1. Abstract
Now a days most of the countries are enforcing their citizen to wear helmet while riding bike
and not to ride bike when the person is under the influence of alcohol, but still rules are
being violated. In order to overcome this problem, ” Accident Detection, Theft and Drive
Protection using Intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet ” is developed. It consists of an intelligent
system embedded into the helmet and the vehicle. Helmet unit ensures that rider is wearing
helmet and not under influence of alcohol through out the ride. It communicates with vehicle
unit to switch off ignition system of bike if above condition is not met. Vehicle unit checks and
intimates accident through geometric coordinates via SMS. By using geometric coordinates,
location of the injured rider can be traced using simple GPS tracking application. Also, this
system provide theft protection as helmet is also essential along with key to start bike.
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6. Chapter 1
Introduction
In today’s era, especially in the young generation, the craze to ride bike is rapidly increasing.
The middle class families prefer to buy two-wheeler over four-wheeler because of their low
price. As the number of two-wheeler on the road are increasing, road mishaps are also
increasing day by day. In the event of an accident, lack of timely medical attention to the
injured person may lead to death. Thus, there is a need for a system which ensures safety
of rider by enforcing rider to wear helmet as per government guidelines and also assist in
providing the rider for a medical assistance in the event of an accident.
1.1 Motivation
The road accident is one of the major problems all over the world. The recent report says that
the annual average road accident is estimated to be about 7, 00,000 of which 10 percentage
occur in India which has overtaken China. The annual statistics revealed by the World
Health Organization (WHO) in its Global status report on road safety says that around
80,000 people are killed on Indian roads due to rush driving, drunken driving and less usage
of helmets. Also, most of the countries are forcing the motor riders to wear the helmet and
not to use the vehicles when the person is in drunken condition. To overcome problem,
a system called Accident Detection, Theft and Drive Protection using intelligent Wireless
Safety Helmet is introduced.
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1.2 Objective of the project
The objective of project is to design intelligent helmet system which ensures wearing of
helmet and prevent switching ON bike if rider is under influence of alcohol throughout the
ride. The system detects accident and intimate relatives through geometric location of rider
via SMS. In addition it protects bikes from being stolen as helmet is also essential along with
key to start ignition system of bike.
1.3 Organization of the report
The report is divided into 6 chapters.
Chapter 1 describes about the motivation and Objective of the ”Accident Detection, Theft
& Drive Protection using Intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet”.
Chapter 2 describes about the literature review of project.
Chapter 3 describes the block diagram, schematic diagram and flowchart of the developed
system.
Chapter 4 describes about hardware that are used in the developed system.
Chapter 5 describes about software used.
Chapter 6 describes about the results of all components used in the developed system.
Chapter 7 describes about conclusion and scope for future.
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8. Chapter 2
Literature Review
There has been a sharp rise in the total number of deaths that occur due to road accidents
in the past few years. Reckless driving, ignorance of traffic rules and absence of a protective
shield have been some of the most important reasons for these deaths. The driver must have
a line of defense in case an accident occurs. A survey performed in India confirmed that
there were a total of 1,34,513 deaths due to road accidents in India in the year 2011. The
number increased to 1, 42,485 in the year 2014. Figure 2.1 gives a graphical analyses of
the road accidents, injuries and deaths in India from 2002- 2011 [1]. Most of the accident
Figure 2.1: Accident statistics
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occur due to drinking and then driving bikes and death caused due to neglecting helmet.
Government adopted few measures like helmet and alcohol checking by traffic police but are
hardly useful.
2.1 Helmet
Helmets attempt to protect the user’s head by absorbing mechanical energy and protecting
against penetration. Structure and protective capacity of helmet shown in Figure 2.2 are
altered in high-energy impacts. Besides, its energy-absorption capability and volume and
weight are also important issues, since higher volume and weight increase the injury risk for
the user’s head and neck.
Figure 2.2: Helmet
2.2 Breath Analyzer
Breath analyzer is used for Blood Alcohol Content test (BAC) but Breath analyzer do not
directly measure blood alcohol content or concentration, which requires the analysis of a
blood sample. Instead, Breath analyzer shown in Figure 2.3 estimate BAC indirectly by
measuring the amount of alcohol in one’s breath. Mainly, traffic police use to check driver
on highway. If alcohol content found to be more than 0.08 mg/L then driver is fined.
