Refractance window drying is a novel
fourth-generation drying technology that is employed to dry heat-sensitive products like juices and purees to retain the product colour, aroma, antioxidant compounds, and nutritional properties. it is a thin film drying system having high heat and mass transfer rates that speed up the rate of drying at a comparatively lower temperature.In this technology, drying of product is done using thin, transparent infrared film which eventually forms a "window" for drying, it assures very low-temperature drying with
rapidity, with all modes of heat transfer.
seminar on drying and dehydration of fruit crops,
detailed information of dehydration and drying,
process of dehydration,
research work of some fruits.......
Refractance window drying is a novel
fourth-generation drying technology that is employed to dry heat-sensitive products like juices and purees to retain the product colour, aroma, antioxidant compounds, and nutritional properties. it is a thin film drying system having high heat and mass transfer rates that speed up the rate of drying at a comparatively lower temperature.In this technology, drying of product is done using thin, transparent infrared film which eventually forms a "window" for drying, it assures very low-temperature drying with
rapidity, with all modes of heat transfer.
seminar on drying and dehydration of fruit crops,
detailed information of dehydration and drying,
process of dehydration,
research work of some fruits.......
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
Cold storages are used for keeping perishashable food products. Design criteria for building and refrigeration concept for estimation of cooling load is decribed below.
Due to the current trends towards higher cost of fossil fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost
and availability, use of solar energy in food processing will probably increase and become more
economically feasible in the near future.The solar dryer is one of them which help to preserve our food and many eatable things like vegetable fruits and many more things
PEELING AND ITS TYPES ARE BEEN COVERED IN THIS TOPIC
IT COVERS ABOUT :
PEELING BY HAND,MECHANICAL PEELING,ABRASIVE PEELING,FLAME PEELING,HOT WATER PEELING,FLASH STEAM PEELING,LYE PEELING
Cold storages are used for keeping perishashable food products. Design criteria for building and refrigeration concept for estimation of cooling load is decribed below.
Due to the current trends towards higher cost of fossil fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost
and availability, use of solar energy in food processing will probably increase and become more
economically feasible in the near future.The solar dryer is one of them which help to preserve our food and many eatable things like vegetable fruits and many more things
Drying is the oldest preservation technique of agricultural products and it is an energy intensive process. High prices and shortages of fossil fuels have increased the emphasis on using alternative renewable energy resources. Drying of agricultural products using renewable energy such as solar energy is environmental friendly and has less environmental impact.
Alphonso Mango Pulp/Puree is obtained by processing the sound, ripe mango (Magnifera indica, Family Ancardiaceae) under hygienic condition.The mangoes used are free from genetic modification. The Soluble solid contents of mango pulp shall not be less than 16° min. as determined by refractometer at 20°C uncorrected for acidity and read as Brix in the International Sucrose Scales. The pulp is strained free from peels, part for stones, other coarse part of mango and other substances or impurities.
The presentation was made at the "Business Meet on Applications of solar drying systems in domestic, industrial and commercial applications", SPRERI, Anand, India.
It presents the advantages of CFD as a design tool to design better solar drying systems.
For my blogs kindly refer: https://www.learncax.com/knowledge-base/blog/by-author/ganesh-visavale
AN APPLICATION OF SOLAR DRYER IN ORDER TO REMOVE MOISTURE AND DIFFERENCIATING...Anugrah Soy
Due to the current trends towards higher cost of fossil fuels and uncertainty regarding future cost
and availability, use of solar energy in food processing will probably increase and become more
economically feasible in the near future.The solar dryer is one of them which help to preserve our food and many eatable things like vegetable fruits and many more things . In this experiment we find that how much moisture removed from the sample which is present in solar dryer and the sample which is present in ordinary air and we compare both of them by mathematical calculation. In this paper we took green chili, some of the chili we put inside the dryer and some in the ordinary air and then compare their moisture removed with respect to time and temperature.
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
What is The Process, Structure and Working of a Rapid DryerVJInstruments
In the pharmaceutical industry, a Rapid Dryer (also known as a fluid bed dryer) is used extensively to decrease the moisture content of medicinal powder and granules.
A fluidized bed dryer (also called fbd fluid bed dryer) is a kind of equipment used extensively in the pharmaceutical industries to reduce pharmaceutical powder and granules’ moisture content. Drying is essential for wet granules for compression into the tablet and modifying viscous and sticky materials’ characteristics. Drying is commonly the last step in the unit process before compression into tablet form and packaging. VJ Instruments have many pharmaceutical instruments like coating tablet machine , double cone blender.
Nowadays, fluid bed dryers are widely used in the food processing industries. The primary reason for such popularity is that these machines improve the quality of products and reduce the drying time. Moreover, this equipment operates hygienically and ensures excellent safety. It is not only beneficial to the environment but also increases cost-effectiveness by reducing energy consumption. VJ Instruments consists of various products ball mill machine in pharmaceutics, cone blender, morris water maze.
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Various Drying methods for food application
1. Drying Methods: Principles, Advantages & Disadvantages
Drying Method & Tools
Solar Drying
Solar Tray Cabinet
Tent solar dryer
Brace Solar Dryer
Tunnel Solar Dryer
Chimney Solar Dryer
Drum Drying
Principle
Open Air:
Crops generally spread on the ground where they receive short
wavelength solar energy during day.
A part of energy is reflected back, and the remaining is absorbed by
the surface of the crops depending on the color of the crops.
The absorbed radiation is converted into thermal energy and the
temperature of the material starts to increase.
Loses like the long wavelength radiation loss from the surface of crop
due to ambient air through moist air and also convective heat loss due
to the blowing wind through moist air over crop surface.
Direct Solar Drying:
Solar radiation impinging on the glass cover, a part is reflected and
remaining transmitted inside cabinet.
