Visual acuity.ppt
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Visual acuity is a measurement of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate between two objects. It is an important test done on all patients to assess vision clarity, the adequacy of corrective lenses, and overall ocular health. The test involves having a patient read letters on an eye chart with and without corrective lenses from a set distance while occluding one eye. The results are recorded using a Snellen fraction to indicate visual acuity level.
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6. PROCEDURE • Patient should be anaesthetising with 4% lignocaine or 0.5% proparacaine. • with the patient in supine position, looking up at a fixation target while examiners separates the lids and lower the tonometer plate to rest on the cornea so that plunger is free to move. •
VISUALACUITY CHARTS
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Visual acuity testing
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate between two points. It is defined as the inverse of the minimum visual angle that can be resolved by the eye. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. The Snellen chart is commonly used, with letters sized so that the big "E" subtends 5 minutes of arc at 20 feet. Lower visual acuity is recorded with higher numbers or fractions. Tests measure visual acuity under optimal conditions and help detect vision problems and monitor eye health.
WORTH FOUR DOT TEST.pptx
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Accommodation/ Accommodation of Eye, Measurement of Accommodation of Eye (hea...
CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD FULL PPT ❤❤ https://healthkura.com/measurement-of-accommodation-of-eye/ ❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
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Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
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- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
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Visual acuity charts and tests are used to measure the visual acuity or clarity of vision of the eyes. There are two main types of charts - distance vision charts and near vision charts. Common distance vision tests include the Snellen chart, Landolt C chart, and LogMAR chart. The Snellen chart uses letters of decreasing size arranged at a standard test distance of 6 meters or 20 feet to measure visual acuity denoted in fractions like 6/6 or 20/20. Near vision tests include the Jaeger chart which uses printed text of decreasing font size. Visual acuity can be measured for different age groups using specialized pediatric tests that do not require reading letters like preferential looking tests.
Visual acuity testing
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's ability to see fine detail and discriminate between two points. It is defined as the inverse of the minimum visual angle that can be resolved by the eye. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. The Snellen chart is commonly used, with letters sized so that the big "E" subtends 5 minutes of arc at 20 feet. Lower visual acuity is recorded with higher numbers or fractions. Tests measure visual acuity under optimal conditions and help detect vision problems and monitor eye health.
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The Worth Four Dot Test is used to determine the presence of suppression or diplopia. It involves having the patient view four lights (one red, two green, one white) through red-green lenses. The number and configuration of lights seen indicates the type of strabismus or binocular vision status. It is an inexpensive and easy to administer test, but relies on subjective patient responses. Some studies have found it can provide reliable results even in patients with red-green color vision defects.
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Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com ❤❤❤
Measurement of Accommodation of eye:
Amplitude, Facility,
Relative Accommodation, Fatigue, Lag,
Dynamic Retinoscopy
Presentation Layout:
-Introduction to accommodation of eye
-Mechanism
-Components
-Measurement of accommodation of eye
- Amplitude
- Facility
- Relative accommodation
- Lag
-Dynamic Retinoscopy
Accommodation
-dioptric adjustment of the crystalline lens of the eye
- to obtain clear vision for a given target of regard
-process by which the refractive power of eye is altered
- to ensure a clear retinal image
For further reading
-Clinical Procedures in Optometry by J.D. Bartlett, J.B. Eskridge, J.F. Amos
-Primary Care Optometry by Theodere Grosvenor
-Borish’s Clinical Refraction by W.J. Benjamin
-Clinical Procedures for Ocular examination by Carlson et al
-American Academy of Ophthalmology
-Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline by American Optometric Association
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Follow me to get in touch with optometric and ophthalmic updates
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Hi,
Naeem Ahmad Here.
Please Subscribe My Ahmadinfotech YouTube Channel - https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNCQ3m5muOsiQ5fGpRfgNIg
LIKE || COMMENT || SHARE || SUBSCRIBE ||
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3. Testing extraocular eye movements through the six cardinal positions of gaze.
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Visual acuity special Senses Physiology
Visual acuity is a measure of the eye's resolving power or ability to see two objects as separate. The Snellen chart is commonly used to test visual acuity, with letters of different sizes corresponding to visual angles measured in arcminutes. To test visual acuity, the patient is seated 6 meters from the Snellen chart and asked to read letters starting from the top left. The smallest line read correctly is used to determine their visual acuity score. Common causes of decreased visual acuity include refractive errors like myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and presbyopia.