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Figure 2.3: Breath Analyzer
2.3 Disadvantage of existing technology
Disadvantage of current technology is due to negligence of rider and difficulty of imple-
mentation of traffic rules by traffic police. Following are the main drawbacks of existing
technology:
1. Rider do not wear helmet in regions where traffic checking is not done.
2. There is a tendency of the driver to wear helmet only where they anticipate checking
may take place, else they do not wear helmet where no checking is done.
3. The vehicle can be turned on and stolen by bypassing the ignition switch.
4. Testing alcohol content present in blood in each individual rider in a big countries like
India is almost impossible.
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11. Chapter 3
Block Diagram, Schematic Diagram &
Flowchart
3.1 Block Diagram of Project
The system mainly consists of two major units [2] as shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2.
They are:-
1. Helmet Unit
2. Vehicle Unit
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Helmet Unit
As shown in Figure 3.1, the Eye-blink sensor senses the wearing of helmet by receiving
reflected rays by cornea per minute and the gas/alcohol sensors senses the alcohol in the
breath. If the quantity of alcohol is less than the permissible limit and rider is wearing
helmet then the required criteria is met and the signal is sent from the helmet unit to the
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vehicle unit through ZigBee.
Upon receiving proper signal from the helmet unit through ZigBee as shown in Figure 3.2,
Figure 3.2: Block Diagram of Vehicle Unit
vehicle unit starts ignition system of bike. In case accident occurs then the vibrator sensor
present in the vehicle unit senses change of frequency caused due to impact of accident and
it turns off relay in order to turn-off vehicle. If rider is conscious or in case of false accident
detection, rider can turn off ignition key to avoid unnecessary message to relatives else, GSM
module will send message with geometric coordinates using GPS module.
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3.2 Schematic Diagram of Helmet Unit & Vehicle Unit
The schematic diagram of Accident Detection, Theft & Drive Protection using Intelligent
Wireless Safety Helmet is shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4.
As shown in Figure 3.3 battery is connected to LPC 2148 board mounted with voltage
regulator which provide 5 V power supply to ZigBee, Alcohol/Gas sensor, Eye-blink sensor
and vibrator sensor. Figure 4.7 shows the pin description of LPC 2148. Pin 12 and pin 22 of
port 0 of arm processor are assigned to alcohol sensor and eye-blink sensor. whereas P0.0TX
is connected to transmitter end of ZigBee to send signal to vehicle unit.
Figure 3.3: Schematic Diagram of Helmet Unit
The battery of bike is connected to Arm Board LPC 2148 and voltage regulator mounted
on it provides a power supply of 5 V to all components connected to vehicle unit excluding
relay which is provided with 12 V directly from battery as shown in Figure 3.4. Pin 15 to
pin 21 of port 0 is connected to LCD display in which pin 18 to pin 21 is used as data bus to
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show output and pin 29 is an external interrupt connected to switch. GSM transmits signal
using transmitter pin 8 and GPS receive signal through pin 1 of port 0.
Figure 3.4: Schematic Diagram of Vehicle Unit
3.3 Flowchart
A flowchart is a pictorial representation of a process using different symbols containing
information about steps or sequence of events. Each of these symbols is linked with arrows
to illustrate the flow direction of the process. The flowchart describes the functionality of the
”Accident Detection, Theft and Drive Protection using Intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet”.
The helmet unit continuously checks ” Helmet wearing ” and ” Alcohol sensing ”. If condition
is met then helmet unit sends affirmative signal to vehicle unit through ZigBee. Thereafter,
vehicle starts/keep moving as shown in Figure 3.5. When accident takes place then
1. GSM module sends location using GPS to saved contact list.
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2. If rider is conscious then ignition switch can be turned OFF to stop sending location.
