The ultra-low-power IDT 9FGVxxxx (clock generators) and 9DBVxxxx (buffers) are the latest members of IDT's leading portfolio of PCI Express Gen1, Gen2 and Gen3 solutions, which also includes switches, bridges, signal repeaters, flash controllers and timing. The new PCIe timing devices consume less than 50 mW of power -- less than one-tenth the power required by previous solutions. The ultra-low power consumption reduces heat dissipation to ease cooling requirements in large-scale cloud computing applications. The new clock generators and buffers are available with a variety of termination options and features. Presented by Ron Wade, Technical Marketing Manager, Integrated Device Technology, Inc. For more information about IDT's PCI Express solutions, visit www.idt.com/go/PCIe.
The document describes an Atmel microcontroller with features such as a powerful instruction set, 32 general purpose registers, various memory segments including flash, EEPROM and SRAM, in-system programming, analog and digital peripherals, and low power consumption. It includes pinout diagrams and descriptions of the microcontroller's I/O ports, voltage supplies, and packages. Key specifications listed are operating voltage, temperature range, speed grades, and power consumption levels.
The document provides an introduction to the AD9122 dual 16-bit 1200 MSPS transmitter DAC from Analog Devices. It has flexible LVDS interface, single-carrier W-CDMA ACLR of 82 dBc, and adjustable output current. It features a novel interpolator/complex modulator, digital gain/phase adjustment, and multiple synchronization interfaces. Key applications include wireless infrastructure equipment and wideband communications systems.
This document discusses interfacing devices like LEDs, LCDs, and keyboards to an 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining what input/output interfacing is and the differences that exist between CPUs and peripheral devices. It then reviews the pin configuration of the 8051 and the specific devices that will be interfaced: LEDs, an LCD, and a keyboard. Wiring diagrams and code examples are provided for interfacing each device. Key concepts like scanning keyboard rows and columns, sending commands and data to an LCD, and checking an LCD's busy flag are explained.
The document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC) in the LPC2148 ARM microcontroller. It notes that the LPC2148 has two 10-bit ADC modules, ADC0 and ADC1, which can convert analog signals to 10-bit digital values between 0 and 1023. It lists the main registers associated with ADC in the LPC2148, including the ADCR control register, ADGDR global data register, ADSTAT status register, and ADINTEN interrupt enable register. Finally, it provides a table showing the ADC-related channels and pins on the LPC2148.
ASIC Implementation of I2C Master bus controller with design of Firm IP core has been proposed in this paper. I2C is one the most prominent protocol used in on chip communication among sub-systems. The generic design of I2C master controller has ample of features to incorporate vast varieties of application and I2C standards. The generic design is slow, congested and require high power. It’s rare to utilize all the
features of generic design fully in a single particular application or system. Hence, a modified ASIC design
with specific less features but with better timing, low power requirement and less area overhead, has been
proposed in this paper. This design is specifically apt for digital systems which have serial bus interface
requirement for on board communication. Moreover, the Firm IP core of I2C Master Controller has been designed for ASIC, which makes the design highly portable on any ASIC chips or SOC designs. The firm IPs is best in terms of flexibility and more predictable than commonly found soft IPs. The entire custom ASIC implementation of proposed design has been done in Cadence Tool chain with 45nm technology using
standard cell library. A thorough comparison has been done between generic open sourced RTL design of I2C Controller obtained from Opencores.org and our proposed design.
This document provides an overview of reconfigurable computing and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It discusses the history and flexibility advantages of FPGAs compared to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and general purpose processors (GPPs). The document outlines FPGA architecture including logic blocks, interconnect networks, memory and digital signal processing blocks. It also covers FPGA programming technologies, data flow graphs, and considerations for implementing algorithms on FPGAs which requires a codesign approach.
This document summarizes the features of the Atmel ATmega8L and ATmega8 microcontrollers. It includes:
- Details on the 8-bit RISC architecture, registers, speed grades up to 16MHz, and low power consumption.
- On-chip memory features including 8K flash, 512B EEPROM, and 1KB SRAM with high endurance and long data retention.
- Peripheral features such as timers, PWM, ADC, serial interfaces, and analog comparator.
- Package options, pin configurations, and operating voltages from 2.7V to 5.5V.
The SAI interface (Serial Audio Interface) is a peripheral that communicates with external audio devices, supporting a wide set of audio protocols:
PDM Interface (Pulse Density Modulation)
I2S Philips standards, (Inter-IC Sound)
SPDIF Output, (Sony/Philips Digital InterFace)
PCM, (Pulse Code Modulation)
TDM, (Time Division Multiplexing)
AC’97, (Audio Codec ’97 from Intel)
The document describes an Atmel microcontroller with features such as a powerful instruction set, 32 general purpose registers, various memory segments including flash, EEPROM and SRAM, in-system programming, analog and digital peripherals, and low power consumption. It includes pinout diagrams and descriptions of the microcontroller's I/O ports, voltage supplies, and packages. Key specifications listed are operating voltage, temperature range, speed grades, and power consumption levels.