Vision assesment
This document discusses vision assessment and various tests used to evaluate visual function. It describes visual acuity tests including Snellen, Landolt C, and ETDRS charts to measure resolving power and smallest details the eye can see at various distances. Near vision, dark adaptation, contrast sensitivity, and color vision are also assessed. Standard procedures are outlined for administering visual acuity tests and interpreting the results.
Confrontation.
Confrontation testing is a simple preliminary test to screen for peripheral visual field defects. It does not require any equipment and can be done anywhere. The examiner positions their face about a meter in front of the patient. While the patient fixes their gaze on the examiner's eye, the examiner moves their finger in an arc from the periphery towards the center to test each half of the visual field. Any areas that the patient cannot see the finger represent potential visual field defects. While quick to perform, confrontation testing has limitations as some mild or moderate defects may be missed, and it is subjective in nature. Further visual field testing is needed to confirm any defects found.
Diagnostic procedures
Low vision patient have serious visual problems that have caused serious visual loss.
1. Contrast sensitivity testing and visual field testing
2. subjective testing of patients with media loss
# potential acuity meter
# interferometry
# photostress recovery test
# glare test
# color vision test
# dark adaptometry
3. objective testing of retinal loss
# USG
ERG/EOG
Opthalmoscopy
An ophthalmoscope is a medical device used to examine the inside of the eye. It allows viewing of the retina, optic nerve, arteries and veins. Observation of these structures can reveal diseases of the eye or indicate systemic conditions like diabetes or hypertension. An exam with an ophthalmoscope can detect dangerous eye conditions like glaucoma or retinal detachment and prompt referral for treatment to prevent vision loss. Proper use of the ophthalmoscope involves dimming the lights, positioning the instrument close to the patient's eye to view the optic disc and following blood vessels to examine the retina and macula.
Visual Acuity.pdf
Visual acuity is a measurement of the eye's ability to resolve fine detail and discriminate spacing between objects. It is tested using optotypes of decreasing size on charts like the Snellen chart. Visual acuity can be affected by refractive errors, aberrations, pupil size, stimulus duration, and retinal location. It is measured for both distance and near vision using tests that evaluate minimum detectable, minimum separable, and Vernier acuity. Recordings include the Snellen fraction or logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution. Proper testing involves standardized illumination and procedures to accurately assess a patient's vision.
visual_acuity_(1) presentation dhir hospital bhiwani.pptx
This document provides information about visual acuity and how it is assessed. It defines visual acuity as the ability to see fine detail and distinguish shapes. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. It discusses different charts used to test visual acuity in infants, children, and adults. The document also covers how to test near visual acuity and different charts used for that.
visual_acuity_(1) Presentations DHB.pptx
This document provides information about visual acuity and how it is assessed. It defines visual acuity as the ability to see fine detail and distinguish shapes. Visual acuity is measured using charts with letters, numbers, or symbols of decreasing size. It discusses different charts used to test visual acuity in infants, children, and adults. The document also describes procedures for assessing visual acuity and what is recorded if a patient cannot read the smallest line of a chart.
Near point of convergence
The near point of convergence is defined as the point of intersection of the lines of sight of the eyes when maximum convergence is used. It is measured as the distance from this point of intersection to the midpoint between the eyes. Measuring the near point of convergence involves having a patient fixate on a target that is slowly moved toward them while maintaining fusion until their eyes can no longer converge or they see double. This distance is used to assess a patient's ability to converge their eyes for near vision tasks. A near point further than 10cm may indicate convergence insufficiency while one closer than 5cm suggests convergence excess.
EYE EXAMINATION.pptx
This document provides an overview of how to examine the different parts of the eye. It describes the three coats of the eye - outer, middle, and inner - and the humors within. Examination techniques are outlined for the anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment examination includes inspection, palpation, measuring intraocular tension, and using tools like a binocular loupe, slit-lamp, and gonioscope. The posterior segment examination consists of subjective tests of visual acuity, visual fields, and color vision, as well as objective tests like electroretinography and electrooculography. Inspection of specific structures and the use of tools to examine the eye are also summarized.
201 unit 1.pptx
Vergence refers to the dioptric power of lenses. It is equal to the reciprocal of the second focal length and is measured in diopters. The Gullstrand schematic eye model provides cardinal data on the optical elements and structure of the human eye, including refractive indices, radii of curvature, and positions. Listing's reduced eye model simplifies the eye into a single refracting surface to allow for easier calculations of refraction. Visual acuity refers to spatial visual discrimination and is measured as the reciprocal of the minimum resolvable visual angle. It depends on factors like illumination, contrast and the physical and physiological components of the visual system.
