Mechanism of balance & vestibular function test Dr Utkal MishraDr Utkal Mishra
This powerpoint elaborates the mechanism of balance & anatomy of vestibular apparutus. It also depicts the anatomy & physiology of haircells in detail. I also explained the vestibular function tests used for diagnosis of various vestibular disorders.
Mechanism of balance & vestibular function test Dr Utkal MishraDr Utkal Mishra
This powerpoint elaborates the mechanism of balance & anatomy of vestibular apparutus. It also depicts the anatomy & physiology of haircells in detail. I also explained the vestibular function tests used for diagnosis of various vestibular disorders.
Introduction to the ear
Parts of the ear
Functional anatomy of the ear
Vestibular apparatus
Vestibular receptors
- Receptors in the SCC
- Receptors in the Utricle & Saccule
Mechanism of functioning of the VA
Vestibular pathway
Vestibular reflexes
Functions of VA
Applied
vestibular apparatus, choclear process, process of hearing and balance in human, function and component of vestibular apparatus, types of cells present in vestibular apparatus
This presentation explains the working of the ear... It is best for medical students.. It includes all the key points necessary for an exam too... So this presentation can also be used as a notes for your exams...
hey Guys ,
here u get the detail anatomy of vestibular system for Bachelors level . if have any suggestion or want any topic PPT , Mail me - anantarun27@gmail,com
Febrile seizure / Pediatrics
Simple vs. Complex seizure
Possible explanation of febrile seizure
Risk Factors for Febrile Seizures
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Febrile Seizure
Risk Factors for Occurrence of Subsequent Epilepsy After a Febrile Seizure
Genetic Factors
Evaluation
Lumbar Puncture
Optional LP
Electroencephalogram
Blood Studies
Neuroimaging
TREATMENT
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Asphyxia
Classification of Asphyxia
Mechanical Asphyxia
Mugging/ throttling
Mechanical Asphyxia
Pathological Asphyxia
Toxic or chemical Asphyxia
Environmental Asphyxia
Traumatic Asphyxia
Positional/postural Asphyxia
Iatrogenic Asphyxia
Tardieu’s or Bayard’s ecchymosis/spots
Hanging
Classification of Hanging
Cause of Death in Hanging
Fatal period in Hanging
Factors which influence the appearance of ligature mark ??
Judicial Hanging
Hangman’s fracture
Strangulation
ligature strangulation
Cause of death
Throttling or Manual Strangulation
Hyoid Bone Fractures
AUTOEROTIC
CHEMICAL Asphyxia
CHOKING
SMOTHERING Asphyxia
POSITIONAL Asphyxia
Drowning
Classification of Drowning
Typical or wet drowning
Mechanism of fresh water drowning
Mechanism of death in fresh water drowning
Mechanism of sea water drowning
Mechanism of death in sea water drowning
Atypical drowning
Dry drowning
Immersion syndrome
Near drowning
Shallow water drowning
Epidemiology of drowning
Cause of Death
Postmortem Examination
Froth
Reference
What is the LPR
Esophageal anatomy
Pathophysiology
Risk factors
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Reinke’s edema
Patterns and Mechanism of LPR and GERD
DIAGNOSIS
Symptom Questionnaire:
Laryngoscopic Findings
Therapeutic Trial for LPR
Ambulatory PH Monitoring
Treatment
Lifestyle modifications
Dietary modification
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Drug therapy
Surgery
Cardiac Surgery
Internal thoracic ( mammary ) artery
ORIGIN and Course Of IMA
BRANCHES
Thymic Artery
The Xiphoid branch
The sternal branches
The Pericardiacophrenic branch
Anterior intercostal branches
Perforating branches
Musculophrenic artery
Superior Epigastric Artery
Clinical significance
Introduction
Natural conception
Epidemiologic figures
Factors affect the natural conception rate
Causes of subfertility
Female causes of subfertility
ovulation
Ovarian problems
Marker of ovarian reserve
Tubal blockage
Endometrial factors
Uterine factors
Cervical factors
History and PE
Investigations
Treatment
Male subfertility
Hypothalamic-pituitary disease
Obesity
Primary hypogonadism
Sperm transport disorders
Defective ejaculation
History and PE
Investigations
Surgical sperm retrieval
Cryopreservation of gametes
Introduction
What is definition and law of supply
Factors determine supply for health care services
Factors determine price & quantity of health care
What is the production function for health
Market equilibrium
Investing in the healthcare sector
Cost production in healthcare
Different healthcare system
Models of non-profit agencies
References
Supply of health and medical care
Definition and Law of Supply.
The health care production function.
Cost production in health care.
Factors determine price and quantity of health care.
Factors affecting Supply.
Investment on healthcare.
Health insurance and supply in healthcare.
Market Equilibrium.
References
Questions
Helicobacter pylori and Peptic Ulcer diseaseDiaa Srahin
Case Study
Clinical Case Summary
History
Helicobacter pylori
Biochemical characteristics
Transmission
Epidemiology
Global incidence of H. pylori infection
risk factors for acquisition of H.pylori
Immune responses
Pathogenesis
Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
Clinical Presentation
Complications
Peptic Ulcer
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Introduction
Disease
Important Properties
Transmission & Epidemiology
Risk factor of reactivation
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Diagnosis
Approaches to the diagnosis of latent infections
Treatment
Prevention
The benefits of the mediterranean diet pattern for adultsDiaa Srahin
Clinical Nutrition
Introduction
What is Mediterranean Diet
How to Follow the Mediterranean Diet
Mediterranean Diet Pyramid
Health Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet in Adults
Mediterranean Diet and Possible Health Concerns
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
3. The inner ear is composed of:
• a. Bony labyrinth:
1. Cochlea (spiral shaped, making 2 3/4 turns around its axis).
2. Vestibule
3. Semicircular canals: Anterior (or superior), Lateral (or Horizontal) &
Posterior semicircular canals.
