Vertebral Artery Pathology
Document by Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. and Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Joint principals of the International Academy of Osteopathy (I.A.O.)
More information at www.osteopathy.eu
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
In this presentation we will dscuss the imp imaging features of Posterior fossa tumors in pediatric age group.
Medulloblastoma
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Brainstem Glioma
Schwanoma
Meningioma
Epidermoid Cyst
Arachnoid Cyst
Neurointerventional Therapy for Brain Aneurysms and Acute Stroke Allina Health
By Yasha Kadkhodayan, MD. Overview of interventional neuroradiology approaches to brain aneurysm and stroke care, discussion of processes in place at Abbott Northwestern to enhance the delivery of stroke care.
Pelvic, Hip and Core Stability
From Grégoire Lason and Luc Peeters, The International Academy of Osteopathy, www.osteopathy.eu
Also visit: http://www.osteoapps.eu - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
Preventive Paediatric Osteopathy
Document by Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. and Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Joint principals of the International Academy of Osteopathy (I.A.O.)
More information at www.osteopathy.eu
Neurointerventional Therapy for Brain Aneurysms and Acute Stroke Allina Health
By Yasha Kadkhodayan, MD. Overview of interventional neuroradiology approaches to brain aneurysm and stroke care, discussion of processes in place at Abbott Northwestern to enhance the delivery of stroke care.
Pelvic, Hip and Core Stability
From Grégoire Lason and Luc Peeters, The International Academy of Osteopathy, www.osteopathy.eu
Also visit: http://www.osteoapps.eu - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
Preventive Paediatric Osteopathy
Document by Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. and Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Joint principals of the International Academy of Osteopathy (I.A.O.)
More information at www.osteopathy.eu
Also visit: http://www.ineuro.be/Welcome.html - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
The Vertebral Artery Test
Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. & Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
The International Academy of Osteopathy
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en/publications
info@osteopathy.eu
Why do clever osteopaths believe stupid things?
The International Academy of Osteopathy
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en/publications
info@osteopathy.eu
Common Referred Pain Patterns – Low Back
Document by Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. and Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Joint principals of the International Academy of Osteopathy (I.A.O.)
More information at www.osteopathy.eu
I LOVE NEUROSURGERY INITIATIVE: Spinal Tumorswalid maani
A comprehensive presentation about spinal tumors. Some concentration on anatomy. Discussion of presentation, diagnosis and management. Plenty of images.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Ascending aortic aneurysm and its clinical significance: A case reportApollo Hospitals
Aorta, the major conductance vessel of the body, can be affected by a variety of pathologic processes leading to aneurysm, dissection, or ischemic syndromes. There has been a drastic increase in the incidence of aortic aneurysm making it the 18th most common cause for death.
When ignored, the patients’ condition might worsen leading to death due to rupture and hemorrhage. Here we report a case of ascending aortic aneurysm affecting the aortic root and proximal part of ascending aorta. Conscious awareness of this pathological process augments a great deal to radiologists and sonographers during various imaging techniques and rescues the patient from aneurysm-related deaths.
Osteopathy_Introduction_Course
The International Academy of Osteopathy provides Osteopathy Courses in Copenhagen
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en/publications
Modern Principles of Osteopathy
The International Academy of Osteopathy provides osteopathic education in Europe and beyond.
Contact us for more information: info@osteopathy.eu
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en/publications
http://www.osteopathie.eu/en
Op 2 oktober vond op de campus van The International Academy of Osteopathy (IAO) te Gent een wetenschappelijke avond plaats. Het research team van de IAO, onder leiding van Prof. Dr. Frank Comhaire, heeft op dit event de meest interessante onderzoeksresultaten en onderzoeksplannen toegelicht. De meer dan dertig deelnemers waren heel enthousiast en het research team was heel tevreden over het verloop van de avond. De IAO draagt wetenschappelijk onderzoek hoog in het vaandel. Vorig jaar investeerden ze in het DIERS formetric 4D toestel. Dit toestel brengt op een niet-invasieve manier de wervelkolom van de patiënt in beeld en is uniek in de osteopathie wereld. Het DIERS toestel speelt dan ook een belangrijke rol in de diverse onderzoekslijnen die momenteel op de IAO campus te Gent actief zijn.
The Place of Osteopathy in “First-line Therapy”, “Primary Care” or “Primary-contact Health-care”.
Document by Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. and Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Joint principals of the International Academy of Osteopathy (I.A.O.)
More information at www.osteopathy.eu
"Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome - Literature Study and Osteopathic Considerations" from Grégoire Lason and Luc Peeters, The International Academy of Osteopathy, www.osteopathy.eu
Also visit: http://www.ineuro.be/Welcome.html - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
Whiplash describes a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck. The typical clinical picture in whiplash injury is that following the injury there is no obvious immediate pain.
Also visit: http://www.ineuro.be/Welcome.html - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
Also visit: http://www.ineuro.be/Welcome.html - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
More from IAO The International Academy of Osteopathy (15)
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
1. Vertebral Artery Pathology
Luc Peeters, MSc.Ost. – Grégoire Lason, MSc.Ost.
