attitude in a
singularly effective fashion.
In England landscape gardening was used to express the romantic
aesthetic by means of deliberate imitation of the picturesque in
nature.
In architecture Wyatt's preposterous, mock medieval Fonthill Abbey
displayed the romantic building style in extreme form. The host of
lesser artists of the romantic tradition included the French Géricault,
the Swiss-English Henry Fuseli, the Swiss Arnold Böcklin, the
English Pre-Raphaelites, the German Nazarenes, and the American
artists of the Hudson River school.
91. When was the romantic style of
art popular ?
The Romantic Movement started
at the end of the 1700’s and
reached its peak in the early
1800s. It marked the end of the
Baroque movement which was
followed by Realism.
95. MUSIC HISTORY : THE ROMANTIC ERA
In music, the nineteenth century witnessed the birth of new genres
such as the program symphony, pioneered by Beethoven and now
developed by Hector Berlioz; its off-shoot, the symphonic poem was
developed by Franz Liszt; the concert overture, examples of which
were composed by Felix Mendelssohn ; and short, expressive piano
pieces written for the bourgeois salons of Europe by Robert
Schumann and Frédéric Chopin. Italian operas were composed in
the Bel canto traditions, and these led directly to the masterworks
of Giuseppe Verdi while the idea of the German music drama was
established by Richard Wagner. For inspiration, many Romantic
composers turned to the visual arts, to poetry, drama and literature,
and to nature itself.
Using the classical forms of sonata and symphony as a starting point,
composers began to focus more on new melodic styles, richer
harmonies, in the pursuit of moving their audiences, rather than
adhering to the structural discipline of Classical forms. Later
composers of the nineteenth century would further build on the forms
and ideas developed by the Romantic composers.
96. Franz Liszt
Hungarian composer Franz Liszt started his
career as the outstanding concert pianist of the
century, who, along with the prodigious
violinist Niccoló Paganini (1782-1840),
created the cult of the modern
instrumental virtuoso. To exhibit his
phenomenal and unprecedented technique,
Liszt composed a great deal of music designed
specifically for this purpose, resulting in a vast
amount of piano literature laden with dazzling
scales, trills, arpeggios, leaps, and other
technical marvels. In this vein, Liszt composed
a series of virtuosic rhapsodies on Hungarian
gypsy melodies, the best-known being the all
too familiar Hungarian Rhapsody no. 2.
97. Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn was encouraged by his family to study
music and to make a career out of it. When he was
seventeen year old, he composed an overture based
on Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream"
which was so successful that some years later he
composed more music on the subject, resulting in a
suite of pieces to be used in conjunction with
productions of the play.
Mendelssohn responded to nature as did most
composers of the period one of the results of nature's
influence was the Fingal's Cave Overture, also known
as The Hebrides, which depicts the rocky, wind-
swept coast and ancient caverns of Scotland.
Mendelssohn's many travels also influenced two of
his five symphonies, the third in A minor, known as
the "Scotch" Symphony, and his popular Symphony
no. 4 in A major, known as the "Italian" symphony,
which incorporates melodies and dances that
Mendelssohn heard while traveling in that country.
98. Robert Schumann
Schumann is unique in music history as he was
one of the great composers who concentrated on
one musical genre at a time, with the bulk of his
earliest compositions being for the piano.
Schumann's piano music (and later his songs)
remain supreme examples of the Romantic style
of the second quarter of the nineteenth-century.
Immensely influenced by literature and poetry.
Schumann founded Die Neue Zeitschrift für
Musik (The New Journal for Music) in 1834, and
continue to be its editor for ten years. In the
pages of this publication, Schumann
considerably raised the standards of music
criticism and did everything that he could do to
promote the careers of young composers such
as Frédéric Chopin, Hector Berlioz, and
especially Johannes Brahms, who was to
become a very close friend of Schumann.
99. Frédéric Chopin
Chopin's entire musical output was devoted to his favorite
instrument, the piano. His over 200 solo compositions for
the piano all demonstrate his highly individual melodic
style, and include two sets of etudes (studies),
three sonatas, four ballads, many pieces he variously
titled preludes, impromptus, or scherzos, and a great
number of dances. Included among the latter are a
number of waltzes, but also a great many mazurkas and
six polonaises, both of which are dances from his native
Poland. Few of these dance pieces are among Chopin's
famous works, including the proud Polonaise in A-flat
major and the haunting Waltz in C-sharp minor.
Among Chopin's most individual works are the Préludes.
Intended to serve as improvisatory beginnings to an
intimate recital, these pieces range from tender
melancholy to the dramatic utterances of the
stormy Prelude in D minor. Many of Chopin's most
beautiful compositions come from the series of short,
reflective pieces he called Nocturnes. As can be heard in
the Nocturne in F-sharp, these works are usually gentle
and dreamlike with a flowing, rocking bass, and aptly
demonstrate Chopin's preference for sweet, song-like
melodies, very much in the style of Italian bel
cantoopera of the period.
100. Gioacchino
Rossini
Producing his first opera at the age of eighteen,
Rossini composed dozens. Rossini excelled in
the opera buffa or comic opera of the day.
Indeed, the music he wrote for these comic
works has been described as "the perfect
distillation of comedy into music.
