The United States became involved in Vietnam in the 1950s to contain the spread of communism in Asia according to the domino theory. The US supported the French in their colonial war and later the South Vietnamese government against communist insurgents. Over time, US involvement escalated and led to widespread domestic protest as the war dragged on without clear success. Key events like the Tet Offensive turned public opinion against the war. The Vietnam War ended in 1975 with a communist victory in Vietnam after the US withdrew.
Vietnam war for Cambridge IGCSE HistoryJoanie Yeung
Introduction of Vietcong, Why did USA get involved in Vietnam? Why did USA fail to defeat the Vietcong? What were the roles played by the media and public opinion in USA? How did the Vietnam War end?
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The first presentation for Paper 3, "The main interpretations of the Cold War and a literature review". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the origins of the Cold War; orthodox traditional interpretation and the historians (Thomas Bailey, Herbert Feis, George Kennan); revisionist interpretation and the historians (William Appleman, Walter LaFeber, Gal Alperovits, Gabriel Kolko); post-revisionist interpretations and the historians (Thomas Patterson, Lewis Gaddis, Ernest May).
Vietnam war for Cambridge IGCSE HistoryJoanie Yeung
Introduction of Vietcong, Why did USA get involved in Vietnam? Why did USA fail to defeat the Vietcong? What were the roles played by the media and public opinion in USA? How did the Vietnam War end?
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The first presentation for Paper 3, "The main interpretations of the Cold War and a literature review". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the origins of the Cold War; orthodox traditional interpretation and the historians (Thomas Bailey, Herbert Feis, George Kennan); revisionist interpretation and the historians (William Appleman, Walter LaFeber, Gal Alperovits, Gabriel Kolko); post-revisionist interpretations and the historians (Thomas Patterson, Lewis Gaddis, Ernest May).
What the video at httpswww.youtube.comwatchv=XgW0o-Ui94k a.docxtwilacrt6k5
What the video at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0o-Ui94k
and answer the questions below based upon your understanding of the war and the content of the video.
1.
Why did the French request assistance from the United States in Southeast Asia?
2.
How is the Domino Theory related to the containment policy?
3.
How did President Kennedy attempt to stop the expansion of communism into Vietnam?
4.
After which event did President Johnson dramatically increase the number of US troops deployed to Vietnam?
a.
Why do historians call into questions President Johnson’s justification for sending more troops to Vietman?
5.
Who advocated the policy of Vietnamization?
Why did this policy fail?
6.
How did the Vietnam conflict end?
The Cold War in Vietnam
Vietnam Before US Intervention Previous
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been a French colony since the late 19th century. During World War II, however, Japan occupied French Indochina. After Japan's defeat, France tried to re-establish control, but met opposition from the Viet Minh.
After World War II, neither France nor England wanted to see the end of their colonial empires. England was anxious to control Burma, Malaya, and India. France wanted to rule Indochina. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States sought to bring an end to European colonialism. As he put it, condescendingly: “There are 1.1 billion brown people. In many Eastern countries they are ruled by a handful of whites and they resent it. Our goal must be to help them achieve independence. 1.1 billion potential enemies are dangerous.”
But under Harry Truman, the United States was concerned about its naval and air bases in Asia. The U.S. decided to permit France into Indochina to re-assert its authority in Southeast Asia. The result: the French Indochina War began.
From the beginning, American intelligence officers knew that France would find it difficult to re-assert its authority in Indochina. The French refused to listen to American intelligence. To them, the idea of Asian rebels standing up to a powerful Western nation was preposterous.
Although Truman allowed the French to return to Indochina, he was not yet prepared to give the French arms, transportation, and economic assistance. It was not until anti-communism became a major issue that the United States would take an active role supporting the French. The fall of China, the Korean War, and the coming of Joe McCarthy would lead policymakers to see the French War in Vietnam, not as a colonial war, but as a war against international communism.
Beginning in 1950, the United States started to underwrite the French war effort. For four years, the United States provided $2 billion; however, this had little effect on the war. The French command, frustrated by a hit-and-run guerrilla war, devised a trap. The idea was to use a French garrison as bait, have the enemy surround it, and mass their forces. Then, the French would strike and .
Info graphic great depression poster assignmentWayne Williams
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Great article that examines the lessons that students of military history can study to learn how lessons learned from America's Indian Wars still applies to military studies today.
A study of the people and events in early American history, leading up to the American Revolution. Students will gain insight into the character of George Washington and his military background.
