The document describes Hardware Description Language (HDL) and Verilog HDL. It discusses the need for HDL to model, represent, and simulate digital hardware. It covers various Verilog constructs including modules, ports, primitives, continuous assignments, procedural assignments, behavioral modeling, and structural modeling. It also describes different data types, compiler directives, system tasks, and how to create test benches to apply stimuli and observe outputs of a design.
Verilog is a hardware description language used to model and simulate digital circuits. It supports different levels of abstraction from algorithmic level down to transistor level. The document describes key Verilog concepts including data types, operators, procedural blocks, timing, and system tasks. It also explains the use of modules for hierarchical design and compiler directives for code reuse and timescale specification.
Verilog is a hardware description language used for designing digital circuits. It allows circuits to be modeled both structurally using primitives and modules, and behaviorally using initial and always blocks. Structural modeling connects instances of modules and primitives, while behavioral modeling uses imperative code. Verilog supports both combinational logic using continuous assignments and sequential logic using blocking assignments in always blocks. It performs event-driven discrete event simulation and uses four-valued logic for nets and registers.
The Verilog language was originally developed as a modeling language for digital logic simulation. It has since become one of the two most commonly used languages for digital hardware design, along with VHDL. Verilog supports both structural and behavioral modeling styles. It uses modules to represent hardware components, which can contain instances of other modules or behavioral code like always blocks. Verilog simulations are event-driven and support both combinational and sequential logic modeling.
Verilog is a hardware description language commonly used for designing digital circuits. It allows both structural and behavioral modeling. Structurally, Verilog programs are built from modules containing instances of other modules or primitives. Behaviorally, modules contain initial and always blocks that use imperative code like assignments and conditionals. Verilog simulations execute events concurrently using a discrete event queue to model digital hardware behavior.
Verilog is a hardware description language commonly used for designing digital circuits. It allows both structural and behavioral modeling. Structurally, Verilog programs are built from modules containing instances of other modules or primitives. Behaviorally, modules contain initial and always blocks with imperative code. The always blocks model concurrent hardware processes that execute when signals change. Verilog supports both combinational logic with continuous assignments and sequential logic with blocking assignments in always blocks.
Verilog is a hardware description language commonly used for designing digital circuits. It supports both structural and behavioral modeling styles. Structural modeling involves describing a design using instances of modules and primitives, while behavioral modeling uses procedural code like always blocks. Verilog supports various data types including nets, regs, vectors, and user-defined types. It also has a four-value logic system. Testbenches provide stimulus and check results of simulated designs.
Verilog HDL Basics covers the basics of Verilog including data types, modules, simulation, operators, assignments, and flow control. It discusses key concepts like event-driven simulation, blocking vs non-blocking assignments, continuous assignments, initial and always blocks, and control structures like if, case, for loops. The document provides examples to illustrate Verilog syntax and how it is used to model hardware at the register transfer level.
The document provides an introduction to VHDL including its origins, domains of description, abstraction levels, modeling styles, and examples of behavioral and structural descriptions. It discusses key VHDL concepts such as entities, architectures, concurrency, hierarchy, and modeling at different levels of abstraction using both behavioral and structural descriptions. Examples include behavioral descriptions of basic components like an AND gate, full adder, D flip-flop, and 4-to-1 multiplexer as well as structural descriptions of a 4-bit adder and 4-bit comparator.
Verilog is a hardware description language used to model and simulate digital circuits. It supports different levels of abstraction from algorithmic level down to transistor level. The document describes key Verilog concepts including data types, operators, procedural blocks, timing, and system tasks. It also explains the use of modules for hierarchical design and compiler directives for code reuse and timescale specification.
Verilog is a hardware description language used for designing digital circuits. It allows circuits to be modeled both structurally using primitives and modules, and behaviorally using initial and always blocks. Structural modeling connects instances of modules and primitives, while behavioral modeling uses imperative code. Verilog supports both combinational logic using continuous assignments and sequential logic using blocking assignments in always blocks. It performs event-driven discrete event simulation and uses four-valued logic for nets and registers.