Whether in comic or serious opera, his vocal
style reflected the highly embellished, virtuosic
melodic line again in favor at the time. This style
is apparent in the aria "Una voce poco fa"
from The Barber of Seville, widely regarded as
Rossini's masterpiece in the opera buffa genre.
Italian Bel Canto Opera
Inheriting the bel canto tradition from Rossini, Donizetti's
operas are today mostly admired for their many attractive
melodies and fine ensembles. Donizetti's most famous opera is
certainly Lucia di Lammermoor which was based on a novel
written by Sir Walter Scott.
101. Romanticism in music was characterized by an emphasis on emotion and
great freedom of form. It attained its fullest development in the works of
German composers.
Although elements of romanticism are present in the music of Beethoven,
Weber, and Schubert, it reached its zenith in the works of Berlioz,
Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, and Wagner. Less totally
romantic composers usually placed in the middle period of romanticism
are Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Dvoák, and Grieg; those grouped in the last
phase include Elgar, Puccini, Mahler, Richard Strauss, and Sibelius.
Many romantic composers, including Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin,
and Brahms, worked in small forms that are flexible in structure, e.g.,
prelude, intermezzo, nocturne, ballad, and cappriccio, especially in solo
music for the piano. Another romantic contribution was the art song for
voice and piano, most notably the German lied (see song). Romantic
composers, particularly Liszt, in combining music and literature, created
the symphonic poem. Berlioz also made use of literature; much of his
work is described as program music. Romantic opera began with Weber,
included the works of the Italians Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, and Verdi, and
culminated in the work of Wagner, who aimed at a complete synthesis of
the arts in his idea of Gesamtkunstwerk [total work of art].
102. While Tchaikovsky was inspired by a more universal
romanticism, the movement in Russia was nationalist in
nature, exemplified by the works of Mikhail Glinka.
The music of the Czech composers Bedich Smetana
and Dvoák and that of the Norwegian composer Grieg
also expressed romantic nationalism.
Toward the end of the 19th century interest in classical
forms was revived by Bruckner, Brahms, Tchaikovsky,
and Franck.
The end of the romantic period--frequently described as
decadent and grandiose--is often referred to as
postromanticism and is represented by the works of
Holst, Elgar, Mahler, and Richard Strauss.
103. During the Romantic period, music often took
on a much more nationalistic purpose. For
example, Jean Sibelius' Finlandia has been
interpreted to represent the rising nation of
Finland, which would someday become
independent from Russian control (Child
2006). Frédéric Chopin was one of the first
composers to have incorporated nationalistic
elements into his compositions. Joseph Machlis
states, "Poland's struggle for freedom from
tsarist rule aroused the national poet in Poland.
Examples of musical nationalism abound in the
output of the romantic era.
104. Sibelius in 1913
Jean Sibelius was a Finnish composer who
belonged to the late Romantic period.
His music played an important role in the
formation of the Finnish national identity.
Romantic Nationalism was to become a crucial
element in Sibelius' artistic output and his political
leanings. By the age of 15, he set his heart upon
becoming a great violin performer. Eventually, he
become quite an accomplished player of the
instrument, even publicly performing the last two
movements of the Mendelssohn's Violin
Concerto in Helsinki.
Like Beethoven, Sibelius used each successive
work to further develop his own personal
compositional style. His works continue to be
performed regularly in the concert hall and are
often recorded.
Since the year 2011, Finland has been celebrating
Flag Day on 8 December to commemorate the
composer's birthday, also known as the 'Day of
Finnish Music’.
106. BIBILIOGRAPHY
1. Encyclopædia Britannica.
"''Romanticism '. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online"
Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
2. Brown, David Blaney. Romanticism. New York; Phaidon,2001.
3.Casey, Christopher (October 30, 2008). ""Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude
Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism”
4. Christopher J. Murray, Encyclopedia of the romantic era, 1760–1850 (2004) vol. 2.
p 742
5. Engell, James. The Creative Imagination; Enlightenment to Romanticism.
Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press,1981.
6. Honour, Hugh. Romanticism New York: Fleming Honour Ltd, 1979.
7. Ives, Colta with Elizabeth E.Barker. Romanticism & The School of Nature
(exh.cat). New Haven and New York: Yale University Press and The Metropolitan
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8. Music History 102: a Guide to Western Composers and their music
Designed, compiled and created by Robert Sherrane
107. ABOUT THE PRESENTER
Ms. Dayamani Surya holds Master’s Degree in the English Literature from
Osmania University, Hyderabad, Post Graduate Certificate in Teaching of English
from CIEFL, Post Graduate Diploma in Teaching of English from CIEFL,
Bachelor’s degree in Science and Bachelor’s degree in Education.
She holds online professional certifications:
•Project Management
•Human Resource Management
•Financial Accounting
• Management and Accounting
• Business Process Outsourcing
•Advance Learning Certificate in English Literature Analysis from Ireland.
As a Research Associate in the District Centre for English Scheme, Department of
Training and Development, The English and Foreign Languages University,
Hyderabad since 1 May 2007, her work focuses on administration, curriculum
development and teaching in the International Training Programme for Foreign
Students at the University.
At the personal level, she works online as a mentor, helps the scholars in their
project work, compilation of articles and papers, contributes to the publication of
articles and journals. She is interested in writing diaries, blogs and short stories.