A part of transmitted radiation is reflected back from the crop surface
and the rest is absorbed by the surface of the crop.
This causes the temperature to increase and thereby emitting long
wavelength radiation which are not allowed to escape the glass cover.
This cause the temperature above crops higher.
The glass cover serves in reducing direct convective losses to the
ambient.
Indirect Solar drying
Crops are located in trays inside a drying cabinet.
Separate unit, solar collector is used for heating of the air entering the
cabinet.
Heated air floe through provides heat for moisture evaporation.
Consist of a drum, heated internally, usually by steam and rotated on
its longitudinal axis.
Drum dips into fed pan heated drum rotates Liquid applied to
the surface and spread to a film product scrapped from surface of
the drum by means of a doctor knife.
Single drums greater flexibility, a larger proportion of the drum
area, easier to access for maintenance, no risk of damage caused by
metal objects falling between the drums.
Advantage
No cost & inexpensive
technologies.
Ideal for products where
little or no value added.
Food usually dried close to
the home.
Simple and cheap
equipments.
Protection from rains,
dews, debris & etc.
Better control over drying.
Not exposed to sun directly.
Good for photo sensitive
crops.
Can be operated at high T.
Rapid drying and higher
energy efficiencies.
Compact equipment, less
space consumption.
Heating time is short.
Product: flake form,
convenient for many
purposes.
Disadvantage
Contamination.
Dependent of weather.
Slow drying rate.
Large labor force.
May not possible to dry to
sufficient low level moisture
to prevent MO growth.
Over-heating, causing crop
damage.
Poor vapor removal rates.
Small scale application.
Discoloration.
Moisture condensation
reduces its transmittivity.
More capital, investment
due to expensive
equipments.
Operating conditions are
critical.
Careful control on feed rate,
film thickness, speeds of
drum rotation and drum
temperature.
Heat damage to sensitive
foods
2. . Drying Method
Microwave Drying
Principles
Exposed to high frequency electromagnetic waves.
High frequency water, water molecules are polarized and thend to
change orientation.
In the process of orientation, sufficient heat to expel moisture from
the product is generated.
Advantages
Rapid drying at Low T.
High thermal efficiency.
Uniform heating
Highly efficient equipment
Increased rate of killing
bacteria due to speedy T
rise
Good quality attributes of
material.
Disadvantages
Batch size is small.
Microwave radiation is
deadly, proper safety control
should be taken.
Fluidized bed drying
Drying air introduced at high velocities through the particulate
material.
Velocity is raised to the point that the particulate fully suspended in
the hot air stream.
All particles are completely exposed to drying air, resulting in high
rates of heat transfer.
The high rate of heat transfer results in instantaneous evaporation of
moisture at the entry point.
Dryer consist of a chamber with perforated bottom.
High drying rates and short
drying time.
Constant drying rate
Uniform temperature
The free movement of
individual particles
eliminates the risk of
soluble materials migrating,
as may occur in static beds.
Fine particles may become
entrained in the fluidizing air
and must be collected by bag
filters, leading to segregation
and loss of fines.
Spray Drying
The spray dryer provides a large surface area for heat and mass
transfer by atomizing the liquid to small droplets.
Type of atomizer: Centrifugal atomizer
: Pressure Nozzle atomizer
: Two-fluid nozzle atomizer
: Ultrasonic nozzle atomizer
These are then sprayed into a stream of hot air, so that each droplet
dries to a solid particle.
.The dry powder is collected at the base of drier & removed by screw
conveyor with a cyclone separator.
May be fitted with fluidized bed facilities to finish powders taken from
the drying chamber.
High capital costs
Requirement for a relatively
high-feed moisture content
to ensure that food can be
pumped into the atomizer
(higher energy costs & higher
volatile losses)
Limited to food that can be
atomized, such as liquids and
low viscosity pastes or
purees.
Vacuum Drying
Example of conduction drier
Consist of jacketed vessel to withstand vacuum within the oven.
There are supports for the shelves giving a larger surface area for
Rapid drying
Large scale continuous
production
Low labor cost
Relatively simple operation
and maintenance.
The characteristics particle
form gives the product high
bulk density, in turn ready
solubility.
Powder, will have uniform
and controllable particle
size.
Drying takes place at low
temperature.
Little air present, minimal
Expensive drying method.
Yields hygroscopic products,
proper packaging needed
3. conduction heat transfer.
Oven closed by a door.
Oven is connected through a condenser & liquid receiver to a vacuum
pump,
Low pressure, at with water boils at 25-35˚C.
Drying is usually rapid as moisture movement is by total pressure flow
rather than diffusion.
The water content is first converted to ice and then changed into
vapor without passing back through the water phase.
Water vapor pressure of food held below 610.5 Pa & the water is
frozen, when food is heated the solid ice sublimes directly to vapor
without melting vapor removal with a vacuum pump &
condensation on refrigeration coils.
Frozen food remains rigid during sublimation, resulting in a porous
sponge like dried structure.
Food Vacuum Chamber Evaporating the ice (low T) freeze
dried food sealed in moisture & oxygen proof packaging water
replaced food regains its original quality.
Freeze Drying
(Lyophilization)
risk of oxidation.
Suitable for heat-sensitive
products such as ascorbic
acid containing product.
Less damaging drying
process.
Conserves energy.
Drying at low
temperature chemical
decomposition is
minimized. (oxidation,
hydrolysis)
Product is light and porous
(gives it ready solubility).
Suited for dry solid foods
delicate flavors, color
textural & appearance
attributes.
Reference:
Handbook of industrial drying by Arun S Mujumdar
.
Yields a very hygroscopic
product (proper packing is
vital)
Very slow process
Very complicated plant
Very expensive
Limited to certain type of
valuable products.