This document discusses medical evidence and legal procedures related to medicolegal cases. It defines an inquest as a legal inquiry into circumstances and cause of death. The key types of inquests conducted in India are police inquests and magistrate inquests. It also discusses the roles of witnesses in legal proceedings, including common witnesses, expert witnesses, hostile witnesses, and penalties for perjury.
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Following is the detailed description of Dying Deposition and Dying Declaration being followed in Indian Legalities from a Medical students perspective. The presentation should prove to be helpful for educators and primarily for medical students for their understanding and academics.
References - Forensic Medicine And Toxicology (29th edition) By DR. K.S. Narayan Reddy
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
Forensic science PowerPoint presentation on Injury and it's medico-legal importance.
The slide is made for medical students. Mainly for BAMS students. It covers maximum points.
The slide is full of example with pictures which make it easy to understand the concept. It contains post-mortem findings as well as medico-legal importance of the each type of injury.
infanticide are quite common in India because of illiteracy as well as the female child unwanted . Now a days female sexual assault and murder is getting common in north Indian society
Following is the detailed description of Dying Deposition and Dying Declaration being followed in Indian Legalities from a Medical students perspective. The presentation should prove to be helpful for educators and primarily for medical students for their understanding and academics.
References - Forensic Medicine And Toxicology (29th edition) By DR. K.S. Narayan Reddy
Thanatology
Types of transplants
Cause, Mechanism of Death
Manner of death
Anoxia
Signs of Death
Immediate Changes (Somatic Death)
Early Changes (Molecular Death)
Algor Mortis ......
Reference
Asphyxia which means "Pulselessness" and is cause due to absence of oxygen amount in a body. The death cause by asphyxia is known as asphyxial deaths. They are Hanging, Strangulation, Suffocation and Drowning.
MEDICAL JURISPRUDENCE
FORENSIC MEDICINE
INDIAN PENAL CODE
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
INDIAN LEGAL SYSTEM
INQUEST - Police & Magistrate
COURTS OF LAW
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD
MEDICAL EVIDENCE
Medical Certificate
Medicolegal certificate
Dying Declaration & Dying Deposition
SUMMONS
RECORDING OF EVIDENCE IN A COURT
WITNESS
DOCTOR IN THE WITNESS BOX
MEDICOLEGAL role of MEDICAL OFFICER at a hospital.pdfAngirasSahuAngi
Medicolegal roles of medical officer by nhrc. It includes all the common points a medical officer must be aware of. In case of MLC it can be used for doctor duties.
Medical records means and includes the record pertaining to the admission, diagnosis, treatment, investigation, daily progress, operations, consultations
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. Medical men have to appear in Court of
law to give evidence in matters related
with medicolegal cases. Therefore it will be
helpful if doctors are acquainted with legal
procedure, legal terms and court
procedures
3. Inquest (in = in, quest = to seek)
Definition
An inquest is a legal inquiry or investigation to
ascertain the circumstances and cause of death.
It is conducted in sudden, suspicious or unnatural
deaths.
There are four types of inquests:
1. Police inquest
2. Magistrate inquest
3. Coroner inquest
4. Medical Examiner’s system
Only Police and Magistrate’s inquest are held
in India.
4. Police Inquest
The inquest is held under section 174 of Criminal Penal
Code (CrPC). It is conducted by the police officer,
usually not below the rank of police subinspector. The
officer conducting the inquest is called as “Investigating
Officer” (IO).
On receipt of information about any sudden, suspicious
or unnatural death of any person, the IO forwards the
information to the nearest Magistrate and proceeds to
the place where the dead body is lying. At that place,
the IO in presence of two or more responsible persons of
the area (called as Panchas) makes an investigation and
prepares a report called as Panchnama.
5. The Panchnama (inquest report) includes the
description of scene of crime, apparent
cause of death and presence of any injuries
over body. The IO and the panchas then sign
the report. The IO then forwards the dead
body to the nearest government doctor with
the requisition and a copy of inquest report
(Panchnama).
6. Magistrate Inquest
Magistrate inquest is held under section 176 CrPC. The
Magistrate empowered to hold inquests are: District magistrate,
Sub-divisional Magistrate or any other Executive Magistrate
specially empowered in this on behalf of the State Government
or the District Magistrate. It is considered to be superior to police
inquest.
Magistrate inquest is done in following circumstances:
– Death in prison/jail
– Death in police custody
– Death due to police firing
– Exhumation
– Dowry death (Under section 304 B of IPC)
– Death in mental hospital
Similarly in any case of death, the Magistrate can conduct an
inquest instead of police inquest or in addition to the police
inquest.