Figure 3.5: Flowchart
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16. Chapter 4
Hardware Description
The chapter gives the overview of the Accident Detection, Theft and Drive Protection using
intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet. It discusses about the Sensors, GPS & GSM module,
ARM Board and ZigBee Module.
4.1 Sensor
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical envi-
ronment. The specific input could be alcohol, motion, pressure, or any of the environmental
phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human readable display
at the sensor for location or transmitted electronically over a network for reading or further
processing.
Gas/Alcohol Sensor
MQ-5 gas sensor shown in Figure 4.1 has high sensitivity to Alcohol, and has good resistance
to gasoline, smoke and vapour. The sensor could be used to detect alcohol with different con-
centration. It has low cost and is suitable for different application. The sensor is composed
of micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and
heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides nec-
essary work condition for sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-4 has 6 pin, 4 of them
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Figure 4.1: Gas sensor
are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current. Resistance
value of MQ-5 is different for various kinds and various concentration gases [3]. So, While
using this component, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary to sense alcohol upto certain
level given by Figure 4.2.
Figure 4.2: Characteristics graph
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Eye Blink Sensor
The Objective of this project is to develop a system to keep the vehicle secure and protect
it by the occupation of the intruders.
The Eye Blink sensor shown in Figure 4.3 is IR based, the position of eye-lid will vary as
per eye blink. If the eye is closed means the output is low otherwise output is high. This
is to know that eye is in close or in open position. Then, output is given to logic circuit to
indicate that rider is wearing helmet or not.
Figure 4.3: Eye Blink Sensor
Vibration Sensor
The vibration sensor with certain range of frequency is fixed in the vehicle. It operates at
frequency 315 MHz. In case the vehicle crash with another vehicle or to any other obstacle,
the vibration sensor as shown in Figure 4.4 detects whether the frequency generated due to
vibration is within the range or not. If it is greater, it reports as accident and activates the
auto-dialler. Mean while if rider turn OFF ignition switch then message to relatives can be
avoided.
Figure 4.4: Vibrator Sensor
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4.2 ZigBee Module
ZigBee-style networks began to be conceived around 1999, when many installers realized that
both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications. In particular,
there is a need for self-organizing of digital radio networks. ZigBee module is shown in Figure
4.5.
Figure 4.5: ZigBee
ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15 standard built from small, low power digital radios.
Though low powered, ZigBee device can transmit data over long distances by passing data
through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones by creating a mess network i.e. a
network with no centralized control or high power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of
the networked devices. The decentralized nature of such wireless networks make it suitable
for applications where a central node can’t be relied upon.
ZigBee has following features:
1. Low data rate of 250 Kbit/s (best suited for periodic or intermediate data or a single
signal transmission from a sensor or input device).
2. Easy to understand and less expensive compared to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
3. ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.
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4. The transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters in line-of-sight.
The project aim to continuously send output signal from Gas sensor and Eye-blink sensor of
Helmet unit to Vehicle unit. To accomplish this, Helmet unit is mounted with transmitter
part and Vehicle unit mounted with receiver part of ZigBee.
4.3 ARM Processor
The control circuitry of the system is the ARM processor. The important reason for imple-
menting the system on ARM processor is the concern of the speed and load. It has to be
taken into account that the response of the system should be very fast. In order to do this,
the ARM processor is preferred over the micro-controller as the amount of propagation delay
is more in micro-controller than that in the ARM. The power consumption and packaging
of the ARM is also better compared to micro-controller. Also, the micro-controller do not
provide flexibility of adding more features to the existing block. In this project, LPC-2148 [4]
is being used as it provides open-source platform used for building electronics projects. LPC
supports a piece of software, IDE(Integrated Development Environment) that runs on a
computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical code as shown in Figure
4.6.
Figure 4.6: LPC 2148
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Features:
NXP ARM7TDMI LPC 2148 micro-controller with 512 KB program Flash and 32+8 KByte
SRAM
1. 12.0000 MHz crystal for maximum execution speed and standard serial bit rates
2. Phase-locked loop (PLL) multiplies frequency with five; 5 x 12 MHz = 60 MHz
3. 2x16 character LCD with background light
4. 20-pin JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)
5. 2.1 mm power supply connector
6. On-board low-dropout voltage and reset generation
7. Generates +3.3 V (and +5 V if 9-15 V DC is used to power the board)
8. +3.3 V available for external circuits, up to 300 mA
9. Four layer PCB (FR-4 material) for best noise immunity
10. Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input
11. In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot
loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming
of 256 B in 1 ms.