The Verilog language was originally developed as a modeling language for digital logic simulation. It has since become one of the two most commonly used languages for digital hardware design, along with VHDL. Verilog supports both structural and behavioral modeling styles. It uses modules to represent hardware components, which can contain instances of other modules or behavioral code like always blocks. Verilog simulations are event-driven and support both combinational and sequential logic modeling.
Verilog is a hardware description language commonly used for designing digital circuits. It allows both structural and behavioral modeling. Structurally, Verilog programs are built from modules containing instances of other modules or primitives. Behaviorally, modules contain initial and always blocks that use imperative code like assignments and conditionals. Verilog simulations execute events concurrently using a discrete event queue to model digital hardware behavior.
Verilog is a hardware description language commonly used for designing digital circuits. It allows both structural and behavioral modeling. Structurally, Verilog programs are built from modules containing instances of other modules or primitives. Behaviorally, modules contain initial and always blocks with imperative code. The always blocks model concurrent hardware processes that execute when signals change. Verilog supports both combinational logic with continuous assignments and sequential logic with blocking assignments in always blocks.
Verilog is a hardware description language commonly used for designing digital circuits. It supports both structural and behavioral modeling styles. Structural modeling involves describing a design using instances of modules and primitives, while behavioral modeling uses procedural code like always blocks. Verilog supports various data types including nets, regs, vectors, and user-defined types. It also has a four-value logic system. Testbenches provide stimulus and check results of simulated designs.
Verilog HDL Basics covers the basics of Verilog including data types, modules, simulation, operators, assignments, and flow control. It discusses key concepts like event-driven simulation, blocking vs non-blocking assignments, continuous assignments, initial and always blocks, and control structures like if, case, for loops. The document provides examples to illustrate Verilog syntax and how it is used to model hardware at the register transfer level.
The document provides an introduction to VHDL including its origins, domains of description, abstraction levels, modeling styles, and examples of behavioral and structural descriptions. It discusses key VHDL concepts such as entities, architectures, concurrency, hierarchy, and modeling at different levels of abstraction using both behavioral and structural descriptions. Examples include behavioral descriptions of basic components like an AND gate, full adder, D flip-flop, and 4-to-1 multiplexer as well as structural descriptions of a 4-bit adder and 4-bit comparator.
Hardware description languages (HDLs) allow designers to describe digital systems at different levels of abstraction in a textual format. The two most commonly used HDLs are Verilog and VHDL. Verilog is commonly used in the US, while VHDL is more popular in Europe. HDLs enable simulation of designs before fabrication to verify functionality. Digital designs can be modeled at the gate level, data flow level, or behavioral level in Verilog. Verilog code consists of a design module and test bench module to stimulate inputs and observe outputs.
Hardware Description Language (HDL) is used to describe digital systems in a textual format similar to a programming language. HDL represents both the structure and behavior of hardware at different levels of abstraction. It can be used for documentation, simulation to verify design functionality, and synthesis to automate hardware design processes. The two most common HDLs are VHDL and Verilog.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL). It describes the main purposes of HDLs as allowing designers to describe circuits at both the algorithmic and gate levels, enabling simulation and synthesis. The document then discusses some Verilog basics, including modules as building blocks, ports, parameters, variables, instantiation, and structural vs procedural code. It provides examples of module declarations and typical module components.
VHDL is a hardware description language used to model digital circuits. It allows modeling at different levels of abstraction like behavioral, dataflow, and structural. VHDL supports design reuse through libraries and packages. Key benefits include being public standard, technology independent, and supporting design hierarchy, simulation, synthesis and documentation. The basic units in VHDL are entities which define the interface and architectures which describe the internal implementation. Architectures contain concurrent statements that execute in parallel and sequential statements in processes that execute sequentially.
This document provides an introduction to hardware description languages (HDLs). It discusses that HDLs describe digital systems in a textual form similar to programming languages, but are specifically used for describing hardware structures and behaviors. The main uses of HDLs are to provide an alternative to schematics and as a documentation language to represent digital systems in a format readable by both humans and computers. There are two main HDLs - VHDL and Verilog. HDLs allow modeling at different levels of abstraction from gate-level to behavioral.