The document provides an introduction to the AD9122 dual 16-bit 1200 MSPS transmitter DAC from Analog Devices. It has flexible LVDS interface, single-carrier W-CDMA ACLR of 82 dBc, and adjustable output current. It features a novel interpolator/complex modulator, digital gain/phase adjustment, and multiple synchronization interfaces. Key applications include wireless infrastructure equipment and wideband communications systems.
This document discusses interfacing devices like LEDs, LCDs, and keyboards to an 8051 microcontroller. It begins by explaining what input/output interfacing is and the differences that exist between CPUs and peripheral devices. It then reviews the pin configuration of the 8051 and the specific devices that will be interfaced: LEDs, an LCD, and a keyboard. Wiring diagrams and code examples are provided for interfacing each device. Key concepts like scanning keyboard rows and columns, sending commands and data to an LCD, and checking an LCD's busy flag are explained.
The document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC) in the LPC2148 ARM microcontroller. It notes that the LPC2148 has two 10-bit ADC modules, ADC0 and ADC1, which can convert analog signals to 10-bit digital values between 0 and 1023. It lists the main registers associated with ADC in the LPC2148, including the ADCR control register, ADGDR global data register, ADSTAT status register, and ADINTEN interrupt enable register. Finally, it provides a table showing the ADC-related channels and pins on the LPC2148.
ASIC Implementation of I2C Master bus controller with design of Firm IP core has been proposed in this paper. I2C is one the most prominent protocol used in on chip communication among sub-systems. The generic design of I2C master controller has ample of features to incorporate vast varieties of application and I2C standards. The generic design is slow, congested and require high power. It’s rare to utilize all the
features of generic design fully in a single particular application or system. Hence, a modified ASIC design
with specific less features but with better timing, low power requirement and less area overhead, has been
proposed in this paper. This design is specifically apt for digital systems which have serial bus interface
requirement for on board communication. Moreover, the Firm IP core of I2C Master Controller has been designed for ASIC, which makes the design highly portable on any ASIC chips or SOC designs. The firm IPs is best in terms of flexibility and more predictable than commonly found soft IPs. The entire custom ASIC implementation of proposed design has been done in Cadence Tool chain with 45nm technology using
standard cell library. A thorough comparison has been done between generic open sourced RTL design of I2C Controller obtained from Opencores.org and our proposed design.
This document provides an overview of reconfigurable computing and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It discusses the history and flexibility advantages of FPGAs compared to application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) and general purpose processors (GPPs). The document outlines FPGA architecture including logic blocks, interconnect networks, memory and digital signal processing blocks. It also covers FPGA programming technologies, data flow graphs, and considerations for implementing algorithms on FPGAs which requires a codesign approach.
This document summarizes the features of the Atmel ATmega8L and ATmega8 microcontrollers. It includes:
- Details on the 8-bit RISC architecture, registers, speed grades up to 16MHz, and low power consumption.
- On-chip memory features including 8K flash, 512B EEPROM, and 1KB SRAM with high endurance and long data retention.
- Peripheral features such as timers, PWM, ADC, serial interfaces, and analog comparator.
- Package options, pin configurations, and operating voltages from 2.7V to 5.5V.
The SAI interface (Serial Audio Interface) is a peripheral that communicates with external audio devices, supporting a wide set of audio protocols:
PDM Interface (Pulse Density Modulation)
I2S Philips standards, (Inter-IC Sound)
SPDIF Output, (Sony/Philips Digital InterFace)
PCM, (Pulse Code Modulation)
TDM, (Time Division Multiplexing)
AC’97, (Audio Codec ’97 from Intel)
The document describes an energy metering integrated circuit from Microchip Technology that provides active real power measurement capabilities. It features two 16-bit delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters, low measurement error over a wide dynamic range, and interfaces for driving mechanical counters and stepper motors. The document outlines the IC's functional blocks, current sensing options, and reference designs for using it in energy metering applications.
Catálogo DDC con bus de datos y software para aeronáuticaMarketing Donalba
This document provides an overview of Data Device Corporation (DDC), including its product areas, boards, and software. DDC was established in 1964 and specializes in data networking technologies like MIL-STD-1553, ARINC, Ethernet, and more for applications in military, aerospace, vehicles, and industrial markets. The document describes DDC's various boards and products that support these standards in form factors including PCI, PMC, USB, and more. It also outlines DDC's software which can operate devices in standalone, remote access, or protocol conversion modes.
This document provides an overview of Data Device Corporation's databus boards and software products. It describes DDC's history and facilities, their product areas including MIL-STD-1553, ARINC, and Ethernet devices. It also summarizes their various board form factors for applications including test/simulation, embedded, and portable, with options for 1553, ARINC, or multi-I/O interfaces. Floor plans and specifications are given for several of their computer platforms that support I/O expansion with DDC interface cards.
The FlexTiles Development Platform offers Dual FPGA for 3D SoC PrototypingFlexTiles Team
This document summarizes an FPGA carrier board called the SMT166. It has the following key features:
- It contains two Virtex-6 FPGAs and memory banks that can be used for processing and storage.
- It supports various mezzanine cards and modules through SLB connectors, including ADC boards and optional DSP modules.
- It provides interfaces such as PCIe, SATA, Ethernet and USB to connect to other devices and systems.