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Pin Description of LPC 2148
Figure 4.7: LPC 2148 Pin Description
Pin Function Select Register
There are three PINSEL registers:PINSEL0, PINSEL1 and PINSEL2. Pin selection orga-
nization shown in Figure 4.8 can be summarized as follows: PINSEL0 contains GPIO pins
0.0 to 0.15.
PINSEL1 contains GPIO pins 0.16 to 0.31.
PINSEL2 is a special case, and is used to control whether pins 1.16..31 are used as GPIO
pins, or as a debug port in combination with a hardware JTAG debugger.
To select a specific function shown in Figure 4.9 one the following 2-bit values to the
appropriate location in PINSEL register:
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Figure 4.8: PIN selection organisation
Figure 4.9: Function selection
4.4 GPS & GSM Module
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard developed by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation
(2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.
SIM300 module is a Dual-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900
MHz, DCS 1800 MHz.It supports features like Voice, Data, SMS, GPRS and integrated
TCP/IP stack. It is controlled via AT commands and enhanced AT commands and uses DC
power i.e. 3.6 - 4.6 volts maximum and its current consumption in normal operation is 250
mA, that can rise up to 1A while transmission. It identifies the phone number when a call
is made to it and if it is correct.The GPS shown in Figure 4.11 fixes the GPS satellites. The
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GSM shown in Figure 4.10 obtains longitude and latitude from GPS and send SMS with the
location [5].
Figure 4.10: GSM
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the
Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system
provides critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world.
Here, GPS module provides latitude and longitude of place of accident which can be traced
using android application.
Figure 4.11: GPS
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4.5 Relay Module
A relay is an electrically operated switch that allows to turn ON or OFF a circuit using
voltage and/or current much higher than the ARM could handle. There is no connection
between the low voltage circuit operated by ARM and the high power circuit.
The relay shown in Figure 4.12 protects each circuit from each other. It is a simple
Figure 4.12: Relay
mechanical switch which activates when the input reaches 5 V and turns OFF when the
input is 0 V.
4.6 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module. A 16x2 LCD display
shown in Figure 4.13 is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. So, it is preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons
being:
1. LCDs are economical
2. Easily programmable
3. and have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments) animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the
LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing
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Figure 4.13: LCD
it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to
be displayed on the LCD.
Pin diagram of 16x2 character LCD is shown in Figure 4.14.
Figure 4.14: Pin diagram of LCD
Features of LCD:
1. Built-in controller
2. +5V power supply
3. 1/16 duty cycle
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4.7 Ignition switch
There are different ignition switch for different bikes i.e 2 lines, 3 lines, 6 lines and so on. For
Passion Pro, 3 line Ignition switch has been used. It can switch ON/OFF ignition system
and can lock handle to avoid theft [6]. Here, switch shown in Figure 4.15 is used to switch
ON/OFF ignition system depending upon objectives programmed in the project.
Figure 4.15: Ignition Switch
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28. Chapter 5
Software Description
5.1 Kiel micro-Vision 4 (Microcontroller Programming
and simulation)
The program is written in C language using Kiel Software (micro-vision 4) and dumped
to the micro-controller using Flash Magic. Kiel micro-vision is an integrated development
environment which allows the program to be written either in assembly or C language and
simulated on a computer before being loaded onto the micro controller. To create a new
project in micro-Vision4. Following are the steps carried out:
1. Select Project New Project.
2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
3. Select Project Select Device and select a device from Device Database. When the
target device is selected from the Device Database, all-special options are set automat-
ically.
4. Create source files to add to the project.
5. Select Project Targets, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the
source files to the project.
6. Select Project menu Options and set the tool options.
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7. Select Target Tab- Change XTAL(MHz) frequency to 11.0592 MHz.