Verilog is a hardware description language used to model digital circuits. It was created in 1984 and became an IEEE standard in 1995. This document discusses Verilog modules, data types, operators, modeling techniques like behavioral and structural, and procedural statements like always and initial blocks. Verilog allows hierarchical design by defining smaller modules that can be instantiated in larger modules.
Verilog is a hardware description language used to design digital circuits. It allows designs to be described at different levels of abstraction, from behavioral to gate level. At the behavioral level, algorithms and dataflow are described. Modules define design entities and are instantiated within other modules. Always and initial blocks specify concurrent and sequential procedural blocks. Dataflow and gate-level modeling instantiate primitives like logic gates. Verilog supports procedural assignments, parameters, user-defined tasks and functions, and testbenches for simulation.
VHDL is a hardware description language used to model and design digital circuits. It can be used for simulation, synthesis, and verification of circuits. VHDL has different language elements like entities, architectures, processes, and packages that allow modeling at different levels of abstraction like behavioral, dataflow, and structural. Common data types in VHDL include std_logic, std_logic_vector, and integers. VHDL supports modeling concurrency using processes and signal assignments.
This document provides an overview of assembly language fundamentals, including numeric and character constants, statements, names, segments, procedures, data allocation directives, symbolic constants, data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, and basic I/O instructions. It defines numeric, character and string constants, labels, variables, keywords, and statements. It also describes segments, procedures, the program segment prefix, assembling, linking and loading. Finally, it details various data allocation directives and provides examples of instructions for data transfer, arithmetic operations, and simple input/output.
The document provides information on C programming and microcontrollers. It discusses:
1. The sequence of compilation from preprocessing to linking and the output of each stage.
2. Basic C programming concepts like main(), printf(), scanf(), comments, data types, variables, constants, conditional and loop statements.
3. Microcontroller programming using PIC microcontrollers, including setting pin directions using TRIS registers, reading/writing pin values using PORT registers, and an example flasher program that toggles an LED on and off.
This document provides information on PL/SQL programming language concepts. Some key points:
- PL/SQL allows defining logic blocks that can execute SQL and PL/SQL statements. Blocks have optional declaration, executable, and exception sections.
- PL/SQL supports variables, conditional statements like IF/CASE, and looping with LOOP/WHILE/FOR. Variables can be bound to table columns using %TYPE.
- Cursors allow processing multiple database records in PL/SQL. Explicit cursors are declared and opened/fetched/closed manually while implicit cursors are used for single record queries.
- Parameter cursors can accept parameters. Nested cursors allow querying related data. Cursors
This document provides information on PL/SQL programming language concepts including:
- PL/SQL allows defining logic using variables, conditional statements, loops, and object-oriented programming.
- Code is organized into blocks with declaration, executable, and exception sections.
- Variables can be declared and assigned values. Data types include numbers, strings, records, and collections.
- Conditional statements like IF-THEN-ELSE and CASE support different execution paths.
- Loops like simple, while, and for are used to iterate.
- Cursors access and process multiple database records in PL/SQL blocks.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C is commonly used for embedded systems and systems programming tasks like operating systems and compilers. It was developed between 1969-1973 along with Unix. The "Hello World" example program is shown to demonstrate the basic structure of a C program with main() as the entry point. Data types, variables, and basic I/O functions like printf() and scanf() are described. Operators for arithmetic, comparison, logic, and assignment are also covered.
This document describes gate level modeling in Verilog. It discusses gate types like AND, OR, and NOT gates that can be used as primitives. It describes how to instantiate gates and provides examples of instantiating gates like NAND and AND gates. It also describes structural modeling of circuits like a 2-input multiplexer, full adder, D latch, and master-slave JK flip-flop using gate level primitives.