Students will work individually or in groups. Fact-check the answers by looking up and citing reliable sources that reveal historical information that is often hidden on the topic of Communist subversion of the United States and the U.N.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
The Vietnam War
1. ■Essential Question:
–What were the causes of
Americas involvement in
Vietnam?
■Question #1:
Why were U.S. troops in French-
controlled Vietnam in the 1950s?
2. The Vietnam War
■ During the Cold War, the U.S. was committed
to containing communism
– The U.S. was effective in limiting communist
influence in Europe
– The spread of communism in Asia,
combined with a French-U.S. treaty backing
France against colonial revolts, led the U.S.
to become involved in a civil war in Vietnam.
– Involvement in Vietnam from 1950 to 1973
proved to be America’s longest & most
controversial war
2. What led the U.S. to become involved in a
civil war in Vietnam?
3. America’s Commitment to Vietnam
Since 1887, France
controlled the colony of
Vietnam in SE Asia
By 1945, Communist leader
Ho Chi Minh led a war of
independence for Vietnam
Truman & Eisenhower feared the
spread of communism in Asia
(“domino theory”)
& sent aid to France
3. What American agency was
rigging elections in Vietnam and
making things worse in the name
of fighting communism?
4. America’s Commitment to Vietnam
Vietnam won
independence in 1954
but was divided along
the 17th parallel
Ho Chi Minh gained
control of communist
North Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem became
democratic president
of South Vietnam
5. America’s Commitment to Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh’s
communist supporters
in the North were
called the Vietminh
In South Vietnam, a
group of communists
called the Vietcong
were formed to oppose
Diem & unify Vietnam
6. South Vietnamese
President Diem led a
corrupt government,
offered little assistance
to the poor, &
oppressed Buddhists
Presidents Eisenhower
& Kennedy supported
Diem despite his
growing unpopularity
America’s Commitment to Vietnam
In 1963, Buddhist
monk Quang Duc
immolated himself to
protest Diem’s regime
In 1963 President
Kennedy recognized
that Diem had lost
control of Vietnam &
gave approval for the
assassination of Diem
“Strongly in our mind
is what happened in
China at the end of
World War II, where
China was lost. We
don’t want that.”
—JFK
Diem’s assassination
led to chaos in
South Vietnam
After JFK’s death in
1963, the responsibility
for Vietnam fell to
Lyndon Johnson
7. ■National Security Action
Memorandum (NSAM) 263, dated
October 11, 1963.
■Ordered withdrawal of 1,000
military personnel by the end of
1963.
4. Prior to JFK’s assassination,
what was he planning to do in
Vietnam? Proof?
JFK’s Plan for Vietnam
8. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964
In 1964,
a North Vietnamese gunboat
reportedly attacked the USS
Maddox in the
Gulf of Tonkin. The commander of
the Maddox, and later the Sec. of
Defense, stated this was false.
5. Why do you think LBJ would
falsify an attack on an American
ship?
Congress responded with the
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
which gave Lyndon Johnson
broad powers to “defend
Vietnam at any cost”
9. U.S. Troops
in Vietnam
In an effort to contain the
spread of communism into
South Vietnam,
LBJ began sending U.S.
troops in 1965.
5. How much of an increase in
U.S. soldiers was there
between ’64-’65?
In “Operation Rolling
Thunder,” the U.S.
military began bombing
North Vietnam
The Escalation of the Vietnam War
By 1968, over 500,000
U.S. soldiers were
fighting in Vietnam
10. Fighting the War in Vietnam
■The goal of U.S. military was to
defeat the Vietcong & support
democracy in South Vietnam:
–But, the Vietcong lived among the
civilians in Vietnamese in cities
& villages (who is the enemy?)
–The Vietcong used guerilla tactics
to combat U.S. military superiority
–Jungles made fighting difficult
11.
12. The U.S. military used a variety of
tactics to fight the war in Vietnam
The air force bombed
villages & supply lines
(Ho Chi Minh Trail)
6. How did the Vietminh
supply the Vietcong and
how did the U.S. disrupt
this supply line?