This document provides an introduction to IP cores and softcore processors. It defines IP cores as reusable logic or data blocks used in FPGAs or ASICs. There are three types of IP cores - hard cores, firm cores, and soft cores. Soft cores exist as a netlist or HDL code, providing the most flexibility. The document then describes the Nios II softcore processor in detail, including its RISC architecture, configurable pipeline and data path, instruction set, and ability to interface with common peripherals like UART, timer, SPI, and memory.
This document provides information on the features and specifications of the Atmel ATmega8(L) 8-bit microcontroller. It has an 8-bit AVR CPU with advanced RISC architecture, 8KBytes of flash memory, 512Bytes of EEPROM, 1KByte of SRAM, and various I/O features. The microcontroller operates between 2.7-5.5V with a clock speed of 0-16MHz and has low power consumption of 3.6mA active, 1.0mA idle, and 0.5uA power-down modes.
The document summarizes the pin configuration of the LPC2148 microcontroller. It has 45 GPIO pins across two ports, with Port 0 having 29 visible I/O pins and Port 1 having 16 visible pins. The microcontroller contains 19 different peripherals including USB D+ and D- lines, oscillator pins, RTC pins, ground pins, power supply pins, analog ground, analog power supply reference, and RTC power supply pin.
Philips Semiconductors (now NXP Semiconductors) developed a simple bidirectional 2-wire bus for efficient inter-IC control. This bus is called the Inter-IC or I2C-bus which is a 8-bit oriented serial bus. Only two bus lines are required:
a serial data line (SDA)
a serial clock line (SCL).
The document provides a history of digital logic and programmable logic devices such as PLDs, CPLDs, and ASICs. It describes the advantages of FPGAs over other technologies including lower costs, faster time to market, and easier design changes. The architecture of FPGAs is explained including logic blocks, interconnects, embedded memory and DSP blocks. Modern SoC FPGAs integrate an ARM processor for improved performance. Applications include automotive, wireless, military, and medical imaging systems.
This document provides an example of using a Siemens S300 PLC with PROFIBUS communication to two slave devices, a WAGO unit with 4 digital outputs and a WINblock unit with 8 digital inputs. It describes configuring the PROFIBUS stations and addresses in Step7 software and ladder logic programming in the PLC to interface with the I/O on the slave devices over PROFIBUS.
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
Microcontroller 8051 and its interfacingAnkur Mahajan
The document discusses microcontrollers and interfacing. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, comparing their differences. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its features, block diagram, manufacturers, and addressing modes. The document outlines how to write programs for the 8051 and discusses real-world interfacing examples like LCDs, ADCs, relays, motors. It concludes with applications of the 8051 and contact information.
The 8051 architecture contains an accumulator, program status word, stack pointer, data pointer, ports 0-3, serial data buffer, timer registers, control registers, timing and control unit, oscillator, instruction register, program address register, RAM, RAM address register, ALU, and SFR register bank. The accumulator is used to store operands. The program status word contains status flags. The stack pointer increments before data is pushed onto or called from the stack. The data pointer is a 16-bit register used to address external RAM. Each I/O port has a latch and driver. The serial data buffer contains transmit and receive registers. Timer and control registers control interrupts, timers, counters, and the serial port. The
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, and programming. It provides an overview of the 8051 architecture, describing its registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. It also discusses how the 8051 is commonly used in applications like home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
AN INTEGRATED FOUR-PORT DC-DC CONVERTER-CEI0080Vivek Venugopal
This document proposes a novel four-port DC/DC converter topology for renewable energy applications. The proposed topology adds two switches and two diodes to a traditional half-bridge topology to interface two power sources, one bidirectional storage port, and one isolated load port. Zero-voltage switching is achieved for all four main switches. Three ports can be tightly regulated through independent duty cycles while the fourth is unregulated to maintain power balance. Experimental results confirm independent control over three processing paths with low component count and losses.
Introduction to Vortex86DX2 Motion-Control Evaluation Boardroboard
The document describes the Vortex86DX2 system on chip from DMP Electronics, which integrates an x86 CPU with motion control modules. Key features of the SoC include integrated pulse/direction, encoder, and PWM interfaces for controlling motors and reading encoders, as well as various interrupt sources and filtering options for real-time control applications. The motion control modules support servo control, encoder reading, SSI communication, and pulse capture in different operating modes.
The document discusses Arduino and PCB design basics. It covers microcontrollers, the Arduino development board, programming concepts for interfacing various components like LEDs, LCDs, sensors and modules. It also discusses PCB design using OrCAD Capture and Layout software including creating schematics, linking components to footprints, and designing the final PCB layout.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Intel 8096 microcontroller. It discusses the 8096's salient features such as its 16-bit architecture, high-speed I/O capabilities, and uses in motor control and robotics. It describes the 8096's architecture including its 16-bit CPU, registers, memory mapping, and I/O features such as timers, serial port, and A/D converter. The document provides details on the 8096's instruction set, addressing modes, and interrupt structure.