This document discusses different types of simulation for digital circuits including analog simulation using a SPICE engine, digital simulation, and event-driven simulation. It also covers testbenches, including generating stimulus, monitoring outputs, and exhaustively testing designs. Key topics covered include clocks, finite state machine testing, and force/release in testbenches.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
Verilog Tutorial - Verilog HDL Tutorial with ExamplesE2MATRIX
E2MATRIX Research Lab
Opp Phagwara Bus Stand, Backside Axis Bank,
Parmar Complex, Phagwara Punjab (India).
Contact : +91 9041262727
web: www.e2matrix.com -- email: support@e2matrix.com
Simulation tools typically accept full set of Verilog language constructs
Some language constructs and their use in a Verilog description make simulation efficient and are ignored by synthesis tools
Synthesis tools typically accept only a subset of the full Verilog language constructs
In this presentation, Verilog language constructs not supported in Synopsys FPGA Express are in red italics
There are other restrictions not detailed here, see [2].
The Module Concept
Basic design unit
Modules are:
Declared
Instantiated
Modules declarations cannot be nested
Oh Crap, I Forgot (Or Never Learned) C! [CodeMash 2010]Chris Adamson
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It begins by explaining that Objective-C extends standard ANSI C with object-oriented capabilities. It then discusses why C remains important today due to its use in libraries, operating systems, and as the base for many other popular languages. The document proceeds to cover basic C concepts like variables, data types, functions, flow control, pointers, memory allocation, and I/O parameters. It emphasizes that C provides high performance with a minimal footprint while abstracting away the CPU and memory.
This document provides an overview of System Verilog concepts including simulation and synthesis, modules and primitives, styles, data types, operators, and more. Key points covered include the module concept as the basic design unit, module declaration syntax, module instantiation, different styles like structural, RTL/dataflow and behavioral, data types for nets and registers, number representation formats, and basic Verilog operators. The document serves as a tutorial introduction to essential System Verilog language constructs.
Hardware description languages (HDLs) allow designers to describe digital systems at different levels of abstraction in a textual format. The two most commonly used HDLs are Verilog and VHDL. Verilog is commonly used in the US, while VHDL is more popular in Europe. HDLs enable simulation of designs before fabrication to verify functionality. Digital designs can be modeled at the gate level, data flow level, or behavioral level in Verilog. Verilog code consists of a design module and test bench module to stimulate inputs and observe outputs.
Hardware Description Language (HDL) is used to describe digital systems in a textual format similar to a programming language. HDL represents both the structure and behavior of hardware at different levels of abstraction. It can be used for documentation, simulation to verify design functionality, and synthesis to automate hardware design processes. The two most common HDLs are VHDL and Verilog.
This document provides an introduction to Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL). It describes the main purposes of HDLs as allowing designers to describe circuits at both the algorithmic and gate levels, enabling simulation and synthesis. The document then discusses some Verilog basics, including modules as building blocks, ports, parameters, variables, instantiation, and structural vs procedural code. It provides examples of module declarations and typical module components.
VHDL is a hardware description language used to model digital circuits. It allows modeling at different levels of abstraction like behavioral, dataflow, and structural. VHDL supports design reuse through libraries and packages. Key benefits include being public standard, technology independent, and supporting design hierarchy, simulation, synthesis and documentation. The basic units in VHDL are entities which define the interface and architectures which describe the internal implementation. Architectures contain concurrent statements that execute in parallel and sequential statements in processes that execute sequentially.
This document provides an introduction to hardware description languages (HDLs). It discusses that HDLs describe digital systems in a textual form similar to programming languages, but are specifically used for describing hardware structures and behaviors. The main uses of HDLs are to provide an alternative to schematics and as a documentation language to represent digital systems in a format readable by both humans and computers. There are two main HDLs - VHDL and Verilog. HDLs allow modeling at different levels of abstraction from gate-level to behavioral.
Verilog is a hardware description language used to model digital circuits. It was created in 1984 and became an IEEE standard in 1995. This document discusses Verilog modules, data types, operators, modeling techniques like behavioral and structural, and procedural statements like always and initial blocks. Verilog allows hierarchical design by defining smaller modules that can be instantiated in larger modules.