13. The U.S. military used a variety of
tactics to fight the war in Vietnam
The military used napalmnapalm to destroy villages
& pesticidespesticides (Agent OrangeAgent Orange) to destroy crops
14. The U.S. military used a variety of
tactics to fight the war in Vietnam
Soldiers were sent on deadly “search&destroy”
missions into the jungles to find the Vietcong
15. Despite overwhelming military superiority,
the U.S. could not win in Vietnam
& the war became unpopular at home
Television made Vietnam a “living room war”
TV broadcasts reported body counts, atrocities,
declining troop morale, & lack of gains in the
“My Lai
Massacre”
1968
16. The American public believed their was a
“credibility gap” between what the gov’t was
saying & the reality of the Vietnam War
“Vietcong
surrender
is imminent”
General Westmoreland & the Credibility Gap
“There is a
light at the end
of the tunnel”
“The U.S. has never lost a
battle in Vietnam”
But, the military
continued to draft
more young men to
fight in Vietnam
17. The Tet Offensive, 1968
In 1968, the Vietcong
launched the TetTet
OffensiveOffensive against
U.S. forces in South
Vietnam
The attack was contrary
to media reports that
the U.S. was winning the
Vietnam War
7. How did the 1968 Tet
Offensive effect
American opinions
about the war in
general?
18. The Tet Offensive, 1968
The Tet OffensiveTet Offensive
was a turning point
in the Vietnam War
President Johnson
began to question
whether the war
could be won…
…& LBJ announced
that he would not
seek re-election
““Johnson’s War”Johnson’s War”
American attitudes
towards the war
changed & anti-war
movement grew
19. Protesting the Vietnam War
Since 1965, U.S. troops had been in Vietnam…
but 1968 was the height of the Vietnam War &
the year of the disastrous Tet Offensive
As more men were drafted into the war, the
larger the anti-Vietnam protests became
20. Students
protested the
killing of civilians
& the draft,
especially the
large numbers of
African Americans,
Hispanics, & high-
school dropouts
Protesting the Vietnam War
21. Richard Nixon & the Election of 1968
LBJ’s decision not to run for re-election & the
assassination of Robert Kennedy left the
Democrats divided for the election of 1968
Republican Richard Nixon takes the lead over
divided Democrats & won the 1968 election
23. Vietnamization
Nixon & National Security
Advisor Henry Kissinger
developed a plan called
Vietnamization:
gradually withdraw U.S. troops
& replace them with South
Vietnamese soldiers
But, Nixon really wanted a
“knockout blow” in Vietnam &
secretly sent U.S. troops Cambodia
& ordered bombings of Laos
8. How did Nixon lie to the American
people?
24. When Americans found out about
Nixon’s attacks on Cambodia & Laos,
it set off the largest protest in U.S. history
250,000 people, mostly
students on college
campuses, protested the
war & some protests
turned violent
4 students died when the
National Guard shot into a
crowd of violent protestors at
Kent State University in 1970
9. What is the latin term
prohibiting U.S. soldiers from
being used on Americans?
25. Ending the Vietnam War
In 1973, the U.S. &
North Vietnam
agreed to a cease fire
& the U.S. withdrew
troops from Vietnam
In 1975, North Vietnam
violated the cease fire,
invaded South Vietnam,
& unified the nation
under a communist
government
26.
27. The Impact of the Vietnam War
■The conflict in Vietnam was the longest
& most divisive war in U.S. history.
•Of the 3.3 million U.S.
soldiers who served:
58,000 were killed
303,000 were wounded
15% were diagnosed with
post-traumatic stress
disorder after the war
Many vets faced hostility
from other U.S. citizens
when they returned home
28. The Impact of the Vietnam War
•The war changed foreign policy
Containment ended
as Americans became
cautious of the U.S.
role in the world
Congress limited
a president's ability
to send troops
without a declaration
of war by passing the
War Powers Act
in 1973
10. How did the War
Powers Act limit presidential authority?
29. The Impact of the Vietnam War
•The war changed America at home
People began to lose
faith in the honesty of
gov’t leaders during the
Johnson & Nixon years
The $176 billion cost of
the war led to high
inflation in the 1970
& weakened LBJ’s
Great Society
The 26th
Amendment
lowered the voting age
to 18 years old
30. Closure Activity:
Create a timeline of Vietnam events;
For each date, include a description & image
1954—
1963—
1964—
1965—
1968—
1969—
1970—
1973—
1975—
1954—Vietnam gained independence
1963—Kennedy gave OK to assassinate Diem
1964—Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1965—LBJ ordered 1st
U.S. troops to Vietnam
1968—Tet Offensive; Height of Vietnam War
1969—Nixon’s Vietnamization policy
1970—Nixon ordered troops to Cambodia
1973—U.S. ceasefire & withdrawal of troops
1975—Communists unified Vietnam
Editor's Notes
Under LBJ, America escalated its role in Vietnam & began
Defend Vietnam at any cost
Unlimited military intervention to be used at LBJ’s discretion
Dan Rather for CBS
By 1975, the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon fell & Vietnam became unified under the Communist government
Vietnam proved Containment could not be sustained