Assessment 191008083120
This document provides information on performing a comprehensive eye examination, including:
- Assessing visual acuity using a Snellen chart
- Examining the external structures of the eye
- Testing eye movements and cranial nerve function
- Performing diagnostic tests like ophthalmoscopy, slit lamp examination, and tonometry
- Evaluating color vision, the macula, retinal blood vessels, and intraocular pressure
The goal is to gather all relevant information to assist in diagnosing any ocular conditions.
EYE Assessment
This document provides guidance on performing a comprehensive eye examination, including:
- Testing visual acuity using a Snellen chart from 20 feet and reducing distance if needed.
- Examining the external eye structures like eyelids, sclera, conjunctiva, pupils and extraocular eye movements.
- Evaluating the cranial nerves that control eye movement by having the patient follow an object.
- Using diagnostic tools like an ophthalmoscope, slit lamp, color vision tests, Amsler grid, OCT and color fundus photography.
The examination aims to gather a thorough ocular history and inspect the eye to assist in diagnosing any eye conditions.
The Low Vision Examination
The low vision examination aims to determine a patient's visual abilities and needs through assessment, history taking, and trials of low vision aids. It involves evaluating visual acuity, refractive error, visual fields, and contrast sensitivity. The examiner also considers case history details, functional abilities, independence, and psychological factors to recommend the best low vision solutions and support for each patient.
Visual acuity
Visual acuity is measured using Snellen charts to test spatial resolution and ability to distinguish between points. Snellen charts use letters of decreasing size arranged by lines to test visual acuity at different distances. Visual acuity is recorded as a fraction where the numerator is the test distance and denominator is the smallest line read correctly. Other tests include pinhole, potential acuity and photostress testing to evaluate macular function and reserve. Near visual acuity uses charts like Jaeger or Roman types with decreasing print sizes to test close vision.
ASSESSMENT OF EYE
This document provides an outline for collecting history, performing a physical assessment, and conducting diagnostic evaluations for eye examinations. It describes examining the eyebrows, eyelids, eye lashes, conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, iris, pupils, ocular movements, visual acuity, tonometry, slit lamp examination, and other tests like color vision, tear duct function and production. The goal is to identify any abnormalities, diseases, or vision impairments through a thorough eye exam.
The eye
The document provides information on techniques for examining the eye, including:
1. Visual acuity is tested using a Snellen eye chart from 20 feet.
2. Visual fields are assessed using confrontation tests like finger wiggling.
3. The optic disc, retina, blood vessels and macula are examined using an ophthalmoscope.
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visual_acuity_(1) presentation dhir hospital bhiwani.pptx
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This document provides information about slit lamp photography and specular microscopy. It discusses the components and uses of the slit lamp biomicroscope for anterior segment examination and photography. Specific illumination techniques are described including diffuse, direct focal, retroillumination, and optical section illumination. Guidelines for using the photo slit lamp and orienting the camera are provided. Specular microscopy is introduced as a technique for visualizing and analyzing the corneal endothelium using non-contact or contact specular microscopes. Applications of specular microscopy include evaluating patients for cataract surgery and corneal transplantation.
Slit_lamp_and_bio_microscopy_.pptx
The slit lamp bio microscope has three main systems: the observation system which uses lenses and eyepieces, the illumination system which provides different methods of lighting including diffuse, direct focal, indirect and retro illumination, and the mechanical system which controls movement. It can be used to examine the inner eye using specialized lenses and measure intraocular pressure with a Goldman applanation tonometer. Various apertures like diffusers and color filters are available to control the type of light.
Amblyoscopes (Synoptophore).pptx
The document describes an amblyoscope, an instrument used to assess and treat ocular motility disorders. It has separate eyepieces that can move horizontally and vertically to test for binocular single vision. This includes tests for simultaneous perception, fusion, stereopsis, and the objective and subjective angle of deviation. Additional tests examine abnormal retinal correspondence, cyclophoria, and horizontal and vertical vergence. The amblyoscope uses light, lenses, and movable eyepieces to present different images to each eye and assess the patient's visual abilities.