7. Police inquest
1. Conducted by police
2. Cannot hold inquest in
3. Investigation is 3.
Investigation is considered
considered inferior to
Magistrate investigation
4. Cannot order for
exhumation
Difference between police and
magistrate inquest
Police inquest Magistrate inquest
1. Conducted by police 1. Conducted by District
Magistrate, Sub-divisional
Magistrate or Executive
Magistrate
2. Cannot hold inquest in 2. Can hold inquest in
death
death in jail, police in jail, police custody,
custody, due to police due to police firing or
firing or dowry death dowry death
3. Investigation is 3. Investigation is considered
considered inferior to superior to police
Magistrate investigation investigation
4. Cannot order for 4. Can order for exhumation
exhumation
8. Coroner’s Inquest
Under Coroner’s Act 1871, previously it was held at
Kolkata (Calcutta) and Mumbai (Bombay). However
itwas abolished in Kolkata way back and was
discontinued on 29 July 1999 in Mumbai.
A Coroner was an Officer of the rank of First Class
Magistrate, appointed by State Government. The
Coroner may be a doctor or a lawyer or both. Under
Coroner’s Act, the Coroner was empowered to inquire
all unnatural or suspicious deaths and death occurring
in jail.
After examining a body he then decide whether an
autopsy is required and if necessary he holds an
inquiry and forward the body to government doctor
for postmortem examination. He had also power to
order for exhumation.
9. Coroner’s court is only court of inquiry into the
cause of death. In pursuance of investigation,
the Coroner examines witnesses on oath and
records their evidence.
After completion of an inquiry, the Coroner finds
a verdict as to the cause of death. If the coroner
founds a verdict of foul play, he issues warrant
to the concerned accused and then handed over
the case to the concerned Metropolitan
Magistrate. When the accused was not found,
the Coroner returns an open verdict. Open
verdict means an announcement of the
commission of crime without information
regarding the accused.
10. Medical Examiner System
Medical examiner system is a type of inquest
prevalent in most states of USA.
This type of inquest is done by a Medical
Examiner who is a Forensic Pathologist. All
sorts of sudden, unnatural or suspicious
deaths are analyzed by Medical Examiner.
This type of investigation is considered to be
superior to all other type of investigations. In
India this system is not followed
11. Summons or Subpoena
A summons is a writ compelling the
attendance of the witness in a court of law,
at a specified place and time, and for a
specified purpose under penalty (Subpoena,
sub = under, poena = penalty).
These are of two types :
1. Subpoena adtestificandum
2. Subpoena duces tecum.
12. These are of two types and are:
1. Subpoena adtestificandum
2. Subpoena duces tecum.
Subpoena adtestificandum is a type of
summons where a person is directed to
appear personally before court to give
evidence.
Subpoena duces tecum is a type of
summons served to witness only to submit a
document
13. Medical Evidence
Evidence means and includes
1. All statements which the court permits or
requires to be made before it by a witness in
relation to matters of fact under inquiry (such
statements are called as oral evidence).
2. All documents produced for the inspection of
the court (such documents are called as
documentary evidence).
Types
Medical evidence is of following types:
1. Documentary evidence
2. Oral evidence
14. It comprises of documents produced before the
court and includes:
1. Medical certificate
2. Medico-legal report
3. Dying declaration etc.
1. Medical Certificates • These are the
certificates issued by the doctor regarding ill-
health (sickness certificate), unsoundness of
mind, death certificate, birth certificate, fitness
certificate etc. These certificates are the
simplest forms of documentary evidence. Only
certificates given by registered medical
practitioners (RMP) registered with state medical
council are accepted in the court of law as
evidence. Doctors should exercise due care while
issuing such certificates. Issuing a false
certificate is an offense
15. Medicolegal reports are the documents
prepared and issued by doctors on the
request of the investigating officer (Police or
Magistrate), usually in criminal cases such as
assault, rape, murder etc.
• Examples of such reports are: Injury
certificate, age report, postmortem reports,
reports regarding examination of exhibits
such as weapons, clothes etc.
16. Generally these reports are made of three parts viz.:
1. Part I – Introduction (Preamble): Comprising of preliminary data
such as name of person, age, sex, address, identification marks,
date and time of examination etc.
2. Part II – Examination (Observation): Consisting of the findings
observed and recorded by doctor and
entered in the report.
3. Part II – Opinion (Inference): Consisting of opinion
or inference drawn by the doctor from the medical
examination.
• The report should be written with great care and should
bear the signature and name of the examining doctor.