The document discusses the AT89S52 microcontroller. It provides details on its architecture, memory types, ports, and pin configuration. The AT89S52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of Flash memory manufactured by Atmel. It has 4 ports with 32 total I/O lines that can be used for input/output. It contains RAM for variable storage and EEPROM for program storage.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides information on what embedded systems are, examples of where they are used, components of embedded systems like microprocessors and microcontrollers, differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller and its applications in embedded systems. It also discusses addressing modes, timers, interrupts and embedded operating systems.
The document describes an energy metering integrated circuit from Microchip Technology that provides active real power measurement capabilities. It features two 16-bit delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters, low measurement error over a wide dynamic range, and interfaces for driving mechanical counters and stepper motors. The document outlines the IC's functional blocks, current sensing options, and reference designs for using it in energy metering applications.
Catálogo DDC con bus de datos y software para aeronáuticaMarketing Donalba
This document provides an overview of Data Device Corporation (DDC), including its product areas, boards, and software. DDC was established in 1964 and specializes in data networking technologies like MIL-STD-1553, ARINC, Ethernet, and more for applications in military, aerospace, vehicles, and industrial markets. The document describes DDC's various boards and products that support these standards in form factors including PCI, PMC, USB, and more. It also outlines DDC's software which can operate devices in standalone, remote access, or protocol conversion modes.
This document provides an overview of Data Device Corporation's databus boards and software products. It describes DDC's history and facilities, their product areas including MIL-STD-1553, ARINC, and Ethernet devices. It also summarizes their various board form factors for applications including test/simulation, embedded, and portable, with options for 1553, ARINC, or multi-I/O interfaces. Floor plans and specifications are given for several of their computer platforms that support I/O expansion with DDC interface cards.
The FlexTiles Development Platform offers Dual FPGA for 3D SoC PrototypingFlexTiles Team
This document summarizes an FPGA carrier board called the SMT166. It has the following key features:
- It contains two Virtex-6 FPGAs and memory banks that can be used for processing and storage.
- It supports various mezzanine cards and modules through SLB connectors, including ADC boards and optional DSP modules.
- It provides interfaces such as PCIe, SATA, Ethernet and USB to connect to other devices and systems.
This document provides an introduction to IP cores and softcore processors. It defines IP cores as reusable logic or data blocks used in FPGAs or ASICs. There are three types of IP cores - hard cores, firm cores, and soft cores. Soft cores exist as a netlist or HDL code, providing the most flexibility. The document then describes the Nios II softcore processor in detail, including its RISC architecture, configurable pipeline and data path, instruction set, and ability to interface with common peripherals like UART, timer, SPI, and memory.
This document provides information on the features and specifications of the Atmel ATmega8(L) 8-bit microcontroller. It has an 8-bit AVR CPU with advanced RISC architecture, 8KBytes of flash memory, 512Bytes of EEPROM, 1KByte of SRAM, and various I/O features. The microcontroller operates between 2.7-5.5V with a clock speed of 0-16MHz and has low power consumption of 3.6mA active, 1.0mA idle, and 0.5uA power-down modes.
The document summarizes the pin configuration of the LPC2148 microcontroller. It has 45 GPIO pins across two ports, with Port 0 having 29 visible I/O pins and Port 1 having 16 visible pins. The microcontroller contains 19 different peripherals including USB D+ and D- lines, oscillator pins, RTC pins, ground pins, power supply pins, analog ground, analog power supply reference, and RTC power supply pin.
Philips Semiconductors (now NXP Semiconductors) developed a simple bidirectional 2-wire bus for efficient inter-IC control. This bus is called the Inter-IC or I2C-bus which is a 8-bit oriented serial bus. Only two bus lines are required:
a serial data line (SDA)
a serial clock line (SCL).
The document provides a history of digital logic and programmable logic devices such as PLDs, CPLDs, and ASICs. It describes the advantages of FPGAs over other technologies including lower costs, faster time to market, and easier design changes. The architecture of FPGAs is explained including logic blocks, interconnects, embedded memory and DSP blocks. Modern SoC FPGAs integrate an ARM processor for improved performance. Applications include automotive, wireless, military, and medical imaging systems.
This document provides an example of using a Siemens S300 PLC with PROFIBUS communication to two slave devices, a WAGO unit with 4 digital outputs and a WINblock unit with 8 digital inputs. It describes configuring the PROFIBUS stations and addresses in Step7 software and ladder logic programming in the PLC to interface with the I/O on the slave devices over PROFIBUS.
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
Microcontroller 8051 and its interfacingAnkur Mahajan
The document discusses microcontrollers and interfacing. It begins with definitions of microprocessors and microcontrollers, comparing their differences. It then focuses on the 8051 microcontroller, describing its features, block diagram, manufacturers, and addressing modes. The document outlines how to write programs for the 8051 and discusses real-world interfacing examples like LCDs, ADCs, relays, motors. It concludes with applications of the 8051 and contact information.