• b. Membranous labyrinth (which is found inside the bony
labyrinth):
1. Organ of corti (in the cochlea) : The sensory organ of hearing.
2. Utricle and saccule ( in the vestibule): They are sensitive to linear
acceleration
3. Semicircular ducts (in the semicircular canals): They are responsible
for angular acceleration.
4. The Vestibular system:
• It lies in the otic capsule in the petrous portion of
the temporal bone.
• It consists of 5 distinct end organs:
o 3 semicircular canals that are sensitive to angular
accelerations (head rotations)
o otolith organs "utricle & saccule" that are sensitive to
linear (or straight-line) accelerations.
5. The vestibular fluids:
• Perilymph
In the bony labyrinth.
It is similar to the extracellular fluid.
(low potassium, high sodium).
• Endolymph
In the membranous labyrinth.
It is similar to the intracellular fluid
(high potassium, low sodium).
It is continuous with the endolymph of the cochlea.
It is secreted by epithelial cells continuously and drains
from the inner ear into the venous sinus in the dura mater
of the brain.
6.
7. The otolith organs: Utricle &
Saccule
• The sensory organs of the utricle and saccule are
the maculae.
• Each macula consists of hair cells and supporting
cells.
• The ciliary bundles of the hair cells project into
the overlying gelatinous matrix known as the
otolith membrane.
• Otoliths are mineral and protein particles
embedded in the otolith membrane (Calcium
Carbonate crystals).
8.
9. Macula
• It consists of supporting cells and hair cells
• It detect and respond to the position of the head with respect to
linear acceleration and pull of gravity.
• Each macula contains thousands of hair cells that synapse with
sensory endings of vestibular nerve
• Each hair cell has 60-80 small cilia called stereocilia plus one
large cilium called kinocilium.
• The kinocilium is always located in one side, and the stereocilia
gradually become shorter.
• Minute filaments connect the Tip of each sterocilium to the Next
longer cilia and finally to kinocilium .
10.
11. Macula
• When stereocilia bend to the direction of kinocilium, it
results in opening of K+ channels at the tip of the
stereocilia, allowing K+ ions to enter and depolarize
the hair cell.
• In respone to depolarization voltage-gated Ca+2
channels are activated allowing for Ca+2 influx and the
subsequent liberation of transmitters to produce an
action potential.
12.
13. Macula
Conversely, bending of
stereocilia in the
opposite direction
(backward to the
kinocilium) reduces
the tension on
attachments and this
closes the ion channels
causing receptor
hyperpolarization and
inhibition of the cell.
14. Macula
• When the head is upright, the hairs project upward
into the gelatinous material.
• When the head bends forward, backward, or to one
side, the hair cells are stimulated as the gelatinous
material of the maculae sag in response to gravity
causing the hair to bend.
• Stimulated hair cells signal nerve fibers resulting in
impulses traveling to the CNS on the vestibular
branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve and
informing the brain of the head’s new position.
• Brain responds by sending motor impulses to
skeletal muscles to contract/relax to maintain
balance.
15. Macula
• In the utricle, macula lies
in the horizontal plane of
the inferior surface of
utricle so it determines
the orientation of the
head in upright position,
senses motion in the
horizontal plane(eg,
forward-backward
movement, left-right
movement, combination)
• In the saccule, macula
lies in the vertical plane
and senses motion in the
sagittal plane (eg, up-
down movement)
16.
17. The semicircular canals:
• Lateral or horizontal, Anterior or superior and
Posterior.
• The semicircular canals are connected to the
utricle at their bases.
• Oriented at right angles to one another.
• At the end of each canal is an enlarged chamber,
the ampulla.
• The ampulla contains a sensory receptor called
crista ampullaris.
18. The semicircular canals:
• The sensory organ of the
semicircular duct is crista
ampullaris.
• The crista consists of a
gelatinous mass, the
cupula.
• Embedded in the cupula are
the cilia of hair cells.
• The basal membranes of
the hair cells synapse on
the sensory neurons of the
vestibular nerve.
19.
20. Crista ampullaris:
• Detect and respond to angular acceleration &
deceleration of the head.
• Rapid turns of the head or body stimulate the hair cells
of the crista ampullaris.
• Appropriate rotation of the head in one direction bends
cilia in the opposite, depolarizing the cells.
• Nerve fibers send impulses to the brain – cerebellum
• Analysis of information allows the brain to predict the
consequences of the rapid body movements and signal
appropriate skeletal muscle to maintain balance.
21.
22. Crista ampullaris:
• Each semicircular canal works in concert with a partner
located on the other side of the head, which has its hair
cells aligned oppositely.
• There are three such pairs: the two pairs of horizontal
canals, and the superior canal on each side working
with the posterior canal on the other side.
• Head rotation deforms the cupula in opposing directions
for the two partners, resulting in opposite changes in
their firing rates.
23.
24. Crista ampullaris:
• For example, the orientation of the horizontal canals makes
them selectively sensitive to rotation in the horizontal plane.
More specifically, the hair cells in the canal towards which the
head is turning are depolarized, while those on the other side
are hyperpolarized.
• when the head turns to the left, the cupula is pushed toward
the kinocilium in the left horizontal canal, and the firing rate
of the relevant axons in the left vestibular nerve increases. In
contrast, the cupula in the right horizontal canal is pushed
away from the kinocilium, with a concomitant decrease in the
firing rate of the related neurons. If the head movement is to
the right, the result is just the opposite.