• Any exhibits, e.g. clothes or weapons etc. sent for medical
examination should be described in detail with appropriate
diagram/sketches whenever applicable then these
articles should be properly sealed, labeled and returned
to the investigating officer
17. Dying Declaration
Definition: A dying declaration is a
statement, verbal or written, made by a
person as to the cause of his death, or as to
any of the circumstances of the transaction
which resulted in his death (Section 32 IEA)
Whenever such patients are admitted and who are going to die, the doctor
should call the Magistrate to record dying declaration. Before recording the
statement, doctor should certify that the person is conscious and have sound
mind (compos mentis). If the dying person is serious and there is no time to call
the Magistrate, then doctor should record the dying declaration. When doctor or
Magistrate is not available, dying declaration recorded by investigating officer is
also admissible under section 32 of IEA. No oath is administered while recording
a dying declaration since it is believed that the dying person tells the truth only.
18. Procedure of Recording
• The dying declaration, if possible, should be
written by the person who is recording it. The
statement be recorded in the man’s (dying man’s)
own words and in the language in which the person
prefers to speak. It must be recorded in the presence
of two or more witnesses. No addition of words or
phrases should be made or altered. No prompting or
suggestions should be made and no undue influence
must be placed on the person.
• No information must be sought by asking leading
questions.
• After recording a declaration, it should then be
read over to the declarant who should affix his
signature or thumb impression. The doctor and
witness should also sign the declaration.
19. Procedure of Recording
• While recording a statement if the person becomes
unconscious, the doctor recording it must record as much
information as he has to obtained and sign it.
• If the person prefers to write the statement himself then
the statement should be signed and attested by witness,
• If the person is unable to speak and can only make signs
in answer to questions put to him then the questions and
signs can be recorded as verbal statement.
• The dying declaration should be forwarded to the
Magistrate in a sealed envelope.
• A dying declaration can also be written in ink on hand
also.
• A dying declaration is accepted in court as evidence
after the death of a person who made it. However, if the
declarant (person who make the statement) survives, he
declaration is not admitted as dying declaration but the
declaration has corroborative value.
20. Dying Deposition
• It is a statement or deposition made by a
dying person on oath. The Magistrate in the
presence of accused or his lawyer records it.
• The procedure of dying deposition is not
followed in India.
• Dying deposition has more value then dying
declaration in the court as it is recorded by
the Magistrate in presence of accused.
21. Dying declaration Dying deposition
1. Always recorded by magistrate
2. Oath is administered
3. Superior to dying declaration
4. Statement is always recorded in presence
of accused a statement or his lawyer
5. Cross examination is allowed
6. Retains full legal value even if the person
survives
22. Dying declaration
1. Recorded by
magistrate or doctor or
investigating officer
2. No oath is
administered
3. Inferior to dying
deposition
4. Accused or his lawyer
is not necessary while
recording
5. No cross examination
6. Has corroborative
value if patient survives
Dying deposition
1. Always recorded by
magistrate
2. Oath is administered
3. Superior to dying
declaration
4. Statement is always
recorded in presence of
accused a statement or
his lawyer
5. Cross examination is
allowed
6. Retains full legal
value even if the person
survives
23. Definition
• Witness is a person who gives sworn testimony or
evidence in the court of law in relation to matters of
fact under inquiry.
• Any person can testify as witness or give evidence
in the court if the said witness is able to understand
the nature of questions put to him or is able to give
rational answers to the questions asked. Such
difficulty may arise in witnesses who are of tender
age (say for example boy of 6 years) or of extreme
old age or affecting from any disease of body or
mind.
Types
There are two types of witnesses and they are:
1. Common
2. Expert
24. • Common witness is one who testifies or
gives evidence
to the facts observed or heard or perceived
by him.
• The common witness cannot draw
inferences or form
opinions
25. An expert witness is a person who, by virtue of his
professional training, is capable of forming opinions or
draws conclusions from the facts observed by him or
noticed by others.
• Examples are doctor, handwriting expert, fingers print
expert, ballistic expert, and chemical analyzer.
• A doctor is both common and expert witness. For
example, if a doctor is giving evidence in relation to
injuries, when he mentions size, shape or position of injury
he is acting as common witness. When the doctor says that
the injury is antemortem or postmortem, caused by such
type of weapon etc. then he is acting as expert witness.
• The Indian Medical Council Act 1956 in section 15 (2) (C)
states that no person other than a medical practitioner
enrolled on a state medical register shall be entitled to
give evidence at any inquest or in any court of law as an
expert under section 45 of IEA on any matter relating to
medicine.
26. Hostile Witness
• A hostile witness is one who purposely
makes statements
contrary to facts or does not give his
evidence fairly and
with a desire to tell the truth to the court.
• The common or expert witness may turn
hostile.
• While examining a hostile witness, leading
questions
are permitted even during examination-in-
chief.
27. • Perjury means willful utterance of
falsehood by a witness under oath.
• It is false evidence tendered by witness and
he fails to tell what he knows or believes to
be true (Section 191 of IPC).
• A witness is liable to be prosecuted for
perjury under section 193 of IPC.