The 8051 architecture contains an accumulator, program status word, stack pointer, data pointer, ports 0-3, serial data buffer, timer registers, control registers, timing and control unit, oscillator, instruction register, program address register, RAM, RAM address register, ALU, and SFR register bank. The accumulator is used to store operands. The program status word contains status flags. The stack pointer increments before data is pushed onto or called from the stack. The data pointer is a 16-bit register used to address external RAM. Each I/O port has a latch and driver. The serial data buffer contains transmit and receive registers. Timer and control registers control interrupts, timers, counters, and the serial port. The
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its features, applications, and programming. It provides an overview of the 8051 architecture, describing its registers, memory mapping, I/O ports, timers, and interrupts. It also discusses how the 8051 is commonly used in applications like home appliances, industrial equipment, and toys.
AN INTEGRATED FOUR-PORT DC-DC CONVERTER-CEI0080Vivek Venugopal
This document proposes a novel four-port DC/DC converter topology for renewable energy applications. The proposed topology adds two switches and two diodes to a traditional half-bridge topology to interface two power sources, one bidirectional storage port, and one isolated load port. Zero-voltage switching is achieved for all four main switches. Three ports can be tightly regulated through independent duty cycles while the fourth is unregulated to maintain power balance. Experimental results confirm independent control over three processing paths with low component count and losses.
Introduction to Vortex86DX2 Motion-Control Evaluation Boardroboard
The document describes the Vortex86DX2 system on chip from DMP Electronics, which integrates an x86 CPU with motion control modules. Key features of the SoC include integrated pulse/direction, encoder, and PWM interfaces for controlling motors and reading encoders, as well as various interrupt sources and filtering options for real-time control applications. The motion control modules support servo control, encoder reading, SSI communication, and pulse capture in different operating modes.
The document discusses Arduino and PCB design basics. It covers microcontrollers, the Arduino development board, programming concepts for interfacing various components like LEDs, LCDs, sensors and modules. It also discusses PCB design using OrCAD Capture and Layout software including creating schematics, linking components to footprints, and designing the final PCB layout.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the Intel 8096 microcontroller. It discusses the 8096's salient features such as its 16-bit architecture, high-speed I/O capabilities, and uses in motor control and robotics. It describes the 8096's architecture including its 16-bit CPU, registers, memory mapping, and I/O features such as timers, serial port, and A/D converter. The document provides details on the 8096's instruction set, addressing modes, and interrupt structure.
The document discusses the AT89S52 microcontroller. It provides details on its architecture, memory types, ports, and pin configuration. The AT89S52 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of Flash memory manufactured by Atmel. It has 4 ports with 32 total I/O lines that can be used for input/output. It contains RAM for variable storage and EEPROM for program storage.
The document discusses embedded systems and microcontrollers. It provides information on what embedded systems are, examples of where they are used, components of embedded systems like microprocessors and microcontrollers, differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller and its applications in embedded systems. It also discusses addressing modes, timers, interrupts and embedded operating systems.
The document describes a presentation on microcontrollers and various interfacing projects. It includes sections on an AT89C51 microcontroller, software used like Keil and Proteus, and interfacing projects for LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, and a traffic light project. The traffic light project uses an AT89C51 microcontroller to control green, yellow and red LEDs in automatic, semi-automatic and manual modes using feedback from sensors and commands from a remote computer.
Andes Technology Corporation provides a product selector guide and overview of its AndesCore CPU architecture and associated products for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The AndesCore architecture was designed specifically for the power, performance, and security needs of IoT devices, unlike architectures for PCs and smartphones. Key features of AndesCore include frequency throttling, a patented memory architecture, and custom instructions. AndesCore CPU cores range from small 2-stage pipelines to larger 8-stage pipelines and include options for security, custom instructions, and digital signal processing. Andes also offers associated platform IP and software development tools to simplify IoT product development.
This document provides an overview of Cisco router configuration and components. It describes Cisco router models such as the 2500, 4000, 7000 and 7500 series. It also describes various interface cards that can be used with different router models, including Fast Serial, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, ATM, FDDI, HSSI, Channelized T3, and POS interface cards. Finally, it outlines the steps for initial router configuration, including determining the physical layout, connecting to the console port, accessing privileged modes, and saving configuration changes.
Difference between i3 and i5 and i7 and core 2 duoShubham Singh
The document compares Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors as well as Core 2 Duo processors. It provides details on the architecture and features of each:
- Core i3 processors have dual cores with hyper-threading. Core i5 processors have dual cores with slightly higher clock speeds than i3, hyper-threading, and turbo boost. Core i7 processors have dual or quad cores with higher clock speeds than i5, hyper-threading, turbo boost, virtualization support, and new instruction sets.
- Core 2 Duo processors were Intel's previous dual-core processors before the Core i-series. They provided benefits of multitasking over single-core processors but were about 20
Difference between i3 and i5 and i7 and core 2 duo pdfnavendu shekhar
The document compares and contrasts Intel Core i3, i5, and i7 processors. It provides details on their core configurations, clock speeds, features like hyper-threading, turbo boost, virtualization support, and instruction sets. It also explains the difference between single-core, dual-core, and quad-core processors. Additionally, it provides information on Turbo Boost technology, which allows processor cores to run faster than their rated frequency under certain conditions.
1. Computer organization refers to how the major components of a computer system (processor, memory, I/O devices) work together and are interconnected. It examines the basic digital circuits that make up the system.