Verilog is a hardware description language used to design digital circuits. It allows designs to be described at different levels of abstraction, from behavioral to gate level. At the behavioral level, algorithms and dataflow are described. Modules define design entities and are instantiated within other modules. Always and initial blocks specify concurrent and sequential procedural blocks. Dataflow and gate-level modeling instantiate primitives like logic gates. Verilog supports procedural assignments, parameters, user-defined tasks and functions, and testbenches for simulation.
VHDL is a hardware description language used to model and design digital circuits. It can be used for simulation, synthesis, and verification of circuits. VHDL has different language elements like entities, architectures, processes, and packages that allow modeling at different levels of abstraction like behavioral, dataflow, and structural. Common data types in VHDL include std_logic, std_logic_vector, and integers. VHDL supports modeling concurrency using processes and signal assignments.
This document provides an overview of assembly language fundamentals, including numeric and character constants, statements, names, segments, procedures, data allocation directives, symbolic constants, data transfer instructions, arithmetic instructions, and basic I/O instructions. It defines numeric, character and string constants, labels, variables, keywords, and statements. It also describes segments, procedures, the program segment prefix, assembling, linking and loading. Finally, it details various data allocation directives and provides examples of instructions for data transfer, arithmetic operations, and simple input/output.
The document provides information on C programming and microcontrollers. It discusses:
1. The sequence of compilation from preprocessing to linking and the output of each stage.
2. Basic C programming concepts like main(), printf(), scanf(), comments, data types, variables, constants, conditional and loop statements.
3. Microcontroller programming using PIC microcontrollers, including setting pin directions using TRIS registers, reading/writing pin values using PORT registers, and an example flasher program that toggles an LED on and off.
This document provides information on PL/SQL programming language concepts. Some key points:
- PL/SQL allows defining logic blocks that can execute SQL and PL/SQL statements. Blocks have optional declaration, executable, and exception sections.
- PL/SQL supports variables, conditional statements like IF/CASE, and looping with LOOP/WHILE/FOR. Variables can be bound to table columns using %TYPE.
- Cursors allow processing multiple database records in PL/SQL. Explicit cursors are declared and opened/fetched/closed manually while implicit cursors are used for single record queries.
- Parameter cursors can accept parameters. Nested cursors allow querying related data. Cursors
This document provides information on PL/SQL programming language concepts including:
- PL/SQL allows defining logic using variables, conditional statements, loops, and object-oriented programming.
- Code is organized into blocks with declaration, executable, and exception sections.
- Variables can be declared and assigned values. Data types include numbers, strings, records, and collections.
- Conditional statements like IF-THEN-ELSE and CASE support different execution paths.
- Loops like simple, while, and for are used to iterate.
- Cursors access and process multiple database records in PL/SQL blocks.
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses that C is commonly used for embedded systems and systems programming tasks like operating systems and compilers. It was developed between 1969-1973 along with Unix. The "Hello World" example program is shown to demonstrate the basic structure of a C program with main() as the entry point. Data types, variables, and basic I/O functions like printf() and scanf() are described. Operators for arithmetic, comparison, logic, and assignment are also covered.
This document describes gate level modeling in Verilog. It discusses gate types like AND, OR, and NOT gates that can be used as primitives. It describes how to instantiate gates and provides examples of instantiating gates like NAND and AND gates. It also describes structural modeling of circuits like a 2-input multiplexer, full adder, D latch, and master-slave JK flip-flop using gate level primitives.
This document discusses different types of simulation for digital circuits including analog simulation using a SPICE engine, digital simulation, and event-driven simulation. It also covers testbenches, including generating stimulus, monitoring outputs, and exhaustively testing designs. Key topics covered include clocks, finite state machine testing, and force/release in testbenches.
C++ and OOPS Crash Course by ACM DBIT | Grejo JobyGrejoJoby1
The slides from the C++ and OOPS Crash Course conducted for ACM DBIT by Grejo Joby.
Learn the concepts of OOPS and C++ Programming in the shortest time with these notes.