8. Select Output Tab-Click on create hex file check box.
9. Click Ok button.
10. Select Project Rebuild all target files or Build target.
11. In the Build Window, it should report 0 errors(s)’, 0 warnings.
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30. Chapter 6
Result
The project ” Accident Detection, Theft & Drive Protection using Intelligent Wireless Safety
Helmet ” best suits to accomplish following objectives:
6.1 Status of rider wearing helmet
With the help of Eye-blink sensor, driving without helmet can be avoided. As Eye Blink
sensor is IR based, the variation across the eye will vary as per eye blink. If the eye is closed
means the output is high otherwise output is low. If output is high then rider is not wearing
helmet as shown in Figure 6.1 and vice-versa.
Figure 6.1: Helmet detection result
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6.2 Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Test
Illegal consumption of alcohol during driving is 0.08 mg/L as per the government act but
for demonstration purpose, It is programmed to the threshold limit 0.04 mg/L. Threshold
can be adjusted using potentiometer.
If sensitivity of MQ-5 is more than 0.04 mg/L of alcohol in breath then ZigBee of Helmet
unit will communicate with vehicle unit and show ” alcohol detected ” as shown in Figure
6.2, thereafter ignition system get switched OFF.
Figure 6.2: Alcohol detection result
6.3 Accident Detection
A range of frequency generated depending upon vibration produced due to accident or ob-
stacle. If frequency is greater than threshold value then vehicle unit shows accident detected
as shown in Figure 6.3.
Figure 6.3: Accident detection result
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6.4 Accident location
Once, vehicle unit shows ” Accident Detected ” then GSM sends location of accident with
the help of GPS. It sends latitude and longitude continuously to saved SIM numbers as
shown in Figure 6.4 till Ignition system is turned OFF.
Figure 6.4: Accident intimation result
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33. Chapter 7
Conclusion and Scope for future
The developed system efficiently ensures:
1. rider is wearing helmet through out the ride.
2. rider should not be under influence of alcohol.
3. accident detection & theft prevention
By implementing this system a safe two wheeler journey is possible which would decrease
the head injuries during accidents and also reduce the accident rate due to driving bike after
consuming alcohol.
A helmet may not be a 100% foolproof but is definitely the first line of defense for the
rider in case of an accident to prevent fatal brain injuries. The proposed approach makes it
mandatory for the rider to use this protective guard in order to drive a two-wheeler vehicle
and ensures the safety of the human brain and therefore reduces the risks of brain injuries
and deaths in case of an accident. Besides, the developed system prevents theft of the two-
wheeler.
In future this intelligent system can be fabricated in a compact size so that it is globally
acceptable to notify No entry and No parking areas. Government must enforce laws to install
such system in every two wheeler. By implementing such mechanism in two wheeler, deaths
due to driving under influence of alcohol and other road fatalities can be minimized to large
extent.
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34. Bibliography
[1] Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. ” Integrated Disease Surveillance Project- Project
Implementation Plan 2004-2009. New Delhi: Government of India”; 2004:1-18.R. E.
Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, High-speed digital-to-RF converter, U.S.
Patent 5 668 842, Sept. 16, 1997.
[2] ”Drunk Drivers Beware Of Saab De-vice”,[http://www.buzzle.com/articles/drunk-
drivers-beware-saab-device.html].
[3] Honglie Leng, Yingzi Lin,” Design & Experimental study of CNT sensor for measuring
alcohol content with short response delay” IEEE Sensor Journal, 2010, pp. 1091-1097.
[4] http://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/118634/PHILIPS/LPC2148.html
[5] Al-Bayari, O., B. Sadoun, ”New centralized automatic vehicle location communications
software system under GIS environment”, International Journal of Communication Sys-
tems, Vol 18, Issue 9, April 2005, pp. 833 - 846.
[6] I.V.N.S Aditya, Radha Krishna Murthy, Lt. Ravindra Babu Kallam, ”Alternate Method
for the Failure of Antitheft Device used in Motor Vehicles”, International Journal of
Computer Applications, Volume 13, No.6, January 2011, pp. 023-026.
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APPENDIX
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