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The keratometer is an instrument that measures the radius of curvature of the central cornea to assess corneal power, astigmatism, and integrity. It uses the cornea's reflection properties and a doubling system to obtain accurate measurements of the corneal mires. Key components include adjustable eyepieces, chin rest, power wheels, and a joystick to align the instrument and take readings of the primary meridians. Interpretation of the readings provides information on the type, amount, and axis of any astigmatism as well as applications for contact lens fitting and keratoconus detection.
lecture(3) phoropter.ppt
The phoropter is an instrument used in eye examinations to efficiently change lenses and perform subjective refraction. It contains controls for spherical and cylindrical lenses, auxiliary lenses, and adjustments for patient positioning. The refraction process involves preliminary steps to set up the phoropter for the patient. The subjective refraction then establishes the spherical power, refines the cylindrical axis and power, and balances the prescription between the two eyes. Tests like fogging, Jackson cross cylinder, duochrome, and pinhole are used to objectively verify the prescription.
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A lensmeter is an instrument used to measure the optical power of lenses. It works by projecting illuminated lines through a test lens and measuring the lens's back focal length. There are manual and automatic lensmeters. A manual lensmeter consists of an illuminated target, fixed lens, telescope, and adjustable eyepiece. To measure a lens, the user adjusts the eyepiece for clear focus, centers the lens, and turns the power drum until the projected lines come into focus, reading the lens power. Spherical lenses focus both single and triple lines at the same power. Cylindrical lenses require adjusting both the power and axis drums to bring each line type into focus separately.
refraction_2.pptx
Presbyopia is a normal condition associated with aging where the eye's ability to accommodate starts to decline, making it difficult to focus on close objects. The decline is caused by a stiffening lens and weakening ciliary muscle. Aphakia is the absence of the crystalline lens, usually due to congenital conditions, trauma, or surgery. Pseudophakia refers to an eye with an artificial intraocular lens implant. Accommodation is the eye's ability to change focus by altering the shape of the crystalline lens. It allows viewing of near objects. The mechanisms involves contraction of the ciliary muscle and relaxation of the suspensory ligaments to make the lens more convex. Hypermetropia is caused by
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Modern contact lenses are classified as either hard or soft. Hard contact lenses include PMMA and RGP lenses. PMMA lenses were the first rigid lens material patented in 1934 and have good optical properties but extremely low oxygen permeability. RGP lenses allow oxygen to pass through and are more durable than soft lenses, though initially less comfortable. Soft contact lenses are made of polymers that absorb water, such as poly HEMA, which increases their oxygen permeability and makes them more comfortable and pliable than hard lenses.
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This document discusses accommodation and convergence in the eye. It defines accommodation as the ability of the eye to focus on near objects and convergence as the inward movement of the eyes. It describes how accommodation and convergence are measured in diopters and meters respectively. The document also explains that accommodation and convergence are linked (accommodative convergence) and how the ratio between the two (AC/A ratio) is important for diagnosing certain eye conditions.
normal and abnormal field (1).pptx
Visual field testing should be performed if a patient has symptoms of central vision loss, glaucoma or risk factors for glaucoma, symptoms of a neurological disease, symptoms or signs of a retinal disease, an abnormal repeatable screening, or if they are at risk for developing drug-related retinopathy such as from hydroxychloroquine use.
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The document discusses best form lenses and meniscus lenses. Meniscus lenses minimize two types of optical aberrations. Standard meniscus lenses have a base surface, usually +6.0D, +9.0D or +12.0D, and a combining surface ground to the prescription. Transposition changes a lens prescription from plus to minus cylinder form by algebraically summing the sphere and cylinder, changing the cylinder sign, and adjusting the axis 90 degrees.
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Biometry is the measurement and analysis of people's physical and behavioral characteristics. It is used in identification and access control, including fingerprint, face, iris, and voice recognition. Biometric technologies compare a person's characteristics to templates stored in a database to verify or determine identity.
contact_lens_solutions.pptx
This document discusses contact lens solutions and accessories. It explains that various solutions and proper patient education are required to fit, wear, and maintain contact lenses safely and avoid ocular damage. Specifically, it outlines the importance of tonicity, pH, viscosity, preservatives, and shelf life of solutions. It also describes different types of solutions for hard and soft lenses as well as accessory solutions for irrigation and staining.
Dispensing BSc (2).pptx
This document discusses key optical properties and measurements of lenses, including:
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Contact_lenses
This document discusses different types of contact lenses, including corneal (rigid) contact lenses and hydrogel contact lenses. Corneal contact lenses are made of materials like PMMA and silicone and have advantages like excellent visual acuity and ability to correct corneal astigmatism. However, they are less comfortable than soft lenses and have a longer adaption period. Hydrogel lenses are soft and flexible and made of materials like HEMA. They are comfortable, easy to fit, and correct astigmatism up to 1.00D, but have shorter lifespan and require more complex care. The document also covers manufacturing methods for contact lenses.
