Vestibulo ocular reflex
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The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a reflex eye movement that stabilizes images on the retina during head movements. It causes the eyes to move in the opposite direction of head movement, preserving the image at the center of the visual field. The VOR is stimulated by the vestibular system in the inner ear, which contains motion sensors that detect rotational head movements. When the head moves, the vestibular system activates nerves that control the extraocular muscles to move the eyes in the opposite direction, keeping images stable on the retina.
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3. Evoked potential tests like ABR, ECochG and OAEs assess cochlear and neural hearing function without depending on behavioral responses. ABR in particular provides threshold information and can detect neurological abnormalities.
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Special type of contact lens
Special contact lenses include:
Daily-wear lenses are removed nightly and replaced on an individualized schedule. Extended-wear lenses are worn overnight but removed at least weekly for cleaning. Disposable lenses are removed nightly and replaced daily, weekly, biweekly, or monthly.
Colored lenses change eye color appearance and circle lenses make the iris appear bigger, but over-the-counter colored contacts pose health risks. Toric lenses correct astigmatism but sometimes not as well as rigid gas permeable lenses. Bifocal or multifocal lenses correct nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia but visual quality is often not as good as
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Lensometers
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
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This document provides an overview of ocular motility and strabismus. It defines key terms like strabismus, heterophoria, heterotropia, and discusses the extraocular muscles and their actions. It also describes tests used to examine eye alignment and motility, including the cover test, Hirschberg test, and Krimsky test. Treatment options discussed include amblyopia management, strabismus surgery using muscle resections and recessions.
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The document discusses eye movement control systems in humans. It describes the different types of eye movements including saccades, smooth pursuit, optokinetic, and vestibulo-ocular reflexes. It outlines the major brainstem control centers involved including the PPRF, riMLF, MLF, vestibular nuclei, and cerebellum. Supranuclear control is provided by the frontal eye fields, parieto-occipital junction, and superior colliculus. Common eye movement disorders are also summarized.
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Eye muscles and ocular movements, laws of ocular motility
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Eye movements
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This document provides an introduction to the physiology and neurophysiology of eye movements. It discusses that eye movements serve two main purposes: to look at things and look from one thing to another. There are two types of eye movements - slow phase movements that stabilize fixation during self or object motion like pursuit and vestibular ocular reflex, and fast saccadic movements that shift fixation from one direction to another. Vergence movements involve slow and moderately fast disconjugate eye movements to look between near and far while maintaining binocular alignment. The document also outlines components of the oculomotor examination and describes various eye movement systems like saccades, vestibular-ocular reflex, optokinetic reflex, and pursuit. It includes diagrams
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Eye movements
Eye movements serve to bring images onto the high-resolution fovea and increase visual range. There are five types of eye movements: saccades rapidly shift gaze; smooth pursuit tracks moving objects; vergence aligns eyes for near/far vision; vestibular-ocular reflex stabilizes gaze during head movements; and optokinetic reflex assists with slow eye movements. These movements are controlled by neural circuits involving the extraocular muscles, brainstem, cerebellum and cortex. Abnormalities in eye movements can provide clinical clues regarding underlying neurological disorders.
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This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines terms like strabismus, visual axis, anatomical axis, orthophoria and describes tests to evaluate eye alignment and movement including:
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This document discusses ocular movements and their neural control pathways. It describes four types of ocular movements - versions, ductions, vergences, and supranuclear eye movements. Supranuclear eye movements include saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular, and optokinetic movements. The document outlines the cortical and brainstem control centers that generate each type of eye movement, including pathways like the medial longitudinal fasciculus. It also discusses various disorders that can occur with abnormalities in horizontal and vertical gaze, vergence, and other types of supranuclear eye movements.
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This document summarizes key concepts related to strabismus and eye movement examination. It defines strabismus as misalignment of the visual axis and describes various types of phorias and tropias. Objective tests for strabismus are outlined like the cover-uncover and prism bar cover tests. Details are provided about extraocular muscle function and innervation. Grading of binocular vision and tests for suppression are also summarized. The document covers important topics in a comprehensive yet concise manner.
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This document discusses the neural control mechanisms of eye movements. It describes the three levels of control - supranuclear, nuclear, and infranuclear. There are two main types of eye movements - gaze shifting movements like saccades and smooth pursuit which acquire targets, and gaze holding movements like fixation and vestibulo-ocular reflex which maintain targets. Precise coordination between neural pulse and step signals is required to generate accurate eye movements. Key brainstem structures involved include the PPRF, abducens nucleus, oculomotor nucleus. Cerebellum and basal ganglia help calibrate and modulate eye movements.