Verilog Tutorial - Verilog HDL Tutorial with ExamplesE2MATRIX
E2MATRIX Research Lab
Opp Phagwara Bus Stand, Backside Axis Bank,
Parmar Complex, Phagwara Punjab (India).
Contact : +91 9041262727
web: www.e2matrix.com -- email: support@e2matrix.com
Simulation tools typically accept full set of Verilog language constructs
Some language constructs and their use in a Verilog description make simulation efficient and are ignored by synthesis tools
Synthesis tools typically accept only a subset of the full Verilog language constructs
In this presentation, Verilog language constructs not supported in Synopsys FPGA Express are in red italics
There are other restrictions not detailed here, see [2].
The Module Concept
Basic design unit
Modules are:
Declared
Instantiated
Modules declarations cannot be nested
Oh Crap, I Forgot (Or Never Learned) C! [CodeMash 2010]Chris Adamson
The document provides an overview of the C programming language. It begins by explaining that Objective-C extends standard ANSI C with object-oriented capabilities. It then discusses why C remains important today due to its use in libraries, operating systems, and as the base for many other popular languages. The document proceeds to cover basic C concepts like variables, data types, functions, flow control, pointers, memory allocation, and I/O parameters. It emphasizes that C provides high performance with a minimal footprint while abstracting away the CPU and memory.
This document provides an overview of System Verilog concepts including simulation and synthesis, modules and primitives, styles, data types, operators, and more. Key points covered include the module concept as the basic design unit, module declaration syntax, module instantiation, different styles like structural, RTL/dataflow and behavioral, data types for nets and registers, number representation formats, and basic Verilog operators. The document serves as a tutorial introduction to essential System Verilog language constructs.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Manufacturing Process of molasses based distillery ppt.pptx
verilog_tutorial1.pptx
1. 1
Hardware Description Language (HDL)
What is the need for Hardware Description Language?
Model, Represent, And Simulate Digital Hardware
Hardware Concurrency
Parallel Activity Flow
Semantics for Signal Value And Time
Special Constructs And Semantics
Edge Transitions
Propagation Delays
Timing Checks
2. 2
VERILOG HDL
Basic Unit – A module
Module
Describes the functionality of the design
States the input and output ports
Example: A Computer
Functionality: Perform user defined computations
I/O Ports: Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer
3. 3
Module
General definition
module module_name ( port_list );
port declarations;
…
variable declaration;
…
description of behavior
endmodule
Example
module HalfAdder (A, B, Sum Carry);
input A, B;
output Sum, Carry;
assign Sum = A ^ B;
//^ denotes XOR
assign Carry = A & B;
// & denotes AND
endmodule
4. 4
Lexical Conventions
Comments
// Single line comment
/* Another single line comment */
/* Begins multi-line (block) comment
All text within is ignored
Line below ends multi-line comment
*/
Number
decimal, hex, octal, binary
unsized decimal form
size base form
include underlines, +,-
String
" Enclose between quotes on a single line"
5. 5
Lexical Conventions (cont.)
Identifier
A ... Z
a ... z
0 ... 9
Underscore
Strings are limited to 1024 chars
First char of identifier must not be a digit
Keywords: See text.
Operators: See text.
Verilog is case sensitive
6. 6
Description Styles
Structural: Logic is described in terms of Verilog gate
primitives
Example:
not n1(sel_n, sel);
and a1(sel_b, b, sel_b);
and a2(sel_a, a, sel);
or o1(out, sel_b, sel_a);
sel
b
a
out
sel_n
sel_b
sel_a
n1
a1
a2
o1
7. 7
Description Styles (cont.)
Dataflow: Specify output signals in terms of input signals
Example:
assign out = (sel & a) | (~sel & b);
sel
b
a
out
sel_n
sel_b
sel_a
8. 8
Description Styles (cont.)