Principals of The International Academy of Osteopathy
www.osteopathy.eu
The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery and ascends through the
transverse foramen of the upper six cervical vertebrae.
At the upper margin of the axis it moves outward and upward to the transverse
foramen of the atlas.
It then moves backwards along the articular process of the atlas into a deep groove,
passes beneath the atlantooccipital ligament, pierces the dura mater and arachnoid
and enters the foramen magnum.
Both arteries then run forward and unite at the caudal border of the pons to form the
basilar artery.
Major branches:
• Anterior spinal artery: single midline artery fed from bilateral vertebral arteries.
• Posterior spinal arteries: paired arteries.
• Posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
Figure 1 - Vertebral artery
1
2. Into foramen magnum
Atlas
Axis
Figure 2 - Vertebral artery during head rotation
Anomalies
• Ten percent of patients have some form of anomaly in their vertebral arteries.
• Compression of the vertebral arteries is seen in 5% of the population in a
neutral position and the same in rotation.
• One of the two or both vertebral arteries can be absent.
• Variations in arterial diameter, average 4.3 mm on the right, 4.7mm on the left.
• In the upper segment: tortuous vessel in 39% of specimens.
• In 5-20% of specimens the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries have an extra
dural origin approximately 1 cm. proximal to dural penetration.
Possible pathologies
• Arteriopathy may arise from heritable conditions such as Marfan’s disease or
osteogenesis imperfect.
• Arteriopathy may also arise from fibromuscular hyperplasia.
• Arterial damage, particularly involving the tunica intima will yield the start of
increased localised clotting and thereby thrombus formation.
• Arterial flow changes can result from histological changes as well as from
mechanical changes in the vessel.
• Emboli present in three primary forms - liquid, solid or gaseous. The thrombus
at the site of arterial damage is invariably the source of emboli yielding
ischemic stroke from the vertebral artery.
• Ischemia: the degree of ischemia as results from an embolism is the
consequence of the size of the embolism, the location of the embolism and the
presence/absence of collateral circulation to the affected area.
• Aneurysm may occur: congenital aneurysms occur most commonly at the site
where the two arteries join in the formation of the circle of Willis. At this point
the tunica media is deficient and complicated by the development of
atheroma, which weakens the arterial wall and local dilatation occurs. The
aneurysms may compress the neighbouring structures or may suddenly
rupture into the subarachnoid space.
• Severe pain at back of head may be symptomatic of the disease of the
vertebral artery just before entering skull. It is due to the close connection of
the artery with the suboccipital nerve in the groove on the posterior arch of the
atlas.
2
3. • Disease of the vertebral artery can affect speech. Pressure on the hypoglossal
nerve then leads to paralysis of tongue muscles.
• Vertebrobasilar artery occlusion:
o Ipsilateral pain and temperature loss of face.
o Contralateral pain and temperature loss of body.
o Blindness.
o Vertigo, nystagmus, nausea, vomiting.
o Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome.
o Ipsilateral ataxia and other cerebellar signs.
o Unilateral//bilateral hemiparesis.
o Coma.
Vertebral artery dissection
A dissection occurs when a tear forms in the innermost part of the arterial wall, the
tunica intima, allowing blood to collect behind the intima and the next layer of the
artery, the tunica media.
The literature indicates that vertebral artery dissection arises spontaneously, from
trivial movement, minor or major trauma.
Subintimal dissections tend to result in stenosis of the artery.
Subadventitial dissections tend to result in aneurysm formation.
An expanding hematoma in the wall of the artery is the root of the problem. The
intramural hematoma can arise from haemorrhage of the vasa vasorum
within/associated with the tunica media or from the development of an intimal flap in
the lumen of the vessel.
Concerning the typical vertebral artery tests:
• There are no reliable or safe tests that will rule out a vertebral artery dissection
in progress. There are no tests that will identify a patient at risk for vertebral
artery dissection.
• The case history is therefore of the outmost importance:
o Dizziness.
o Drop attacks.
o Diplopia.
o Dysarthria.
o Dysphagia.
o Ataxia.
o Nausea.
o Numbness.
o Nystagmus.
o Since many patients seek care for these symptoms, the presence of
these symptoms, may or may not be an indication of a possible
vertebral artery dissection in progress. It is rather the constellation of
symptoms (for example: dizziness, nausea and diplopia in the same
patient), the uniqueness of the symptom (for example: drop attacks)
and the severity of the symptoms that should draw the osteopaths
attention.
o Neck pain that the patient never experienced before despite a history of
cervical complaints, sudden headache without former history, referral
pain from the vertebral artery are also alert signs.
3
4. Vertebral artery
Internal carotid artery
Figure 3 - Referred pain from the vertebral artery and internal carotid artery
Figure 4 - Vertebral artery dissection
It is clear that osteopaths can’t treat vertebral artery pathology. They must be aware
of the phenomenon and recognise the symptoms for referral.
In vertebral artery pathology of any kind, manipulating the cervical spine is contra-
indicated.
4