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The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals and otolith organs which help maintain balance and spatial orientation. The semicircular canals detect rotational head movements and provide information about angular velocity to the brain. The otolith organs detect linear acceleration and provide information about the direction of gravity. Together the vestibular system helps control posture and eye movements like the vestibulo-ocular reflex which allows clear vision during head movements. Damage to the vestibular system can cause nystagmus and vertigo.
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This document describes the six cardinal positions of gaze and nine diagnostic positions of gaze defined by specific eye muscle movements. It then discusses the different types of eye movements including fixation, vestibulo-ocular reflex, optokinetic, smooth pursuit, saccades, and vergence. The roles of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, cranial nerve nuclei, and brainstem pathways in generating and modulating different eye movement types are outlined. Clinical tests to evaluate various eye movement abnormalities are also summarized.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and clinical examination of the vestibular system. It describes the anatomy of the inner ear structures involved in balance and spatial orientation. A number of clinical tests are outlined to evaluate vestibular function, including spontaneous nystagmus, gaze-evoked nystagmus, head impulse test, dynamic visual acuity, and caloric testing. Investigation methods like electronystagmography, videonystagmography, and vestibular evoked myogenic potential are also summarized. The goal of the clinical examination and investigations is to localize the cause of dizziness or vertigo to either the peripheral or central vestibular system.
Central vestibular processing
The vestibular system coordinates eye movements and maintains posture and balance. It begins with Scarpa's ganglion which provides axons forming the vestibular nerve. This connects to the vestibular nuclei which project to several areas. They coordinate the vestibulo-ocular reflex, maintaining vision when moving. They also project via vestibulospinal tracts to cervical and lumbar spinal cord controlling neck movement and lower limb muscle tone for balance. The vestibular nuclei also project to the thalamus and vestibular cortex for sensory processing.
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The document discusses the systems that regulate body balance. There are three main components: 1) the central nervous system which coordinates sensory input, 2) the vestibular system which detects head movement and acceleration using semicircular canals and the utricle and saccule, and 3) proprioceptive sensors and muscle commands which provide feedback on body position. The vestibular system detects both rotational movement via the semicircular canals and linear acceleration via the utricle and saccule. It works with the visual system and reflexes like the vestibulo-ocular reflex to maintain balance and stabilize gaze.
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Physiology of ocular movements.pptx
1) Eye movements can be translatory (sideways, up/down, forward/backward) or rotary (around vertical, horizontal, or anteroposterior axes). Rotary movements occur around a center of rotation within the eyeball, which does not remain fixed.
2) Eye movements are governed by Donders' Law, Listing's Laws, Sherrington's Law of Reciprocal Innervation, and Hering's Law of Equal Innervation. These laws describe how eye movements maintain a consistent retinal image orientation and involve coordinated contraction/relaxation of agonist and antagonist muscles between the two eyes.
3) Eye movements are categorized as versions (simultaneous movements of both eyes),
update of Nystagmus 14 11-2012
This document discusses three key mechanisms involved in maintaining foveal centration of an object of interest: fixation, the vestibulo-ocular reflex, and the neural integrator. Fixation involves the visual system detecting drift and signaling a corrective eye movement. The vestibulo-ocular reflex maintains foveation during head movements through neural connections between the vestibular system and oculomotor system. The neural integrator, which includes the cerebellum and oculomotor nuclei, generates signals to avoid backward drift and maintains constant innervation of the extraocular muscles. Deficits in the neural integrator can cause gaze-evoked nystagmus and oscillopsia.
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The document summarizes the motor apparatus of the eye including the extraocular muscles, their actions, innervation and coordination for binocular vision. It describes the positioning and movement of the eyes, convergence and accommodation reflexes, and grades of binocular single vision including fusion and stereopsis. The extraocular muscles work in synkinesis to move the eyes conjugately or disjunctively according to Hering's and Sherrington's laws of innervation.
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Vestibulo ocular reflex
- 2. VESTIBULO OCCULAR REFLEX It’s conjugate ocular movement opposite to head movement and it’s stimulated by vestibular system
- 3. When camera is moving the image will be blurre and why not with your eyes when you move head..? That’s VOR mechanism
- 4. VOR is reflex where Activation of vestibular system causes eye movements This Reflex function stabilize image on retina During head movements producing eyes movements in opposite direction to head movement thus preservering(orginal state) on the central visual field
- 5. Vestibular apartus has sensory system (semicircular canals) which is located in inner layer of ear which can detect the rotational movement Whenever head move the motion sensor activited and vestibular stimulate the nerves which control extra ocular muscle.
- 6. E.g if head is moving right 30 degree so eye should move 30 degree left to focus the image on fovea
- 7. HEAD THRUST We give a target to patient to fix eye and we move the patient head to check VOR where eyes will be moving opposite direction to fix the image on fovea.