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Similar to The vietnam war 2014 normal version
The vietnam war 2014 normal version
- 1.
- 2. Background to the War z z z Francecontrolled “Indochina” since the late 19th century 1954 – France is defeated by Viet Minh army. Ho Chi Minh sets up a Communist gov’t in North Vietnam. International Conference at Geneva Vietnam was divided at 17th parallel O Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the North O Pro-Western state (democracy) controlled the South
- 3. Background to the War z z z z z z z 1956elections would reunited Vietnam United States was official supporter of South Vietnam Ho Chi Minh introduced communist reform in the North South Vietnam refused to hold elections for re-unification Fearful of elections in the North that would not be free Vietcong – South Vietnam Communists – began guerrilla warfare against the South Vietnam Government VC (Vietcong) were support by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
- 4. Background to the War z z SouthVietnam was far from a Democracy President was a dictator z z z Vietnam’s Buddhists opposed him They were treated with great discrimination 1963 the President was overthrown and murdered in a coup d’etat z Supported by United States
- 5. Early Protests of Southdictator Self-Emolation by a Buddhist Monk
- 6. U.S. begins involvement Domino Theory– if South Vietnam fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall to communism like a row of dominos Resisting communism in South Vietnam might prevent this collapse
- 8. President Kennedy 1960-1963 z z President Kennedywas greatly affected by the Domino Theory Kennedy sent aid and Military Advisors to assist South Vietnam z z Requested by South Viet. Govt. JFK also felt that a successful democracy in South Vietnam would serve as a model to other developing Asian, African, and Latin American countries
- 9. z z President Johnson 1963-1968 assassinated in 1963 JFK UnderPresident Johnson, the U.S. would become deeply involved in Vietnam I’m not going to be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.
- 10. z z z z President Johnson 1963Gulf ofTonkin Resolution 1964 1968 Johnson announced that U.S. ships were attacked by the North Vietnamese in international waters Congress voted to give Johnson full military powers to stop North Vietnam aggression Years later, it was revealed that the U.S. ships attacked were in North Vietnam waters supporting South Vietnam ships that were bombing North Vietnam
- 11. Johnson escalates the War Congress neverofficially declared war • • Johnson used the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to escalate (increase) the war LBJ ordered massive bombings raids over North Vietnam Sent more combat troops By 1968 - 500,000 U.S. soldiers in Vietnam New Weapons • • • • • • Napalm – sticky gasoline-based jelly that burns; great damage Agent Orange – herbicide killed jungle cover used by VC
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- 14. z 1968 - The TetOffensive Vietcong (VC) launched massive simultaneous offensive throughout South z z z Once in control, the VC committed brutal acts of terror against South Vietnam officials American forces finally beat back the offensive z z z Seizing many major cities, including the capital city of Saigon Turning point in the war Demonstrated to American public that victory was on the way Disproved the rhetoric of the US govt that the Vietcong were weak, under supplied, disorganized and low in morale
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- 16. 1968 - TheTet Offensive
- 17. z 1968 - TheTet Offensive Roy Benavidez 1935-1998 stop at 3:59 Born in Cuero, TX Master Sergeant in the Army Special Forces Facing constant fire, carried wounded members of his platoon to rescuehelicopters Critically wounded, Benavidez refused to stop gathering survivors Benavidez saved the lives of 8 men Awards z z z z z z z z z Distinguished Congressional Ronal Reagan Service Cross for heroism Medal of Honor by President in 1981 Benavidez dies in San Antonio in 1998
- 18. Difficulties in Vietnam z z z 1968 –U.S. dropped more bombs on Vietnam than in all of WWII $25 Billion dollars spent a year on Vietnam War Despite these efforts, the U.S. was unable to win the war for a number of reasons
- 19. 3 Reasons unableto win the WAR!!!!! 1. Popularity of Nationalist Cause 2. Guerilla Warfare 3. Anti-War Movement
- 20. #1. Popularity of NationalistCause z z z z z Both North and South Vietnamese saw Ho Chi Minh as the “father” of their country They felt they were fighting for their independence and willing to suffer large losses to re-unify their country Disruptions weakened the South Vietnam govt; Corruption became widespread South Vietnam failed to gain popular support 1967 South Vietnam ruled by dictator
- 21. #2. Guerilla Warfare z z z z U.S. Soldierswere unfamiliar with Vietnamese culture and physical environment Unable to tell who was friendly and who was the enemy Vietnam jungles provided ideal cover for guerilla warfare and secret enemy movements Vietnam’s location made it easy for Communists to send a steady flow of supplies through neighboring countries
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- 24. #3. Anti-War Movement z z z z z z z Media hasa great influence in shaping public opinion Newspapers, radio, television First time America audiences could watch WAR LBJ (Johnson) told U.S. they were winning the war Journalist reported otherwise “Credibility Gap” Americans lost faith in their government’s reliability
- 25. Anti-War Movement z z z z z z z z z z z z Disconnect among youngAmericans who objected their country’s involvement in Vietnam Mass anti-war movements occurred from 1965 until the end of the war in 1975 They burned draft cards, march on the Pentagon, held rallies and staged demonstrations By 1968, millions of young Americans actively protested the war Anti-War movement influenced Military policy American “doves” Wanted U.S. withdraw from Vietnam Saw war as a civil war between North and South Vietnam Believed U.S. leaders were acting immorally by bombing civilians and burning villages American “hawks” Supported the war Believed it was an attempted to protect South Vietnam from Communist takeover