2. Memory capacity has been doubling every 2 years, resulting in a 64x increase in capacity from 1996 to now. Hard disk capacity doubles every year, leading to a 250x increase over the last decade.
3. Processor performance has been doubling every 1.5 years, resulting in over a 100x increase in the last decade. This is driven by Moore's Law, which predicts transistor counts will double every couple years.
The document discusses the features and architecture of the Spartan-II FPGA family from Xilinx. It offers densities from 15,000 to 200,000 logic gates and system performance up to 200 MHz. Key features include block RAM up to 56Kb, distributed RAM, 16 I/O standards, and four DLLs. The FPGA architecture consists of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) containing look-up tables, flip-flops, and logic, surrounded by input/output blocks (IOBs). It also includes block RAM columns and a routing architecture to interconnect the elements.
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT EMBEDDED SYSTEM.pptxMeghdeepSingh
This document provides an overview of embedded systems and microcontrollers. It defines a microcontroller as a single-chip computer containing memory, input/output circuitry, and other components to function without additional support. The document describes the features and components of a typical microcontroller, including registers, instruction sets, addressing modes, and peripherals. It compares microcontrollers to microprocessors and provides examples of using LEDs and 7-segment displays with microcontrollers.
The document provides information about various 8-bit microcontrollers including the 8051, PIC, and AVR families. It discusses the original 8051 microcontroller released by Intel in 1981 and its features. It then summarizes the different members of the 8051 family and versions produced by other manufacturers like Atmel. The document also summarizes the different series within the PIC family from Microchip including the baseline, mid-range, enhanced mid-range, and PIC18 architectures. Finally, it discusses the AVR architecture from Atmel and provides details on the tinyAVR, megaAVR, and XmegaAVR families.
Leakage power optimization for ripple carry adder NAVEEN TOKAS
This document discusses the design of a ripple carry adder using a 3T XOR gate. It begins by providing background on ripple carry adders and how they are constructed from cascaded full adders. It then describes how full adders can be built from XOR gates. The author proposes designing a low-power 3T XOR gate to serve as the building block for an improved full adder circuit. This new full adder design aims to reduce area, complexity, power consumption and delay compared to previous adder designs. To test the design, the author created a 3T XOR gate simulation using Mentor Graphics software at the 35nm technology node.
Hpe pro liant dl180 generation9 (gen9) Sourav Dash
The HPE ProLiant DL180 Gen9 is a 2U server designed for SMBs and enterprises needing balanced compute and storage capabilities. It offers expandability through up to two processors, sixteen DIMM slots, three PCIe slots, and sixteen hard drive bays. The server provides reliability, manageability, and flexibility through features like redundant power supply and fan options, iLO management, and various processor, memory, and storage configurations.
The document compares different aspects of various microprocessors and computer components. It discusses the differences between 8085 and 8086 microprocessors, microcontrollers and microprocessors, memory mapped I/O vs I/O mapped I/O, RISC vs CISC processors, SIM and RIM instructions, software and hardware interrupts, 8253 and 8254 programmable interval timers, PROM vs EPROM, and the pin diagram of the 8085 microprocessor.
Report on Embedded Based Home security systemNIT srinagar
This document describes an embedded home security system that uses various sensors and components. The system uses an AT89S52 microcontroller along with an IR sensor, LCD display, GSM module, LEDs and other components. The IR sensor detects intruders and the GSM module sends alerts. It provides automated security monitoring and user authentication to prevent break-ins. The system is designed to be effective, practical and reasonably priced for home security.
Learn about the IBM High IOPS MLC Adapters. The IBM High IOPS MLC Adapters use flash memory as their storage medium, contain no moving parts, and do not have the issues associated with vibration, noise, and mechanical failure. The adapters are built as block devices on a PCIe bus with advanced wear-leveling, advanced ECC, and chip-level redundancy, providing exceptional reliability and efficiency. For more information on IBM Storage Systems, visit http://ibm.co/LIg7gk.
Visit the official Scribd Channel of IBM India Smarter Computing at http://bit.ly/VwO86R to get access to more documents.
The document discusses the history and features of the 8051 microcontroller family. It specifically focuses on the AT89S52 microcontroller, which was introduced by Atmel in the 1980s. Key points include:
- The AT89S52 has 8K bytes of Flash memory, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, timers, serial port, and interrupts. It is compatible with the 8051 instruction set.
- It operates from 0-33MHz and has various power saving modes. It has features like watchdog timer, dual data pointers, and ISP programming.
- The document discusses the advantages of using a microcontroller over a microprocessor for embedded applications in terms of cost, size
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3. Ultra-Low-Power PCIe Clock Family
● IDT’s PCI Express clocks consist of three main functions:
● Clock Generators or Synthesizers
● Clock Buffers (Fan Out and Zero-Delay)
● Clock Multiplexers (with and without integrated Fan Out)
● Here is the decoder for the ULP PCIe family:
● 9FGV are clock generators (Frequency Generators)
● 9DBV are clock buffers (Differential Buffers)
● 9DMV are clock multiplexers (Differential Multiplexers)
● V indicates 1.8V operation
● The first two digits after the V indicate the number of outputs – 02, 04, 06, 09, 10, etc.