Behavioral: Algorithmically specify the behavior of the
design
Example:
if (select == 0) begin
out = b;
end
else if (select == 1) begin
out = a;
end
a
b
sel
out
Black Box
2x1 MUX
9. 9
Structural Modeling
Execution: Concurrent
Format (Primitive Gates):
and G2(Carry, A, B);
First parameter (Carry) – Output
Other Inputs (A, B) - Inputs
10. 10
Dataflow Modeling
Uses continuous assignment statement
Format: assign [ delay ] net = expression;
Example: assign sum = a ^ b;
Delay: Time duration between assignment from RHS to
LHS
All continuous assignment statements execute
concurrently
Order of the statement does not impact the design
11. 11
Dataflow Modeling (cont.)
Delay can be introduced
Example: assign #2 sum = a ^ b;
“#2” indicates 2 time-units
No delay specified : 0 (default)
Associate time-unit with physical time
`timescale time-unit/time-precision
Example: `timescale 1ns/100 ps
Timescale
`timescale 1ns/100ps
1 Time unit = 1 ns
Time precision is 100ps (0.1 ns)
10.512ns is interpreted as 10.5ns
12. 12
Dataflow Modeling (cont.)
Example:
`timescale 1ns/100ps
module HalfAdder (A, B, Sum, Carry);
input A, B;
output Sum, Carry;
assign #3 Sum = A ^ B;
assign #6 Carry = A & B;
endmodule
14. 14
Behavioral Modeling
Example:
module mux_2x1(a, b, sel, out);
input a, b, sel;
output out;
always @(a or b or sel)
begin
if (sel == 1)
out = a;
else out = b;
end
endmodule
Sensitivity List
15. 15
Behavioral Modeling (cont.)
always statement : Sequential Block
Sequential Block: All statements within the block are
executed sequentially
When is it executed?
Occurrence of an event in the sensitivity list
Event: Change in the logical value
Statements with a Sequential Block: Procedural
Assignments
Delay in Procedural Assignments
Inter-Statement Delay
Intra-Statement Delay
16. 16
Behavioral Modeling (cont.)
Inter-Assignment Delay
Example:
Sum = A ^ B;
#2 Carry = A & B;
Delayed execution
Intra-Assignment Delay
Example:
Sum = A ^ B;
Carry = #2 A & B;
Delayed assignment
17. 17
Procedural Constructs
Two Procedural Constructs
initial Statement
always Statement
initial Statement : Executes only once
always Statement : Executes in a loop
Example:
…
initial begin
Sum = 0;
Carry = 0;
end
…
…
always @(A or B) begin
Sum = A ^ B;
Carry = A & B;
end
…
18. 18
Event Control
Event Control
Edge Triggered Event Control
Level Triggered Event Control
Edge Triggered Event Control
@ (posedge CLK) //Positive Edge of CLK
Curr_State = Next_state;
Level Triggered Event Control
@ (A or B) //change in values of A or B
Out = A & B;
19. 19
Loop Statements
Loop Statements
Repeat
While
For
Repeat Loop
Example:
repeat (Count)
sum = sum + 5;
If condition is a x or z it is treated as 0
20. 20
Loop Statements (cont.)
While Loop
Example:
while (Count < 10) begin
sum = sum + 5;
Count = Count +1;
end
If condition is a x or z it is treated as 0
For Loop
Example:
for (Count = 0; Count < 10; Count = Count + 1) begin
sum = sum + 5;
end
21. 21
Conditional Statements
if Statement
Format:
if (condition)
procedural_statement
else if (condition)
procedural_statement
else
procedural_statement
Example:
if (Clk)
Q = 0;
else
Q = D;
22. 22
Conditional Statements (cont.)
Case Statement
Example 1:
case (X)
2’b00: Y = A + B;
2’b01: Y = A – B;
2’b10: Y = A / B;
endcase
Example 2:
case (3’b101 << 2)
3’b100: A = B + C;
4’b0100: A = B – C;
5’b10100: A = B / C; //This statement is executed
endcase
23. 23
Conditional Statements (cont.)