- 26. z z z President Nixon Republican President RichardNixon was elected 1969-1973 in 1969 Reasons for winning elections z Division among Democratic Party z Assassination of Robert Kennedy (younger brother to JFK) z Staunch anti-communist z Promised Americans “peace with honor” in Vietnam z However war dragged on for 5 more years Henry Kissinger aided Nixon z Introduced “Vietnamization” z Increased bombings and diplomacy
- 27. Vietnamization Vietnamization – SouthVietnam Army gradually took over the brunt fighting allowing U.S. forces withdrawal, same time increase bombing of North Vietnam and provide military aid to South Vietnam Nixon’s Vietnam Policy Invasion of Cambodia – Nixon believed war would shorten if supply routes (Ho Chi Minh Trail) from North to South could be cut. 1970 U.S. invaded Cambodia Diplomatic Overtures – Nixon negotiated with Vietnam’s communist allies (China and Soviet Union) to put pressure on North Vietnam
- 28. z Nixon – Public Anti-War Increasedwith INCREASES bombing of Cambodia z 1969 – National guardsmen shoot and kill 4 students demonstrating at Kent State, Ohio z College campuses across the nation close due to student demonstrations z Student engaged in mass marches on Washington D.C. and other major cities Kent State University
- 29. z Nixon – Public Anti-War Nixonand VP Agnew insisted most Americans INCREASES supported the war z “Silent Majority” is what they called them z Exchanges between anti-war and pro-war supporters became violent z Pentagon Papers z leaked documents in 1971 New York Times z revealed several Presidents before Nixon LIED to America about Vietnam z President felt Vietnam could not be won but didn’t want the disgrace of defeat with their Presidency
- 30. Anti-War Demonstration s Student Protestors at Univ.of CA in Berkeley, 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago, 1968
- 31. The Fall of Saigon zVietnamization gradually reduced U.S. armed forces in Vietnam z 1973 – Kissinger led negotiators in Paris to work a cease-fire agreement with North Vietnam z Nixon agreed to pull out all remaining U.S. troops from Vietnam if North Vietnam would release U.S. prisoners of war z After U.S. withdrawal fighting continued
- 32. The Fall of Saigon zSouth Vietnamese Army incapable of stopping advance of North Vietnam Army z April 30, 1975, Saigon (South Vietnam capital) fell to the NVA z Saigon (present day Ho Chi Minh City) marked the end of the Vietnam War z South Vietnamese government officials, military officers, and soldiers who supported American presence in Vietnam were sent to Communist “re-education camps” where they faced torture, disease and malnutrition
- 33. The Fall of Saigon April30, 1975 America Abandons Its Embassy
- 34. The Fall of Saigon NorthVietnamese at the Presidential Palace
- 35. Vietnam War Legacy 1. 1. 2. 2. 1. 2. 3. 3. 1. 2. 3. Deathand Destruction – 58,000+ Americans died Many suffered physical and psychological injuries 1+ million Vietnamese killed; many more left homeless Impact at Home and abroad – expenses led end of some Great Society programs Brought rising inflation Demonstrated that public opinion can affect government policy Crisis in American self-confidence; next to the U.S. Civil War, Vietnam War was most divisive war in U.S. History Limits Presidential Power Both Korean and Vietnam Wars, U.S. President sent troops into extended combat without declaration of war from Congress 1973, Congress passed WAR POWERS ACT – sets limits on President’s power in a conflict without formal declaration of war by Congress The act requires the President to inform Congress within 48 hrs of sending troops to fight overseas; if within 60 days Congress doesn’t approve of usage of these forces, President must withdraw them
- 36. 26th Amendment Most statesset the voting age at 21 – Draft age in the military was 18 Many Americans protested the law during Vietnam War – Saying it was unfair to send someone to war without letting them vote Ratified in 1971 – Lowered the voting age to 18
Editor's Notes
- #3 Ho Chi Minh had been fighting for Vietnamese independence since World War I. The U.S. gave France aid to win its support in American anticommunist efforts in Western Europe.
- #4 Realizing he would Diem backs out of elections.
- #5 Realizing he would lose, Diem backed out of elections.
- #9 Kennedy’s advisors were clearly fighting a covert war by 1963. MacNamara has suggested that he believes Kennedy would have pulled the U.S. out, but evidence in inconclusive. JFK realizes Diem is a liability; offers quiet support to a Vietnamese military coup d’etat. The coup results in the brutal murders of Diem and his brother The Vietnamese generals overthrow one another. A relatively stable, but tyrannical government emerges. It is little better than Diem’s.
- #10 What Johnson told Congress What he didn’t tell Congress: He had already written the resolution before the “incident.” The U.S. naval vessels were aiding ARVN in commando raids in North Vietnam at the time. He learned that the attack probably hadn’t occurred. The U.S. navy was not on the “high seas” but in N. Vietnam’s 12 mile territorial limit.
- #11 What Johnson told Congress What he didn’t tell Congress: He had already written the resolution before the “incident.” The U.S. naval vessels were aiding ARVN in commando raids in North Vietnam at the time. He learned that the attack probably hadn’t occurred. The U.S. navy was not on the “high seas” but in N. Vietnam’s 12 mile territorial limit.
- #12 Kennedy’s advisors were clearly fighting a covert war by 1963. MacNamara has suggested that he believes Kennedy would have pulled the U.S. out, but evidence in inconclusive. JFK realizes Diem is a liability; offers quiet support to a Vietnamese military coup d’etat. The coup results in the brutal murders of Diem and his brother The Vietnamese generals overthrow one another. A relatively stable, but tyrannical government emerges. It is little better than Diem’s.
- #36 Diversion of capital to the war indirectly caused economic recession: 11% inflation and 12% unemployment!