● The 31 series have external terminations
● The 41 series have internal terminations with a Zo = 100Ω
● The 51 series have internal terminations with a Zo = 85Ω
● Devices
with the same first 6 characters in the part number – 9FGV08xx are
pin compatible with each other – so 9FGV0831/41/51 are pin compatible
● The
9FGV and 9DBV devices with the same number of outputs share the
same pin out on the top, right and bottom of the device – the output side –
and have only minor differences on the input side.
●
Co-layout is possible and is fairly easy.
www.IDT.co
PAGE 3
4. Ultra-Low-Power PCIe Gen1-2-3 Clocks
● Buffers and clock generators
● Co-layout of buffers and clock
generators is possible
● 1.8V Operation
● Absolute lowest power
●2
to 8 Low-Power HCSL (LPHCSL) outputs:
●
●
Reduces IDDO from 15mA/output to
~5mA/output
Reduces or eliminates termination
resistors.
or SMBus selection
of key functions:
●
●
PLL operating mode (clock buffers)
Spread spectrum (clock generators)
● Selectable
SMBus addresses on
most devices
●
www.IDT.co
Easy use of multiple devices without
extra logic
PAGE 4
Status
PreProduction
Availability
Samples? Yes
Production
● Pin-selection
Sept. 30, 2012
5. Packaging & Typical Application Diagram
● Embedded/Communications
●
●
●
Adapter
Performance requirements are driving a transition from PCIe Gen 2 to Gen3
Board real estate is very tight due to growing functionality requirements
Power densities continue to grow, causing increased thermal concerns
PCIe IO
PCIe
PCIe
Switch
Switch
PCIe IO
Ultra Low
Ultra Low
Power
Power
PCIe Clock
PCIe Clock
CPU
Chipset
●
(4x4, 5x5 and 6x6 mm^2)
Yellow is package for old parts
●
White number is number of outputs
www.IDT.co
Memory
Embedded/Communications Adapter
Blue is package for new parts not
including termination resistors
●
Peripherals
PAGE 5
7. Ultra-Low-Power PCIe Key Benefits
● Ultra-Low-Power consumption
● Less than 1/10th the power
consumption of existing devices
●
Ultra low operating costs
●
Save $0.45 per year in energy costs
per device*
● PCIe Gen1-2-3 support
● Design can be re-used through
several generations
● Small form factor
● 4x4 to 6x6 mm packages
9FG108 and 9FGV0831 8 o/p clock generators
● High integration
● Optional integrated source
terminations on LP-HCSL outputs
● Saves up to 16 resistors per device
● <1.5ps
RMS phase jitter on
REF output
Suitable for 1Gigabit Ethernet
applications
* 1W costs $0.86/year in electrical/cooling in typical data center applications
●
www.IDT.co
PAGE 7
13. Transcript
●
Hi, there. My name is Ron Wade, Technical Marketing Manager in the Timing and Synchronization Division of IDT. I'm going to give you a quick overview of our brand new ultra low power PCI
Express Timing Solutions family.
●
So, PCI Express can be thought of as having three generations of timing parts. The original technology was 3.3 volt HCSL output structure, which was developed in the early 2000's. For
comparison sake here I'm taking an eight output clock generator from each technology. You can see that in this case the 3.3 volt HCSL which is the yellow and black burns 580 milliwatts of
power to give you an eight output clock generator. In the mid 2000's, we developed a low-power HCSL output for use in notebook PC's, and normalizing to an eight output clock generator, that
technology was able to provide a reduced power consumption of 165 milliwatts. What we're introducing today is an ultra low power PCI Express family and again, an eight output clock
generator using the 9FGV or 9DBV devices which are the blue and white can give you that PCI Express Gen1, two, three clock generator for as little as 57 milliwatts. You can see that as we're
decreasing the power here significantly we're also still providing you with the PCI Express Gen1 to Gen2 to Gen3 capability.
●
So, the ultra low power PCI Express family consists of three main building blocks. There's the clock generators, there's the clock buffers, which are both fanout mode and zero delay, and the
clock multiplexers, which have a single output or they have integrated fanout. The ultra low power PCI Express family part numbers all kind of play together and hang together and once you
figure out the decoder ring, which is really simple here, you can kind of figure out what kind of part you need to plop into your design without any complicated selector guides. So, the FGV
parts for the clock generators, FG stands for frequency generator. The DBV parts are the clock buffers. DV stands for differential buffer. The DMV parts are the clock multiplexers, which
stands for differential multiplexers and the V indicates 1.8 volt operation. The first two digits are the V are the number of outputs, which currently range from two to eight, but will eventually
range from one to ten. The 31 series parts have external terminations. The 41 series parts have a 100 ohm differential output termination and the 51 series parts have an 85 ohm output
termination, to support the newer practices in PCI Express. So, devices with the first six characters in the part number say, 9FGV0831 or 41 or 51 are all compatible with each other except for
that difference in the output terminations. For parts that have the same number of outputs whether it's a buffer or a clock generator, the output side of the part is identical between them. So, an
831 clock generator and a 831 buffer, the top, the right side and the bottom of the parts are all the same pin out which makes it easy to switch from one to the other in co-layout.