Variants of case Statements:
casex and casez
casez – z is considered as a don’t care
casex – both x and z are considered as don’t cares
Example:
casez (X)
2’b1z: A = B + C;
2’b11: A = B / C;
endcase
24. 24
Data Types
Net Types: Physical Connection between structural
elements
Register Type: Represents an abstract storage element.
Default Values
Net Types : z
Register Type : x
Net Types: wire, tri, wor, trior, wand, triand, supply0,
supply1
Register Types : reg, integer, time, real, realtime
25. 25
Data Types
Net Type: Wire
wire [ msb : lsb ] wire1, wire2, …
Example
wire Reset; // A 1-bit wire
wire [6:0] Clear; // A 7-bit wire
Register Type: Reg
reg [ msb : lsb ] reg1, reg2, …
Example
reg [ 3: 0 ] cla; // A 4-bit register
reg cla; // A 1-bit register
26. 26
Restrictions on Data Types
Data Flow and Structural Modeling
Can use only wire data type
Cannot use reg data type
Behavioral Modeling
Can use only reg data type (within initial and always
constructs)
Cannot use wire data type
27. 27
Memories
An array of registers
reg [ msb : lsb ] memory1 [ upper : lower ];
Example
reg [ 0 : 3 ] mem [ 0 : 63 ];
// An array of 64 4-bit registers
reg mem [ 0 : 4 ];
// An array of 5 1-bit registers
28. 28
Compiler Directives
`define – (Similar to #define in C) used to define global
parameter
Example:
`define BUS_WIDTH 16
reg [ `BUS_WIDTH - 1 : 0 ] System_Bus;
`undef – Removes the previously defined directive
Example:
`define BUS_WIDTH 16
…
reg [ `BUS_WIDTH - 1 : 0 ] System_Bus;
…
`undef BUS_WIDTH
30. 30
System Tasks
Display tasks
$display : Displays the entire list at the time when
statement is encountered
$monitor : Whenever there is a change in any argument,
displays the entire list at end of time step
Simulation Control Task
$finish : makes the simulator to exit
$stop : suspends the simulation
Time
$time: gives the simulation
31. 31
Type of Port Connections
Connection by Position
parent_mod
32. 32
Type of Port Connections (cont.)
Connection by Name
parent_mod
33. 33
Empty Port Connections
If an input port of an instantiated module is empty, the
port is set to a value of z (high impedance).
module child_mod(In1, In2, Out1, Out2) module parent_mod(…….)
input In1;
input In2; child_mod mod(A, ,Y1, Y2);
output Out1; //Empty Input
output Out2; endmodule
//behavior relating In1 and In2 to Out1
endmodule
If an output port of an instantiated module is left empty,
the port is considered to be unused.
module parent_mod(…….)
child_mod mod(A, B, Y1, ); //Empty Output
endmodule
34. 34
Test Bench
`timescale 1ns/100ps
module Top;
reg PA, PB;
wire PSum, PCarry;
HalfAdder G1(PA, PB, PSum, PCarry);
initial begin: LABEL
reg [2:0] i;
for (i=0; i<4; i=i+1) begin
{PA, PB} = i;
#5 $display (“PA=%b PB=%b PSum=%b
PCarry=%b”, PA, PB, PSum, PCarry);
end // for
end // initial
endmodule
Test Bench
Design
Module
Apply Inputs
Observe Outputs
35. 35
Test Bench - Generating Stimulus
Example: A sequence of values
initial begin
Clock = 0;
#50 Clock = 1;
#30 Clock = 0;
#20 Clock = 1;
end
36. 36
Test Bench - Generating Clock
Repetitive Signals (clock)
Clock
A Simple Solution:
wire Clock;
assign #10 Clock = ~ Clock
Caution:
Initial value of Clock (wire data type) = z
~z = x and ~x = x
37. 37
Test Bench - Generating Clock (cont.)
Initialize the Clock signal
initial begin
Clock = 0;
end
Caution: Clock is of data type wire, cannot be used in an initial
statement
Solution:
reg Clock;
…
initial begin
Clock = 0;
end
…
always begin
#10 Clock = ~ Clock;
end
forever loop can
also be used to
generate clock