Contact lens
This document discusses contact lenses, including their history, advantages over eyeglasses, ideal properties, and materials. Contact lenses are small medical devices that are placed directly on the cornea to correct refractive errors. Some key advantages over eyeglasses are a wider field of view, avoidance of prismatic effects and reflections, and better cosmetic appearance. The ideal contact lens material would provide sufficient oxygen to the cornea, be optically transparent, dimensionally stable, and biocompatible while requiring minimal care. Modern materials include plastics that are easy to manufacture and polish.
Dispensing BSc (1).pptx
This document defines key terms related to dispensing spectacles, including that dispensing involves making and fitting corrective lenses and frames. It describes the job of opticians is to transform prescriptions into comfortable, attractive glasses that provide the prescribed visual improvement. Corrective lenses, including glasses, contacts, and IOLs, are used to treat various vision conditions by bending light before it reaches the eye.
Applied_physiology.pptx
The document discusses the physiological effects of contact lens wear on the cornea. It states that contact lenses occlude the cornea from its normal oxygenated environment. This can lead to hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply) and hypercapnia (carbon dioxide accumulation) in the cornea. Prolonged hypoxia can decrease corneal sensitivity and make the epithelium more fragile. When the eye is closed during sleep or extended wear, the cornea experiences increased temperature, hypotonic tears, lowered pH, and even less oxygen. These changes can impact the cornea's structure and function over time.
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Hetrotropia is a condition where one or both eyes are not directed at the fixation point. There are different types of strabismus classified by direction of deviation and constancy. Prisms can be used to relieve diplopia by placing the base over the weak eye to redirect the image. The Krimsky or corneal light reflex test assesses ocular alignment by observing symmetry of the light reflexes. An asymmetrical reflex indicates an imbalance like esotropia or exotropia.
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Panum's area allows for slight vergence errors when binocularly fixating and fusing a contour. Fixation disparity (FD) refers to a small misalignment of the visual axis under binocular conditions and is smaller than a squint. While strabismus prevents binocular single vision, FD maintains it but may reduce stereopsis. The Mallett unit is used to measure and neutralize FD by detecting horizontal or vertical misalignments and introducing prism corrections. FD increases under stress and its presence indicates a decompensated phoria requiring further testing.
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Visual acuity.ppt
- 2. ◉ Visual acuity is measurement of the ability to discriminate and recognize the smallest differences between tow objects . This may be thought of as the ability of the eye to see fine detail. ◉ The ability to identify minimal separation between tow targets
- 3. Visual acuity should be done on all patients as the first procedure following the case history. indications
- 4. purpose ◉ To measure the clarity of vision or the ability of the visual system to resolve detail. A patient ,s visual acuity depends on the accuracy of the retinal focus , the integrity of the eye's neural elements ,and the interpretive faculty of the brain
- 5. To assess the adequacy of spectacle correction and as a key indicator to the ocular health . To assess person's fitness to drive or enter to the some professions such as police. what are objectives of measuring visual acuities?
- 6. Cont :
- 9. Projector with visual acuity slide or wall mounted acuity chart Occluder lamp Equipment
- 10. Set- up ◉ The patient wear his hapitual correction for the distance being tested. When the examiner wants to measure the patient,s VA both with (cc) and without (sc) correction, the acuity should be measure wihout correction first . ◉ The patient hold the occluder ◉ An acuity chart , with lines from 6/60 to 6/5 exposed, is shown
- 15. Step –by- step procedure 1. always observe the patient , not the chart. 2. Instruct the patient to cover his left eye and not to squint. 3. Instruct the patient to read the smallest line of letters he can. 4. Encourage the patient to read the letters on the next smallest line ,even he has to guess. stop the patient when more than half have been missed.
- 17. 5. Have the patient cover the right eye and repeat the above steps. 6. Sometimes the patient will be unable to read even the largest letter on chart in this event the patient walk towards the chart until he can read the largest letter . 7. If the patient cannot see the letter at any distance ,initiate the following:
- 18. a. counting fingers b. Hand motion (HM) c. Light projection(L Proj) d. Light perception (LP)
- 19. ◉ Testing distance / distance at which optotype would subtend 5 min of arc at retina Snellen fraction
- 22. THANK YOU