●
So, the clocks as mentioned, the main functions are the buffers in the clock generators. These are 1.8 volt operation for the absolute lowest power consumption. We did do a lot of work to
actually reduce the current required and these devices do actually draw less current than the yellow and the green technology parts that I'd mentioned previously. So, again, the outputs are
two to eight today. They are low power HCSL which to the receiver looks exactly the same as the kind of legacy HCSL technology. The benefit here is that the current per output drops from 15
milliamps down to five and then we have the ability to integrate or have external the termination resistors. The other key thing we have is you may not have an SM bus handy and you don't
need an SM bus to control the basic functions of the parts. The clock generator, for instance, there's a spread enable pin that enables you to have not only spread off, but to have a quarter
percent down spread or half a percent down spread as a pin selection. Likewise, the buffers have a pin that allows you to select either high or low bandwidth or a bypass mode, which is a
fanout with the PLL, as the name implies, bypassed and turned off. Also, the device that synthesizers have, two selectable SM bus addresses so that you can use up to two of them on the
same segment. Most of the fanout buffers have three selectable SM bus addresses so that up to three of those devices can be used on the same SM bus segment and the buffers in the
synthesizer addresses do not overlap. It's very easy to have up to five of these devices on the same segment without any external logic. All the parts are pre-production right now, samples are
available now and will be in full production by the end of September.
●
A typical application for these is an embedded communications adapter where you've got a PCI Express switch, PCI Express IO, a CPU chip set or an FPGA and various peripherals in
memory and performance requirements are from Gen1 to Gen2, going to Gen3. These parts cover the whole gambit of that performance envelope. The other thing in these types of
applications as you cram more and more functionality in the same space as board real estate becomes very tight. Also, power densities continue to grow and as the power density grows, then
thermal concerns tend to show up as well. So, these parts are available in commercial and industrial temperature ranges. They have a very low thermal profile and they are very small
package-wise. Package comparison, not including the external termination resistors and not including the leads of the packages is shown here, where the original yellow parts are the T-SOP
and SOIC-type packages. The blue boxes are the QFN's at the 9DBV and FGV parts come in. At the eight output level, a six by six millimeter QFN is significantly smaller than the original 48
pin T-SOP used by the eight output parts in the 3.3 volt HCSL range.
●
Key applications, again, these parts are very much at home in cloud computing and in networking and storage. They're finding a very nice reception in PCI Express-based solid state drives
due to their thermal characteristics, i.e. low power, pixie instrumentation, multi-function printers and basically anywhere where you need PC Express Gen1, 2, 3 with a very low power footprint.
●
The key benefits of the ultra low power PCI Express or certainly the power consumption, it's less than one-tenth of the comparable function in the original 3.3 volt HCSL technology. Lower
power consumption directly translates into lower operating cost. And using a benchmark of one watt cost 86 cents per year in a data center for not only the powering of the device, but the
cooling of the device. Saving one watt saves 86 cents a year. So, going from an eight output yellow synthesizer to an eight output blue synthesizer results in 45 cents a year in reduced energy
cost. These devices are PCI Express Gen1, 2, 3, which means that you can reuse the same device through multiple generations of your product. They're a small form factor. They're a four by
four to six by six millimeters QFN's today. We will have a three by three for some of the very small parts in the near future. They have high integration. We have integrated output terminations
for those environments where you're driving a homogeneous type of transmission line. In other words, all the transmissions lines are 100 ohm or 85 ohm. We also offer it without the internal
terminations for cases where you may need to terminate to different types of loads. The ref on the synthesizers or the clock generators is a copy of the crystal and it is less than 1.5
picoseconds RMS phase jitter which means that it is suitable for gigabit Ethernet, which adds more integration capability to this device for your design.
●
I'm not going to spend too much time on these slides. You can view these at your leisure. The clock generator family as it exists today, on August, 20, 2012 is shown here, where we segregate
the number of outputs and basically allow you to pick your device based on your particular application requirements. Then likewise, the differential buffer family features are shown here where
you've got the number of outputs, the number of OE pins, et cetera, end count, et cetera, et cetera, and schedule for the parts.
●
In closing, I'd like to mention you can go to www.IDT.com for additional information and I would like to extend a very warm thank you for taking time to learn about IDT's ultra low power PCI
Express Timing Solutions.
www.IDT.co
PAGE 13
Editor's Notes
8 output devices are used for sake of comparison.
All device are running from either 3.3V or 1.8V. Additional power savings are available on the L and V series devices if the differential outputs are powered from 1.05V instead of the core VDD voltage of 1.8V or 3.3V. We have achieved as low as 43 mW in the V series for customer specific applications.
Beyond Green to Blue!
Package out lines are for the packages only and do not include the termination resistors. When this factored in, even more board space is saved.
1W costs $0.86/year in electrical/cooling in typical data center applications
Power consumption is directly proportional to operating costs.
9FGV are synthesizers
9DBV are buffers
9DMV are muxes
31 series has external terminations
41 series has differential Zo = 100 ohms
51 series has differential Zo = 85 ohms